Direction: Encircle the letter of the option that corresponds to your chosen answer.

1. Who propounded the ‘Geocentric Theory’ of the universe, i.e., that the earth was the
center of the universe?
a. Claudius Ptolemy c. Galileo Galilei
b. Nicholas Copernicus d. Aryabhatta
2. The ‘Heliocentric Theory’ of planetary motion which holds that the sun is motionless
at the center of the universe with the planets revolving around it, was first
propounded by
a. Claudius Ptolemy c. Galileo Galilei
b. Nicholas Copernicus d. Aryabhatta
3. Who is known as the ‘Father of Modern Astronomy’?
a. Galilei Galileo c. Edwin Hubble
b. Johannes Kepler d. Edmund Halley
4. It is a search for answers to questions or solutions to a problem, using the process
skills observing, inferring, experimenting, and the like.
a. Astronomy c. Earth Science
b. Meteorology d. Science
5. This is the study of the solid matter that constitutes the earth
a. Geology c. Geography
b. Geophysics d. Geochemistry
6. He is the Father of Modern astronomy
a. Galilei Galileo c. Tycho Brahe
b. Johannes Kepler d. Leonardo da Vinci
7. They introduced the use of gunpowder; printing, algebra, magnets, decimal place
and a blank spaca for zero, the seismograph, kites, art, and astronomical maps with
coordinate systems.
a. Greeks c. Chinese
b. India d. Babylonians
8. They were famous for starting the use of multiplication tables, squares and cubes;
units of length and time, use of sundial, listings of stars and the development of
pseudo-science.
a. Greeks c. Chinese
b. India d. Babylonians
9. This is the period when science became well developed with the introduction of the
scientific method and discoveries were enhanced by the invention of the
microscope.
a. Computer Age c. Dark Ages
b. Renaissance Period d. Ancient Period of Science
10. He believed in the geocentric concept and calculated the diameter of the earth and
its distance from the sun.
a. Euclid c. Kepler
b. Eratosthenes d. Brahe
11. This is the period when pure sciences had its beginnings, when man discovered the
advantages of the wheel, the use of numbers in mathematics, and learned to put
characters together to convey ideas in writing.
a. Metal Age c. Dark Age
b. Stone Age d. Pre Historic Time
12. He laid down the foundation of geometry and discovered the laws of reflection.
a. Euclid c. Kepler
b. Eratosthenes d. Brahe
13. He introduced the scientific method.
a. Galilei Galileo c. Tycho Brahe
b. Johannes Kepler d. Leonardo da Vinci
14. He explained the Planetary Motion.
a. Galilei Galileo c. Tycho Brahe
b. Johannes Kepler d. Leonardo da Vinci
15.It is the study of the earth’s atmosphere so that the weather can be accurately
forecast.
a. Meteorology c. Oceanography
b. Astronomy d. Geology

Enrichment Activity No. 1

Using a time line, trace the history of Science from the ancient times up to the present.
 Enrichment Activity No. 2
Do a research of at least five technological and scientific innovations in the Philippines. Add an
extra sheet if necessary.

Bamboo incubator.
Erythromycin
Challenge 21.
Mango flowering.
The PC chipset.

Enrichment Activity No. 3

Identify five Filipino scientists and their contributions to science and technology. Emphasize the
importance of their contributions to the present times.

Lucille Abad
Senior science research specialist and chief of the Chemistry Research Section, Philippine
Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)
She developed a plant vitamin – an effective plant growth promoter using irradiated
seaweeds. This research has also been recognized by the Japan-based Forum for
Nuclear Cooperation in Asia.

Phillip Alviola
Curator at the Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines (UP) Los Baños
Alviola helped develop methods to monitor biodiversity in protected areas. He's been
studying mammals, the diversity of cave-dwelling bats, and bat viruses, which earned
him the moniker "Bat Man."

Nathaniel Hermosa II
Associate professor at the National Institute of Physics, UP Diliman
Physicist Hermosa's breakthrough research "twisted" light and "slowed" it down.

Mario Antonio Jiz II

Senior science research specialist, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)
Jiz significantly contributed to the study of schistosomiasis and the development of a
vaccine against this disease. Schistosomiasis is a chronic disease caused by parasitic
worms.

Lanndon Ocampo
Associate professor, Cebu Technological University
Ocampo developed guidelines for strategic sustainable practices in manufacturing
companies. He significantly contributed to how industries could help address climate
change.
 Enrichment Activity No. 4
Check Point : Find out if you really understood what you have studied. Complete and discuss
the diagram below.

Enrichment Activity No. 5

Checkpoint: Answer the following.
1. What are the different theories, which explain the origin of the Solar System? Discuss briefly.

STATIC THEORY (1912-1917)

This is referred to as a stationary or static infinite universe theory. It is a cosmological model in
which the universe is both spatially and temporally infinite, and space does not expand or
contract. Thomas Diggies proposed this theory.

OSCILLATING UNIVERSE (1922)

According to this theory, the gravitational attraction of the mass within the universe will
eventually slow and stop the universe's expansion. The galaxies' outward motions will then be
reversed, eventually resulting in a 'Big Crunch,' in which all matter in the universe will be
compressed into a small volume of high density.
 BIG BANG THEORY (1929)
According to the Big Bang theory, cosmic evolution began around Billion years ago with a
primordial explosion of an extremely condensed ball of matter. Modern cosmology began with
the Big Bang theory.

STEADY STATE THEORY (1948)

claims that the universe has no origin but is expanding due to the continuous creation of new
matter throughout the universe.

INFLATIONARY THEORY (1989)

This is a modernized version of Big Bang Theory. As a result, the universe expanded very
quickly during the first fraction of a second of its existence before slowing down to the more
leisurely rate of expansion observed today.

DARK MATTER
The density fluctuations detected by COBE would not be sufficient to explain the formation of
galaxies on their own. To provide additional gravitational attraction, the universe must contain
vast amounts of unseen dark matter. According to this theory, approximately 80% of the matter
in the universe and a quarter of its total energy density.

2. How do scientists justify their discoveries? What are their evidences?

STATIC THEORY (1912-1917)

-evidence shows that they are consistent with expansion only if there is evolution that cancels
the effects of expansion. An alternate cosmology, curvature cosmology, is in full agreement with
the raw data. This tired-light cosmology predicts a well defined static and stable universe and is
fully described.

OSCILLATING UNIVERSE (1922)

-The evidence suggests, strongly, that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. If an
oscillating universe theory ruled that out then this would, in turn, dismiss this theory. As it is, it
does strongly indicate that the idea that gravitational attraction would eventually slow the
expansion of the universe and then send the expansion into reverse, is a false one.

BIG BANG THEORY (1929)

Evidence from red shift
-Red shift data provides evidence that the Universe, including space itself, is expanding.
Evidence from CMBR
-The discovery of the CMBR, after it had been predicted by the theory, provided very strong
support for the Big Bang theory, and led to the Big Bang becoming the currently accepted model
of the development of the Universe.
 STEADY STATE THEORY (1948)
-This idea is supported by the red shift evidence, but not by the CMBR. After the discovery of
the CMBR, the Steady State theory lost support and is no longer considered likely.

INFLATIONARY THEORY (1989)

-consistency between the variation in the CMB and the large-scale structures of galaxies across
the universe is one of the few pieces of observational evidence for inflation found so far.

DARK MATTER
-Primary evidence for dark matter comes from calculations showing that many galaxies would fly
apart, or that they would not have formed or would not move as they do, if they did not contain a
large amount of unseen matter.

2.1 Which theory convinces you? Why?

Big Bang Theory convinces me more because according to this, it argues that the
Universe began as almost a single point with a temperature and density of near infinity.
The Universe has been expanding ever since.although it is an uncompleted theory, as
we evolve along with technology, the gaps are slowly filled. The puzzle is on its way of
being solved, or it will remain unsolved forever, the truth is, it depends on us to find out.

Enrichment Activity No. 6

Things to do: Choose an article from the site and make a reaction paper of its relevance to the
advancement of astronomical development. Submit your work to your professor/teacher. The
reaction paper should be written in a short bond paper with the attachment of the chosen article.

https://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/education/telescopes-20100405.html#:~:text=Telescopes%20h
ave%20opened%20our%20eyes,and%20craters%20on%20the%20moon.&text=Telescopes%2
0have%20also%20helped%20us%20understand%20the%20light%20that,the%20sun%20and%
20other%20stars.

Base in the article Telescopes have given us a new perspective on the universe. Early
telescopes revealed that the Earth was not, as previously thought, the center of the universe.
They also depicted the moon's mountains and craters. Later telescopes revealed the geography
and weather on our solar system's planets. New planets and asteroids have also been
discovered using telescopes. These instruments aided us in developing the first valid
measurement. Some new telescopes enable us to study objects in the universe by detecting the
heat, radio waves, or X-rays they emit. Planets orbiting other stars are now being discovered by
telescopes.
 Enrichment Activity No. 7
Identify five Filipino scientists and their contributions to science and technology relative to
cosmological development or advancement. Emphasize the importance of their contributions to
the present times.

Reinabelle Reyes
astrophysicist and data scientist
she performed a test of the latter’s theory of General Relativity in a cosmological scale
by analyzing observations of 70,000 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.Her
research showed that the observations she gathered matched the predictions of
Einstein’s theory, confirming it in a scale larger than our own Solar System.It also
demonstrated that future observations can potentially distinguish between alternate
theories of gravity.

Rogel Mari Sese

Sese is an astrophysicist and an advocate of space research and development. He is
spearheading what could be the Philippines' space research agency.As one of the only
three astrophysicists in the Philippines as of 2017, Rogel joined the Department of
Science and Technology and served as the head of the National Space Development
Program which was launched in order to set up the foundation of a future space agency.
He also set up his own firm, Regulus SpaceTech Inc. which is involved in space research
and development, education and consultancy.

Christopher Go
The Cebuano Christopher Go has been imaging Jupiter for more than 10 years and was
tapped by NASA to be one of the support scientists
His first major discovery was Red Spot Jr. wherein he observed the planet’s Oval Ba
white turn red.
Go was accepted into the American Astronomical Society and its Division for Planetary
Sciences after the discovery.Go is part of a team of scientists, 13 planetary scientists
and 6 amateur astronomers who lent support for the Juno mission.

Edmund Rosales
Rosales is a Filipino astronomer and meteorologist and a former president of the
Philippine Astronomical Society and Cofounder of The Astronomical League of the
Philippines. He is currently the resident meteorologist in the Philippine television show,
Rise and Shine Pilipinas.
Andreia Carrillo
Andreia Carrillo is an astrophysicist from Bulacan, now based in Austin in the United
States, where she is finishing a doctorate degree at the University of Texas. Her
previously published paper characterized a dwarf galaxy 15 million light years away,
including the kinds of stars it had and their implications on the environment.