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Capacitor (device):
• Two oppositely charged conductors separated by an insulator.
~ and a potential
• The charges +Q and −Q on conductors generate an electric field E
difference V (voltage).
• Only one conductor may be present. Then the relevant potential difference is between the
conductor and a point at infinity.
V+ V−
d
• Assumption: L ≫ b.
• λ: charge per unit length (magnitude) on each cylinder
• Q = λL: magnitude of charge on each cylinder
• Electric field between cylinders: use Gauss’ law
λL λ
E[2πrL] = ⇒ E(r) =
ǫ0 2πǫ0 r
−Q
• Electric potential between cylinders: use V (a) = 0
Z r Z r
λ dr λ r
V (r) = − E(r)dr = − =− ln
a 2πǫ0 a r 2πǫ0 a
+Q
• Voltage between cylinders: b
Q b
V ≡ V+ − V− = V (a) − V (b) = ln a
2πǫ0 L a
• Capacitance for cylindrical geometry: E
Q 2πǫ0 L
C≡ =
V ln(b/a)
q
V (q) = .
C
q
dU = V dq = dq.
C
ǫ0 A
• Capacitance: C = .
d
• Voltage: V = Ed.
1 1 +Q −Q
• Potential energy: U = CV 2 = ǫ0 E 2 (Ad).
2 2
• Volume between the plates: Ad.
U 1
• Energy density of the electric field: uE = = ǫ0 E 2
Ad 2 E
A A
Z b
• Energy stored in capacitor: U = uE (r)(4πr2 )dr
a
Z
1 b Q2 1 2
• ⇒ U = ǫ0 2 r4
(4πr )dr
a 2 (4πǫ0 )
Z b
1 Q2 1 Q2
» –
1 1 1 1
• ⇒ U = dr = − = QV
2 4πǫ0 a r2 2 4πǫ0 a b 2
Consider two oppositely charged parallel plates separated by a very small distance d.
What happens when the plates are pulled apart a fraction of d? Will the quantities listed below
increase or decrease in magnitude or stay unchanged?
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Ε d
− − − − − − − − − − − − −
• Charge on capacitors: Q1 + Q2 = Q
• Voltage across capacitors: V1 = V2 = V
V1 = V
• Equivalent capacitance: V0
Q Q1 + Q2 Q1 Q2 x
C≡
V
=
V
=
V1
+
V2
C1
• ⇒ C = C1 + C2
−Q 1 +Q 1
V0 V0 + V
−Q 2 +Q2
C2
V0 V2 = V
x
• Charge on capacitors: Q1 = Q2 = Q
• Voltage across capacitors: V1 + V2 = V
1 V V1 + V2 V1 V2
• Equivalent capacitance: ≡ = = +
C Q Q Q1 Q2
1 1 1
• ⇒ = +
C C1 C2
V2
V1
V0
x
C1 C2
−Q +Q
V0 V0 + V
−Q .
+Q
2cm 2cm
B D
24V 12V
A C
2µF .
2µ F
(a)
(b)
C1 = 1µF C 2 = 2µF
(d) Which capacitor has the higher voltage?
(e) Which capacitor has more charge?
(f) Which capacitor has more energy?
12V
Connect the three capacitors in such a way that the equivalent capacitance is Ceq = 4µF. Draw
the circuit diagram.
2µF 2µ F 3µ F
4µ F
Connect the three capacitors in such a way that the equivalent capacitance is Ceq = 2µF. Draw
the circuit diagram.
1µ F 3 µF 5µ F
2µ F
1µ F
2µF
2µ F 1µF
(b)
1µF
3µ F
(a) Name two capacitors from the circuit on the left that are connected in series.
(b) Name two capacitors from the circuit on the right that are connected in parallel.
C1
C1
C2 C3
C4 C2
C3 C4
C5 C6
(a) In the circuit shown the switch is first thrown to A. Find the charge Q0 and the energy UA on
the capacitor C1 once it is charged up.
(b) Then the switch is thrown to B, which charges up the capacitors C2 and C3 . The capacitor
C1 is partially discharged in the process. Find the charges Q1 , Q2 , Q3 on all three capacitors
and the voltages V1 , V2 , V3 across each capacitor once equilibrium has been reached again.
What is the energy UB now stored in the circuit?
A B
S
C 2 = 3µ F
C1 = 4 µF
V0 = 120V
C3 = 6 µ F
In the circuit shown find the charges Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , Q4 on each capacitor and the voltages
V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 across each capacitor
C1 = 1 µF C 3 = 3µ F
S
C 2 = 2 µF C4 = 4 µ F
V = 12V
C1 = 3 µ F
C3 = 4 µF C2 = 6 µF
12V