PHYSICAL SCIENCE

TOPIC OUTLINE
THIRD QUARTER

I. How the elements found in the universe were

formed.
II. How the idea of the atom, along with the idea of
the elements evolved
III. How the properties of matter relate to their
chemical structure
IV. How chemical changes take place
V. How chemistry contributes to the understanding of
household and personal care products
FOURTH QUARTER

I. How we come to realize that the Earth is not

the center of the Universe.
II. Why we believe that the laws of physics are
universal
III. How light acts as a wave and a particle
IV. How physics helps us understand the
Cosmos
What is Science?

 Science is a systematized, body of

knowledge, based on facts and observation.
 Science is a knowledge about or study of the
natural world based on facts learned through
experiments and observation
What is Chemistry?

 Is a branch of science that deals with the

structure and properties of substances and
with the changes that they go through
 The way a substance changes and reacts with
other substances
What is Physics?

 Is a branch of science that deals with matter

and energy and the way they act on each
other in heat, light, electricity and sound
PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Evolution of our understanding of matter,

motion, electricity, magnetism, light, and the
universe from ancient times to the present;
applications of physics and chemistry concepts
in contexts such as atmospheric phenomena,
cosmology, astronomy, vision, medical
instrumentation, space technology, drugs,
sources of energy, pollution and recycling,
fitness and health, and cosmetics.
BIG BANG THEORY
Gaea
CHAPTER 1
THE BEGINNING
 GAEA (Mother Earth) was the primordial goddess
of the early Greeks
 She represented the earth, and was worshipped as
a universal mother
 She was mother both to Greek gods and humans
 According to Greek Mythology, she created the
universe and give birth to the TITANS, the first
race of Greek gods
 She presided over marriages and oaths, and was
also seen as a prophetess
BIG BANG THEORY

 Modern physicists turn to Big Bang Theory to

explain the origin of the universe
 This idea was first proposed by a Belgian
priest Georges Lemaitre who claimed that the
universe may have began from the primordial
atom
 Two discoveries subsequently boosted this
proposition:
Big Bang Theory Video

Big Bang Theory.mp4

 First discoveries, was Edwin Hubble’s
observation that galaxies are speeding away
from us at an increasing velocity
 If galaxies are speeding away, then by playing
back this movement, we are led to conclude that
they started from a common point of origin
 The SECOND proof was the discovery of Cosmic
Microwave Radiation by Arno Penzias and
Robert Wilson
Hubble Telescope
Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation
EDWIN HUBBLE

 Born between 1922 – 1923

 He discovered that celestial objects outside
the Milky Way, once called nebulae, were
distant galaxies
 This was a profound discovery which
happened at a time when scientist believed
Milky Way was the only galaxy in the universe
Edwin Hubble
Cosmic Microwave Radiation

 Cosmic Microwave Radiation is also

sometimes referred to as the Cosmic
Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)
 CMBR – is the microwave radiation left by the
initial big bang
 It fills the entire universe and using radio
telescopes can be detected from every
direction of the sky
Cosmic Microwave Radiation
SINGULARITY

 Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe

sprang into existence from a SINGULARITY
 Singularity – is an infinitesimally tiny point with
nearly infinite density which contains all the
mass and space-time elements in the universe.
 All matter, space and time, which are the fabric
from which the universe is made, are
compressed into a point smaller than the atom
 Singularity – is a point smaller than the atom
which is almost infinitely dense and hot
 All matter, space and time in the universe
were once compressed in this singularity
Singularity
Confusion about the Big Bang
Theory
a. It was an exponential expansion
b. The theory proposes no explanation as to
what may have caused the expansion
c. There is an evidence for Big Bang Theory
It was an exponential
expansion
 Explosion is the first idea most students have
about the Big Bang Theory because it just seems
straightforward that since it is named as such
there ought to be a massive explosion at the
start
 It is unfortunate that the theory was first named
this way
 Additionally, students imagine that this
explosion was accompanied by a massive crack
of gigantic sound
 However, it should emphasized that there
was no bang in Big Bang
 What the theory describes instead, is a quick
and massive expansion of a hot and infinitely
dense singularity
 It was an exponential expansion, not an
explosion
Big Bang Expansion
The theory proposes no
explanation as to what have
caused the expansion
 If students should look for the beginning of
everything in Big Bang Theory, they will be
disappointed to discover that the theory is
silent as to what may have caused the
expansion
 This, however, does not reduce the merit of
the theory
 Theories need not explain everything
 For example, Isaac Newton’s Theory of
Gravitational force, does not explain where
and how objects came to have mass
 Issues about what may have caused the
expansion are presented as a theory separate
from Big Bang Theory
There is an evidence for Big
Bang Theory
 People who wish to discredit it are went to
point out that since it is only an educated
guess, there is no convincing proof to this
primordial expansion
 On the contrary, there are at least two of such
proofs. These are:
a. Cosmological redshift
b. Cosmic microwave background radiation
Cosmological redshift

 For most people, it just seems nearly

impossible to establish the movement of
galaxies in relation to us, and much more so,
if the issue of contention is the origin of the
universe
 Galaxies were first observed to be receding
away from our planet by Edwin Hubble, an
astronomer whose name the Hubble Space
Telescope was named
 If galaxies are speeding away from us, then at
some point in the past, they were close to
each other
 Moving towards the beginning of time, all of
them were bunched and tightly compressed
together at a point (Singularity)
 The evidence that galaxies are indeed
speeding away from us was found in the
REDSHIFT
 When objects that emit light move away from
us, light undergoes a shifting in wavelengths.
 Its wave length becomes longer
 In the electromagnetic spectrum, visible light
with long wave lengths are bunched close to
red color, while those with short wave lengths
to blue
Redshift
 Redshifting – when objects that emit light
move away from us, the light waves are
stretched into waves with longer wave
lengths
 In 1923, when Edwin Hubble peeked through
the Hooker Telescope at Mt. Wilson, the
worlds largest telescope at that time, to
investigate distant galaxies, he discovered
their light to undergo a shifting in spectrum
towards red
 With this discovery, an evidence for an
expanding universe was found
Hooker Telescope
Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation
 CMB or CMBR – is the presence of isotropic
radiation that can be found in all directions of the
sky
 The word ISOTROPIC means “the same in all
directions”
 This radiation is diffuse, emanating uniformly in
all directions of the sky and has a temperature of
approximately 2.7 Kelvin
 CMB is the cooled remnant of a primordial fireball
that occurred 378,000 years after the Big Bang