FI9700152

S T U K • Y M O • TR 1 3 6 October 1997

Analytical solutions of
the mechanical behaviour
of rock with applications to
a repository for spent
nuclear fuel
Petri Jussila
STUK, Nuclear Waste and Materials Regulation

The study was supervised by

Esko Eloranta

The conclusions presented in the report are those of the author

and do not represent the official position of STUK.

I 29-01
STUK • SATEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRALSAKERHETSCENTRALEN
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
ISBN 951-712-230-6
ISSN 0785-9325

Oy Edita Ab, Helsinki 1997

STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

JUSSILA, Petri. Analytical solutions of the mechanical behaviour of rock with applications to a
repository for spent nuclear fuel. STUK-YMO-TR 136. Helsinki 1997. 38 pp. + Appendices 17 pp.

ISBN 951-712-230-6
ISSN 0785-9325

Keywords: rock mechanics, spent fuel disposal, mathematical models, analytical models,
Kirsch equations

ABSTRACT

Mechanical behaviour of rock is one of the main research areas of disposal of spent nuclear fuel.
Various calculation programs designed to solve the problem are utilized by the planners of spent
fuel disposal. The results of the numerical approaches can be validated by comparing them to the
analytical solution of a simplified problem.

As a basis for this study, we used Kirsch's equations, which give the planar solution to the stress
field developing around a horizontal tunnel of a circular cross section. Kirsch's equations and the
corresponding deformation (strain) and displacement fields were derived for a tunnel with and
without a circular support. The rock mass was assumed to be a continuous, homogeneous and
isotropic medium obeying Hooke's law, and the time-dependent aspects of the fields were taken
into account by applying the Poynting-Thomson model to the interaction between rock and a sup-
port. The Matlab® code was used to calculate and visualize the results.

As a result of this study, we state that the tangential, tensile stresses at the sides of the tunnel are of
the same order of magnitude as the tensile strength of rock, which influences the fracturing. With a
support, the effects can be moderately reduced.
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

JUSSILA, Petri. Kallion mekaanisen käyttäytymisen analyyttisia ratkaisuja ja niiden

sovelluksia käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen loppusijoitustilaan. STUK-YMO-TR 136.
Helsinki 1997. 38 s. + liitteet 17 s.

ISBN 951-712-230-6
ISSN 0785-9325

Avainsanat: kalliomekaniikka, käytetyn polttoaineen loppusijoitus, matemaattiset mallit,

analyyttiset mallit, Kirschin yhtälöt

TIIVISTELMÄ

Kallion mekaaninen käyttäytyminen on eräs käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen loppusijoitukseen liittyvis-

tä tutkimusalueista. Käytetyn polttoaineen loppusijoituksen suunnittelijat käyttävät tutkimuksis-
saan monien eri tahojen tekemiä ohjelmistoja, joiden antamien tulosten oikeellisuutta ja suuruus-
luokkia voidaan arvioida analyyttisten ratkaisujen perusteella. Työn pohjana ovat 1800-luvun
lopulla johdetut Kirschin yhtälöt, jotka antavat tasoratkaisun ympyräpoikkileikkauksisen, kahta
primaarijännityskomponenttia vastaan kohtisuorassa olevan, äärettömän pitkän tunnelin ympärille
muodostuvalle jännityskentälle.

Työssä johdettiin Kirschin yhtälöt sekä niitä vastaavat muodonmuutokset ja siirtymät sekä tyhjälle
että sisältä tuetulle tunnelille ja sovellettiin näitä tuloksia suunnitteilla olevan loppusijoitustilan
vaakasuoraan sijoitustunneliin.

Kallion oletettiin olevan jatkuva, homogeeninen ja isotrooppinen väliaine ja noudattavan Hooken

lakia. Mekaanisen käyttäytymisen aikariippuvuus otettiin huomioon soveltamalla kallion ja tuen
väliseen vuorovaikutukseen Poynting-Thomsonin mallia. Tulosten laskemiseksi ja visualisoimi-
seksi käytettiin Matlab®-ohjelmistoa.

Työn tuloksena tangentiaaliset vetojännitykset tunnelin seinissä ovat vetolujuuden suuruusluok-

kaa, mikä vaikuttaa rakoiluun. Muodonmuutokset ja siirtymät ovat pieniä tunnelin säteeseen
verrattuna ja rajoittuvat tunnelin välittömään läheisyyteen. Tuella voidaan rajoitetusti vähentää
vaikutuksia tunnelin lähiympäristössä.
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT Page
TIIVISTELMA 4
PREFACE 6

1 INTRODUCTION 7

2 THE MECHANICAL FIELD 8

2.1 The field variables 8
2.2 The fundamental equations 9
2.3 The biharmonic equation 12

3 THE FIELD AROUND A CIRCULAR CAVITY 14

3.1 Primary state 14
3.2 Secondary state 15
3.3 Tertiary state 19
3.3.1 The time factor in the tertiary field 21
3.3.2 Values of the derived parameters 23
3.3.3 Comparison of the secondary and tertiary fields 23
3.3.4 The time-dependent variation of the tertiary field 24
3.3.5 The final deformation of the cross section 25

4 THE REPOSITORY OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL 27

4.1 The parameters of tunnel and rock 27
4.2 The parameters of support 28

5 RESULTS 30
5.1 Secondary state 30
5.2 Tertiary state 32

6 DISCUSSION 34
6.1 Secondary state 34

6.2 Tertiary state 35

7 CONCLUSION AND COMPARISON TO THE ACTUAL SITUATION 36

REFERENCES 38

APPENDICES 1-17
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

PREFACE

The characterization and behaviour of rock mass in and around a spent fuel repository are some of
the main research areas in the geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel. The Radiation and Nuclear
Safety Authority of Finland (STUK) reviews all the research work done by Posiva Oy, the organi-
zation for planning and later implementation of spent fuel disposal.

In rock mechanics one important research area is numerical simulations made by such sophistica-
ted computer codes as UDEC, 3DEC and FLAC. From the authority's point of view it is essential
that we can make independent checking calculations to confirm that the numerical results of the so-
phisticated codes are sound and valid, especially in the orders of magnitude. To achieve this goal
the authority has actually two possibilities. The first possibility is to use the same numerical codes
and the same data as the planning organization and to repeat all the calculations in detail. This
possibility is of course the one which could be used if we had great resources and much time and
money to do the work. Unfortunately, we have only limited resources at present time, and actually
it may make little sense to do such an imitation. The second possibility is to use robust, classical
analytical solutions which require, however, even stronger idealizations and simplifications of the
real world situations than numerical ones. This possibility offers us, however, an easy, quick,
cheap, and direct way to make checking calculations.

It was almost one hundred years ago, in 1898, when the German engineer G. Kirsch presented his
famous equations concerning the stresses in an infinite plate with a circular hole. This analytical
solution has been widely used in different rock mechanical problems, and it is much treated also in
the elementary text books on rock mechanics and elasticity theory. This solution is exact and
robust. Of course, the real situations are rarely such that they conform exactly to the analytical case.
But as a first approximation this is better than nothing. The solutions are also got for the strain and
displacement fields. Using the equations and their solutions we can gain an insight into and a deep
understanding of the physics related to rock mechanical issues.

This report is based on the work done at STUK in summer 1997 by Mr. Petri Jussila, a student in
technical physics. He derived the Kirsch equations from the principles of continuum mechanics and
programmed them and their extensions to the cases of supporting structures using the Matlab® code
in a PC (Pentium) environment. He also made comparisons with the published results got by nu-
merical codes.

Esko Eloranta
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
1 INTRODUCTION
The mechanical behaviour of rock is one of the
major research areas of the disposal of spent
nuclear fuel. The analytical solutions of the
mechanical state serve as a basis for the ad-
vanced numerical approaches.
There are two main ways to describe rock mass:
• as a solid and continuous medium by means
of continuum mechanics,
• statistically, as a fractured, discontinuous
medium.
In sufficiently small scale (e.g. at the atomic
level) matter is always discontinuous, and the
concept of continuity is relative. Rock mass is
characteristically a fractured medium contai-
ning cracks of a wide range of size. In this study
we use the continuum approach assuming the
only fractures occurring in rock to be small
compared to typical distances in rock, e.g. the
space between the ground surface and the
underground tunnel.
The primary stresses, i.e. the stresses originally
present in the crust, are due to the own weight
of rock, to geological and structural influences
controlled by the processes of formation of the
rocks and by local crustal history. The opening
of cavities will upset an established equilibrium
of stresses, triggering a variety of displacements
and deformations. The course, intensity and
nature of any such process depend on a variety
of reasons, e.g. the natural, petrological and
excavational conditions, the form and position
of the cavity, the form, multitude and position
of the neighbouring cavities, etc.
In order to be able to successfully derive ana-
lytical solutions, various simplifications have to
be made, the most fundamental of which are:
• The rock mass is a continuous, homogene-
ous, isotropic, rheological medium of well-
defined properties.
• Excavation of a cavity does not affect the
parameters of rock.
• The cavity has a smooth regular surface, the
profile of which is a mathematically known
plane curve (a circle or an ellipse).
• The cavity extends to infinity in the rock fill-
ing the infinite half-space.
• There are not any neighbouring cavities.
In this study we derive the analytical solutions
for the stress, deformation and displacement
fields developing around a long horizontal cir-
cular cavity and the effect of a support on those
fields. The solutions are applied to the condi-
tions measured at the Finnish candidate sites for
the planned repository of spent nuclear fuel.
The application of the elasticity theory to des-
cribe rock mechanics suggests that rock is a
medium of linear elasticity or a so called
Hookean solid. One of the disadvantages of this
is that the linear elastic analysis is incapable of
handling time-dependent aspects of rock me-
chanics like deformation and displacement pro-
cesses. A more advanced approach used for this
purpose is the Poynting-Thomson model that
has homogeneous-linear equations of state.
In this study the rock mass is characterized by
the Hookean model, while the time-dependency
is taken into account by applying the Poynting-
Thomson model to the interaction between rock
and a support.
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

2 THE MECHANICAL FIELD

2.1 The field variables

The mechanical rheological field can be regarded as adequately specified when three mechanical
functions corresponding to the stress, deformation and displacement fields, or 15 corresponding
variables are known [1]. Those quantities are:

• the stress field

0 0
= F(r,r) = 0 a0 0
a. o. -a. 0 0

(1)
ay = ay (r, t) = ay (x, y, z, t), Tyz = ryz (r, t) = ryz (x, y, z,t) , r^ = xyz ,

where
<7x, C7 and a_ are the normal stresses in the x-, y- and z-directions respectively
T..(i, j = x, y, z) is the shear stress in a plane perpendicular to the i-axis and in the direction of
the j-axis

<y0 — ~(®x + ay +<J

z) is m e average normal stress
T is the stress deviator tensor
To is the spherical stress tensor
I is the identity matrix
• the deformation (or strain) field

1 1
F —y —v 0 0
x « / xy * * xz
l l 0 e0 0
-Jyx £y -Yyz 1 0 0 e0
1
1 1
2 ^ 27^ £z
= E(r, t) + E o (r, t) = E(r, t) + e0 (r, t)l,
(2)
ex =ex(r,t) = e1[{x,y,z,t), rx,=7xy(r,t) = 7xy(x,y,z,t), yyx =yxy ,
ey = ey (r, t) = ey (x, y, z, t), y y z = yyz (r, t) - yyz (x, y, z, t) ,yzy= yyz,
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

where
£x, e and £. are the deformations (strains) in the x-, y- and z-directions respectively
y is the shear deformation (strain) or the angular distortion

£o ~z(£x+ E
y + ez) is the average relative deformation (strain)

E is the strain deviator tensor

Eo is the spherical strain tensor
I is the identity matrix

• the displacement field

u = u(r, t)
ux=ux{r,t) = ux(x,y,z,t),
uy = uy (r, t) = uy (x, y, z, t), (3)
uz = uz (r, t) = uz (x, y, z, t) .

where
ux, u and uz are the displacements in the x-, y- and z-directions respectively

2.2 The fundamental equations

The relationship between the mechanical variables can be derived from the three fundamental
equations of rheology, which are the equations of equilibrium, the geometry equations and the
material or the state equations.

The equations of equilibrium [2]

do or ox
—— h ——— -\ — t A —U ,

dx dy dz
driy do^ dr^
dx dy dz ^
dT dr <9<T
dx
~ -
dy dz
- z =o
are derived straight from Newton's second axiom and give the dynamical equilibrium of forces
acting on an infinitesimal 3-dimensional volume element in rectangular x, y, z-coordinates. Here
X, Y and Z are volume forces (e.g. the gravitational force) acting in x-, y- and z-directions
respectively.
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

The geometry equations are essentially a definition giving the geometrical relationships between
deformations and displacements [2]:

du. dux
x
dx ' ' dy ' dx G
duy du. Tyz
y
dy ' - dz
dz dy
dy~ G (5)
du. du. T
z*
£ = G
- -*' ^ dx dz

where G is the shear modulus of elasticity or the modulus of rigidity.

The state equations or the material equations of a deformed solid considered to be materially
continuous can be derived in terms of stress tensor T and strain tensor E, rate of change of T and E
and higher order time derivatives of them. By the hypothesis of continuity of matter, any
mechanical change taking place in a volume bounded by a closed surface of the infinite half-space
may be expressed in terms of continuous functions of these variables, and the mentioned functions
may serve as equations of state.

At a first approximation, in a homogeneous and isotropic medium within a range of sufficiently

small deformations, the functional relationships

/0(T0,T0>...,E0,E0,...) = O
among the mechanical variables can be considered linear and time derivatives of higher order than
one can be neglected [1]. Consequently, six constants are needed to specify linear state equations

f = C 0 +C 1 T + C2T + C3E + C4E = 0

(7)
f0 = C'5T0 + C 6 E 0 = To + C 5 E 0 = 0 .

This can be rewritten in the form

T = C o + 2GE + 277E - i t ,
(8)
T0=3KE0, fo=3KEo,

by using constants
C, = - 1 , C2 = -T, C3 = 2G, C4 = 27J, C5=3K, (9)

the symbols in which are shear modulus of elasticity G, viscosity coefficient r\, time of relaxation
T, a constant tensor Co, and modulus of compressibility K.

As material equations the derived expressions (8), corresponding to the so called Hohenemser-
Prager model are rather general. Numerous material equations can be reduced from them by

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STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

evaluating certain constants to be zero. For example an equation without time-dependency (time
derivatives) and without the constant tensor C(),
T = 2GE (10)
is the generalized Hooke's law, which expressed in scalars and in the rectangular xyz-coordinates
is

ve \ 1
A
1+vl \-2vJ ' • G
1 / . vv £ ( ve \ 1
£ , = — C,. - V I C + < T . ) . <J= £.. + . 7 =—
Ey • v
- ;;
• 1+ v l 1- 2 v J -v G
1 / / u E ( v
1 \o.-v{o.+a..)\,
=— / / w a.= E \£.+
( —ve

where [3]
? = e + e + f. is the relative change of volume,
E is the modulus of elasticity,
v is the Poisson's ratio.

For the constants above also holds [3]

r E E

In this context we are dealing with phenomena of relatively small deformations occurring below
the plastic limit (yield stress), where the rock mass remains absolutely homogeneous and isotropic.
Thus, we can assume, that in an undeformed state there is no stress and without stress there is no
deformation and C o = 0. The result is the Poynting-Thomson model with homogeneous-linear state
equations:

T = 2GE + 2rjE - ft,

T0=3/ttv f o =3*E,, °3)
which in scalar form are

ox-a0=2G{ex - £ ( ) ) + 277(e, - £ 0 ) - T ( C T V -<x () )

CTV - ff „ = 2G(fv - £ 0 ) + 2ri(e, - £„) - r(cxv - <r0)
a. -<T{)=2G(£: -eo) + 2r}(e: -E0)-T(O: -&a).

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RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

2.3 The biharmonic equation

An additional tool for solving planar problems is the hiharmoiiic equation, which relates different
stress variables with a help of a so called Airy's stress function <t>.

The equations of equilibrium for a 3-dimensional volume element in rectangular x, y. z-

coordinates (4) can be simplified by assuming the body forces X, Y. Z = 0. and considering the
problem in the xy-plane, i.e. making o = r = T = T. = 0. Thus, we obtain simplified equations of
equilibrium

do drv,,
IT ~dx~ '
dr do (15)
— - +—- =0 .
dx dy
which are valid for plane stresses and strains. By differentiating the geometry equations (5) we get
so called compatibility equations.

-+
d\-2 d V" dxdy

d2 e. d2y,z
dz2 dydz (16)

-+
d~ f,
2
dx ' rt: rtdx

which relate the different deformations and express the continuity of matter. In the xy-plane the
compatibility equations (16) reduce to

dy' dx' dxdy

By substituting Hooke's law (1 1) to (17) we get a new compatibility equation
O"(J (JO O O o~O O X
IX)
dy' (h' dx' dx' dxdy
By differentiating (15) we get

32a, d'o, d2rx.

19)
dx2 dx' dxdx
which is satisfied by introducing Airy's stress function <t> = <t>(.\. y) and by denoting the stress
components of (19) to be

(20)

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STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

Substitution of (20) to (18) yields the hiharmonic equation

4 4 4
d® „ d Q> d ® „* n
+ 2
^ax
T- T + - ay
yox^ ay Tl- = V<I> = 0
'
which is a fundamental equation in the theory of elasticity and valid both for plane stress and
plane strain for a material obeying Hooke's law [2].

The biharmonic equation in polar coordinates has the form

(d2 \d i d2 Yd2® \d® l d2®) n
(22)
dr' r dr r d<p' ){ dr~ r dr r dip

the general solution of which (for a ring or a solid circle) is [4]

o () I n r + bor2 + c(]r2 dor2(p + a'0(p +

—
— r(
r(p sin (p + b[ In;) cos <p - /,'/• In/-) sin <jp

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RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

3 THE FIELD AROUND A CIRCULAR

CAVITY

In this chapter we will derive the stress, deformation and displacement fields developing around an
opening of a circular cross section in a medium with a prescribed planar primary stress
distribution. Although the solution is suitable only for describing fields around circular and elliptic
tunnels in the idealized conditions defined below, it can be used as a source of information of the
orders of magnitude of the field variables in actual situations.

Definitions:
• Primary state corresponds to the field in the medium without a cavity.
• Secondary stale corresponds to the field in the medium with a cavity.
• Tertiary state corresponds to the field in the medium with a cavity supported from inside.

Simplifyint; assumptions:
• The cavity extends to infinity in the z-direction.
• The primary stress distribution near the cavity is independent of the distance from the cavity.
• The rock mass is homogeneous, isotropic and characterized by the Hookean model (11).

3.1 Primary state

The principal primary stresses/? and/) set a frame of reference with the z-axis coinciding with the
axis of the tunnel (Fig. 1). In the cylindrical coordinates r, (p. and z the general stress field (1) by
means of rectangular x-. y-. and z-components has the form [ 1 ]

a, = —(o\ + o \ ) + —(<r( - (7 v )cos2<p + r x> sin2<p,

°<r = ^ K ^ a v ) - - ( < 7 l -<T,)cos2<p-r X ) sin24?,

a. =a. .

*rv =--{<*> -Ov)sm2(p + r^cos2(p. (24)

V- = r v c o s « > - r / v sirup,
r : , = r w sinv>+r

In the planar state of stress described in Fig. 1, these equations (24) reduce to

P, =^(P, +/',) + -(/'., -/\)cos2<p.

/'«,.=-(/', + / ' . , ) - - ( / ' , -pv)cos2(p.

',•«, = - - ( / > < -/>Jsin2<p,

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STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

where the primary normal stresses have been denoted with p (instead of a) and the primary shear
stress with / (instead of T). Here the signs and directions of the quantities have been chosen to be:
• Positive values of radial stress pr correspond to compressive and negative values to tensile
radial stress.
• Positive values of tangential stress p correspond to compressive and negative values to tensile
tangential stress.
• Positive values of shear stress t correspond to stress on a tangential plane in the direction of
decreasing angle <p, negative values of shear stress correspond to stress on a tangential plane in
the direction of increasing angle (p.

3.2 Secondary state

By assuming that the stress function <J> has the same form as the primary stresses in (25), we try to
find it in the form
O(/\ <p, /) = f(rj) + g(i\ t) cos 2<p, (26)

which can be seen as a special case of (23). By substituting (26) in (22) we get differential
equations for functions/and g to be

d\f(rj) . 2 d'f(r.t) 1 d2f(rj) , 1 #(i-./)_n

*—Tl— Tl ^ T^ 5 -i—~ '
OT' /" dr r" OT"~ r' dr (27)
d4?>(rj) | 2<9-\«?(r,Q 9 d2f>(rj) | 9 ^(/-,Q = Q

dr4 r dry r2 dr2 r3 ^ -

which have the general solutions
f(rj) = A\nr + Br2 ln;- + O- : + D
(28)

Figure 1. A horizontal, circular tunnel in planar primary stress field.

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RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

The equations of equilibrium (4) in cylindrical coordinates without the volume forces X. Y and Z
have the form 11)

do, 1 dz dr.,. 0,--°? n

—- + - +—— + - =0,
dr r dip dz r
dziv | i dav ^ dr:v, | 2zlip =

dr r dip dz r (29)

dr r dip dz r

which in the xy-plane reduce to

do, 1 dr o , - o
+ h =0,
dr r dip r
dxlV i do, 2r (30)
dr r dip r
Similarly, the components of the stress function (20) in cylindrical coordinates can be determined
to be [ 1 ]

1 c*t> 1 <9:<t> i9 : O
/• di' r~ dip' * dr'
d ( 1 d<t>\ 1 dQ> 1 ( 9 2 O (31)
llp 1
dr{rdipj r dip r di'dip

Now by substituting (26. 28) into (31) we get an expression for the secondary stress field to be

/•" V r~ r

2 In ;-) + 2C-f 2A' + ^ - I c o s 2tp .

\ r ) (32)

r,r =\2A - - 3 - + — p sin2^ .

/ • / •

In infinity, the primary condition is conserved, thus

'•ma, = p, =-(/», +l\) + -(/\ ~p,)cos2ip, (33)

and from (33) and (32) we see that B = 0 and further

Now. by introducing new factors/?, g'and @. which are constants or functions of time, as

2,4 _ (1 2)B' C
S= (35)
*~~P^1\' J^7/ 7^71'
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STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

the stress field of (32) can be rewritten in the form

(36)

When excavating a tunnel, the rock mass around the cavity receives an extra load previously
carried by the removed rock mass. Thus the secondary stress field can be expressed as the sum of
the primary stresses and opening counterstresses. The deformational stress field using (25) is

a]=a,-p, =2(PX + 3

(37)
2
- Py ^ +3 )A

The deformation or strain field in polar coordinates from H o o k e ' s law ( 1 1 . 12) is

2GJ2
1

(38)
cosltp
2G 2
1
Yry QT"P
2G

The geometry equations (5) in cylindrical coordinates are [1]

du,,, 1 dur Uy
e *' V
Ira — i 4.'
' dr dtp r
dr r
\du. duv
1 ,
£<f
r dip r ;• dtp dz ' (39)
du du. dit..
£. =
dz

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RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

which in the xy-plane reduce to

At..
e, = r>

^ /• Dip r
(40)
_ du,,, 1 du, "p
I<P
dr r dip r

The radial and tangential displacements can be derived from the first two equations of (40) by
integration and by assuming both the displacements to be zero as r approaches infinity:

cos2<p \.

2{l-2v)—-±r\s\n2<p .
r r (41
By assuming the radial and shear stresses to vanish at the surface of the cavity we can expect the
boundary conditions

(42)

and by substituting (42) to (36) we can obtain factors/#, g'and £ to be

(43)

From (43) and (36) we obtain the components of the .secondary stress field

R
o, = — 1-1* cos 2<p.

' R
1 + 31 cos 2(p.
r )
(44)
I/
sin2(p.

which are known as the Kirscli equations for the stresses around a cavity of circular cross section
in a Hookean medium.

Also from (38). (41) and (43) we get the secondary deformation or strain field

R
4v|-| - 3 | *
•*• 2 G 2 '(TT cos 2
(45)
STUK-YMO-TR136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

and the secondary displacement field

1 1 , ,R R
M, = cos2(p k
2G 2 4(1-v) r

(46)

Here and from now on, the directions of the displacements are chosen to be against the
coordinates, i.e.:
• Positive values of ur and u^ correspond to displacements in the direction of decreasing values of
r and <p, respectively.
• Negative values of ur and u^ correspond to displacements in the direction of increasing values
of r and <p, respectively.

3.3 Tertiary state

In this section we will study the effects of a support of circular symmetry (Fig. 1) and linear
characteristics on the form of the secondary solution starting from the equations (36, 38, 41). The
contact between rock and support is supposed to be ideal and independent of the position. The
emphasis is on the radial displacement, which is the same for the support and the rock at the points
of their contact and assumed to be the only displacement occurring in the support. This assumption
has practical justifications for a thin support according to [ 1 ]. In order to define the three factors /?,
S and @ in this situation and to yield an advanced solution, we will make the following
assumption.

Radial and shear stresses on the support are proportional to the displacements of the peripheral
points:

(47)

Here the factors r4, S and C are sought for in the form [1 ]

(48)

which after substituting (48), (36) and (41) to (47) yields the new factors a and \jfXo be

a=

(49)
v= 2G •
3-4v

19
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

and the proportionality factors in (47) to be

_ 3-4v
(50)
** 5-4v
We can now obtain from (36, 48) the tertiary stress field components in a medium obeying Hooke's
law to be

ar=^(Px+Py)

R R
4 - -3 - (\-y/)\cos2(p,

R
cos2<p,
:-i(p.+p, M r (51)

RY_JR (\-y/)\sin2<p,

where a and \y are as in (49). By substituting (48) in (38) and by eliminating G:s by (49) the
components of the corresponding tertiary deformation field can be obtained to be

1 Ry 1 -v)|-| -31-
j cos

a (R)2 1 A I R\2 *(R^ cos2<p,

4v — I - 3 | (52)
Vr
21 i l 1 - ^ 'sin2(jo .

Similarly, from (41, 48, 49) we get the components of the corresponding tertiary displacement
field to be

\ R 1 1
4(1 -v)^- cos2<p,
r Vr
(53)
sin2(p .
r \r

20
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

3.3.1 The time factor in the tertiary field

The equations derived so far are of static nature. In practice, however, the deformations and
displacements are well known to be time-dependent presenting an elastic behaviour—the shape of
a hole excavated in rock deforms in the course of long periods of time due to the primary stresses
in the bedrock. This is the moment for us to apply our material equations, the Poynting-Thomson
model.

The time-dependency can be obtained by considering our new parameters a and \j/io be functions
of time
a = a(t) and y = ij/(t), (54)
and determining them by subtracting the second of the material equations (14) for the stress field
in the polar form
ar-a0=2G(er-e0) + 2T](Er-e0)-r(&r-a0),
(
p-e0)-r(aip-d0),

from the first one, resulting in

<rr -av +r(ar -&v) = 2G(er -ev) + 2r][er - £ „ ) , (56)
the constants in which (as in (9)) are shear modulus of elasticity G, viscosity coefficient rj and time
of relaxation T. Substitution of (51) and (52) into (56) gives two differential equations

2G ^ , n

(57)
dt
WH! 1 L,o
The initial conditions ur(t = 0) = u (t = 0) = 0 as in (53) yield 5(0) = i^(0) = 0. and the solutions of
(57) become

5(0 = a(l-«-

where

2G '
3-4v
h
^T^7 (59)
8

3-4v

21
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

Now, we are ready to conclude the tertiary fields obeying the Poynting-Thomson model from (51-
53) and (58):

The tertiary stress field:

4 (/>,-/>,)>- 41*
r -wy«-'i
R

(60)
cos 2^),

T..n = - - sin2

tertiary deformation or strain field:

(61.
3 - 4v Vr

R
"3-4v

tertiary displacement field:

1
4(1-v)--
3-4v
(62)
1 /? V
3-4v
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

3.3.2 Values of the derived parameters

In equations (60-62) there are parameters a, /3, 8 and yr defined in (59) as

3-4v
2G

3-4v

These parameters depend on

• the parametric constants of rock (G, v, r\, T),
• the dimensions of the cavity (R),
• the characteristics of the support (^).

The support parameter % can be estimated to be [1].

Z~E,d R\ (63)
where Es is the modulus of elasticity of the support and d is the thickness of the support.

The role of the parameters a and y/ is that they determine the load on the support and the
magnitudes of the final deformations and displacements, whereas the parameters j8 and S
determine the rate of change of the field components. The solutions for the physical problem stated
in this chapter are thus not barely functions of the natural conditions but they also depend on the
design of the support in a manner not easily seen from the solution above (59-63). However, it is
rational to assume that increasing the rigidity of the support, i.e. choosing a thicker support which
is of a material that has a larger modulus of elasticity, reduces the deformations and displacements
in the rock mass near the surface of the cavity.

In the forthcoming chapters we will emphasize the initial and final states of the problem thus
avoiding the need of the constants /3, 5, Tand TJ. When the common relation (12) between the
parameters G, E, K and v of materials is known, only two of them are needed from references. Es
can also be found from references when the support material is chosen. Then, by giving the
support thickness d and the tunnel radius R some practical values, a and y^can be calculated from
equations (63, 59).

3.3.3 Comparison of the secondary and tertiary fields

The tertiary results (60-62) can be compared to the secondary ones (44-46) by making the support
thickness d and consequently the parameter £ to go to zero. From (59, 63) can be observed, that
when d —» 0, also the parameters a, y/ —> 0. Consequently, when d —> 0, the tertiary stress field of
the Poynting-Thomson model (60) coincides with the secondary stress field given by the Hookean
model (44) at any value of time t. Furthermore, from (59)
,. a R .. w 3-4v
hm—= — , \imJ- = R
£ 2G
2 %
S->o % 2G
,. a 1 ,. y 3-4v (64)
hm— = , hm7
hm
2G «-»O^? 2G

23
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

Substitution of (64) to (61, 62) reveals, that when d —» 0, the tertiary deformation and
displacement fields of the Poynting-Thomson model (61-62) approach the form predicted by the
Hookean model (45—46) as the time approaches infinity.

3.3.4 The time-dependent variation of the tertiary field

In the formulation of the problem, we assumed that there exist two principal primary stresses px
and pv in the bedrock. To simplify the notation, we can reduce the number of parameters by
introducing a quasi-Poisson number k to be
P
k- * +1
(65)

and denoting
Pv=P' Px = (66)

For example, in the hydrostatic primary stress distribution (px = p) the quasi-Poisson number gets
the value k = 2, and in the case of no primary vertical stress (pv = 0) k —» °°. In the forthcoming
chapters, we will study the situation in a constant depth, in which case also the primary vertical
stress /?v is constant.

The variation of the tertiary stress field

At the instant of opening the cavity (t = 0) the tertiary stress field (60) coincides with the
(Hookean) secondary field (44), which, expressed by means of k (65-66), is

R R
1- jf(*-2) 1-41-1 +31 cos2<p,

1+1* cos2(p,
r
(67)
R R
1+ 2 sin2(p.

As the time approaches infinity, the final stresses get the form

l- -r | 0 - « )

(l-y/Hcos2<p,

(68)
l + 3[ -r\ (l-v^)|cos2(p,

R R-
2 - -3 (l - ) pin 2(p.

24
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

As mentioned in the previous section, in the secondary case a, y —»0. This means, that without a
support the stress field is the same in the initial (67) and the final (68) states.

The variation of the tertiary deformation or strain field

As physically reasonable, the deformations at the initial state {t = 0) are zero as can readily be seen
from (61). The deformations change with time approaching the values

1 , a
2 i*S

(69)

; _ Mt _; 2) ^ 2 r«Y- 3 t
3-4v [rj ir

in infinity.

The variation of the tertiary displacement field

As can be seen from (62), the tertiary displacements are also zero at t = 0. In infinity they approach
the values

, , 1 ,aR
M.->->-j*j7+

(70)

3.3.5 The final deformation of the cross section

The final displacements of the points at the tunnel surface (r = R) can be calculated from (70) to be
/ „ 1 . cc

(71)

25
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR136

By introducing constants a and b as

1 a
k

(72)

(71) takes the form

ur{r- Rj-^°°) = a
(73)
uv(r= R,t —> °°) = -bsi

which represents an ellipse, another form of which is

(74)
(R-a-bf {R-a + bf
where

(75)
y = (R-a-b)cos(p .

In the secondary case, by (63) the parameters a and b as in (72) reduce to a' and b'
l R
a ' = — pk
i ,
2 2G
(76)
2G

A schematic picture of the final cross section against increasing values of k is plotted in Fig. 2,
where the dashed lines represent the initial circular cross section. The correctness of this picture
and the values of parameters in the actual situation will be discussed later.

Figure 2. Schematic change of the form of the final tunnel cross section.

26
STUK-YMO-TR136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

4 THE REPOSITORY OF SPENT

NUCLEAR FUEL

In this chapter we will apply the derived analyt-
ical solutions to the conditions of a deposition
tunnel of the planned repository of spent nuclear
fuel. The deposition tunnel (Fig. 3) is situated in
a horizontal position above various vertical
deposition holes where the canisters of spent
nuclear fuel will be placed. The tunnel is loca-
ted in the depth of h = 500 m [5].
The area of the cross section of the deposition
tunnel is A = 14. 01 m2. The equivalent radius of
a circle is /?, = ~[ATK= 2.11m. Similarly, the
perimeter of the cross section of the deposition
tunnel is L = 14. 38 m, and the equivalent radius
of a circle is R2 =• LI2K= 2.29 m. The radius R,
that we will use is the average of these equiva-
lent radii, i.e.

4.1 The parameters of tunnel and * = ( *2V2 = 2.20 m

rock
In order to apply the derived solutions, the cross
section of the deposition tunnel will be approxi-
mated by an equivalent circle in the following
manner.
The parameters of the rock mass are [6]
E = 65 GPa, v = 0.15, p = 2700 kg/m3
where p is the density. From (12), G gets the
value
G = 28.3 GPa.

330 m

a
• *

The deposition
I
tunnel
The equivalent circle
The deposition
bole

The canister

L50m

Figure 3. Cross section of the deposition tunnel and the equivalent circle.

27
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
The primary vertical stress p is assumed to be
constant and calculated from the lithostatic
condition analogous to the hydrostatic pressure:
p=phg= 13.2 MPa,
where g = 9.81 m/s2 is the acceleration of
gravity.
According to [6], at the candidate sites of the
repository the largest primary horizontal stress-
es at the depth of h - 500 m vary in the range
Px = 20- 45 MPa.
The secondary stress, deformation and displace-
ment fields (44-46) are plotted in App. 1-8
against the values px = 20, 30, 40 and 45 MPa of
the primary horizontal stress, which correspond
to the values k = 2.51, 3.27, 4.02 and 4.40 of the
quasi-Poisson number (65), respectively. As
previously noticed, these secondary fields are
equivalent to the initial stresses (67) with or
without a support and the final deformations
(69) and the final displacements (70) without a
support.
4.2 The parameters of support
To study the effects of a support to the field
values, i.e. the tertiary state, we have chosen
concrete and steel to be two support materials
28
STUK-YMO-TR 136
and given the support thickness d values in the
range of 0.01-0.5 m. The values of elastic
modulus of support [3] are £ = 0.20-10" N/m2
(a chosen value from a wide range) for concrete
and Es = 0.20-1012 N/m2 for steel. The equiv-
alent values of £, a and y/ for concrete and steel
from (59, 63) and from the values of previous
section are collected in Table I. A picture of a
and \(f against d for concrete and steel is plotted
in Fig. 4.
Here we have plotted pairs of pictures of the
fields both in the case of concrete and steel
support:
• along a constant angle, at which maximum
positive or negative values occur, against the
distance r (m) from the center of the tunnel,
• along the constant radius r = R = 2.20 m, i.e.
on the surface of the tunnel, against the
angle <p (rad).
Because a concrete support has smaller effects
than a steel support on the fields, we have used
larger and fewer values of support thickness d
for concrete (d = 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 m) than for steel
(d = 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02 m) in order to be
able to get sensible pictures. The plots are
shown in App. 9-16.
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

Table I. Values of support parameters £ (Pa/m), a (-) and \ff (-); the minimum tangential stress
<T (MPa) (k = 4.40) and the maximum radial displacement urmu (mm) (k = 4.40), against the values
ofd (m)for concrete and steel.
Concrete Steel
«m) aiO-NAn1) <*•) v<-) u r — (mm) ^.JMPa) ^"M/m") oir) vi-) ulmM (mm) o^(MPa)
0.01 0.004 0.002 0.004 2.61 -5.1 0.004 0.02 0.04 2.54 -4.0
0.02 0.008 0.003 0.008 2.60 -5.0 0.008 0.03 0.07 2.48 -2.8
0.05 0.021 0.008 0.019 2.58 -4.6 0.021 0.07 0.16 2.29 0.3
0.1 0.041 0.016 0.037 2.54 -4.0 0.041 0.14 0.28 2.05 4.0
0.2 0.083 0.031 0.072 2.48 -2.8 0.083 0.24 0.44 1.69 8.4
0.3 0.124 0.046 0.104 2.41 -1.7 0.124 0.33 0.54 1.45 10.8
0.4 0.165 0.060 0.134 2.35 -0.7 0.165 0.39 0.61 1.27 12.2
0.5 0.207 0.074 0.162 2.29 0.3 0.207 0.45 0.66 1.13 13.1

0.6 - : : ^ ^

0.5 - : : : • • • - ' -

steel
0.4
CO
Q.
alpha (—

0.3 : • / • : • • • •• • -

0.2 - • / : • - •' : • • - - . -

concrete
0.1 - • / :
• • • . . . . . . . . •

0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
d (m)
Figure 4. Support parameters a and y/ against support thickness d (m)for concrete and steel.

29
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
5 RESULTS
A Matlab program was created to aid in calcu-
lations and illustrations of the results. For each
surface plot in App. 1-8 a 51 x 51 matrix of
result values was calculated in the range x, y
e [-5R, 5R] = [-11.0 m, 11.0 m], which corres-
ponds to the grid spacing of 27.5 cm (the
coordinates in appendices are as in Fig. 1, page
15). For each curve in App. 9-16 was calculated
a 51x1 matrix of result values. Because of their
great multitude, these values are not presented
here in their totality. Further study of the values
near some specific points demanded even more
calculation points, the values at which can not
be seen in the plots but are mentioned in the
text below.
5.1 Secondary state
The secondary (or initial tertiary) radial
stress (App. 1): The angularly sinusoidal field
is positive (compressive) almost everywhere
and can be seen to consist of two distinct
regions inside and outside the distance r = 3.81
m at which the field is constant against the
angle <p.
At the inner region the values at the surface of
the runnel are zero but increase rapidly with r
(except for small areas of decreasing values
near both sides of the tunnel for large values of
it). The largest values against (p occur on the y-
axis both near the ceiling (<p = Ttll = 1.57 rad)
and the floor (<p = (3l2)n = 4.71 rad) of the
tunnel, while the smallest values occur on the x-
axis near both of sides (<p = 0, n), where the
field can also be negative (tensile) at suffici-
ently large values of k. When k = 4.40 (px = 45
MPa), the minima a
v
= -0.3810 5 Pa occur at
r. mm
0.032 m from both sides of the tunnel.
30
STUK-YMO-TR 136
A phase shift of n/1 occurs on the borderline of
the two regions, in which case the largest values
at the outer region occur on the x-axis and the
smallest on the y-axis, which resembles the
primary state. The field approaches the primary
stress distribution in infinity but remains small-
er at every other point. At the distance of r = 5/?
= 11.0 m (the plot range) the field values are
already very close to the primary stresses.
The secondary (or initial tertiary) tangential
stress (App. 2): The field values near the cavity
represent great sinusoidal variation against the
angle cp, and get their maxima and minima at
the surface of the tunnel. The maxima occur on
the y-axis both on the ceiling (<p = nil = 1.57
rad) and on the floor (cp = (3/2)TT= 4.71 rad) of
the tunnel. The maxima are positive
(compressive) stresses almost three times that
of the primary horizontal stress px and located
in a very narrow area The minima or the
maximum negative (tensile) values occur on
both the sides of the tunnel (<p = 0, TZ) on the x-
axis. In the case k = 4.40 (px = 0.45 MPa) the
maxima are a = 0.12-109 Pa and the minima
(p. max
a =-O.531O 7 Pa.
(p. mm
As in the radial case, the field values approach
the primary stresses in infinity being very close
to them already at the distance of r = 5R.
The secondary (or initial tertiary) shear
stress (App. 3): The field is zero on the x- and
y-axes and on the surface of the tunnel, while
the maxima occur at the angles (p = (3/4) TT =
2.36 rad and <p = (7/4)TT = 5.50 rad and the
minima at the angles q> = {\IA)n = 0.79 rad and
<p = {5/4)K= 3.93 rad. The angularly sinusoidal
shape of the solution is independent of the
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

value of k and both the maxima and minima primary zero-state occur in the vicinity of the
occur at the distance of r = 3.81 m. In the case it tunnel surface. The maxima occur on the y-axis
= 4.40 the maxima are T^ = 0.21 108 Pa and the both on the ceiling and on the floor of the
minima x = -0.2110 8 Pa. tunnel being e = 0.1210"2 in the case k =
O in max
4.40. The minima occur on both the sides of the
The apparent antisymmetry of the solution rela-
tunnel and turn from positive to negative as px
tive to the axes is explained when we recall that
and k increase. At large values of k this corres-
the positive values of shear stress refer to the
ponds to tangential compression on the ceiling
direction of decreasing angle q> and negative
and on the floor and tangential strain on both
values to the increasing values of <p on a
sides of the tunnel. When k = 4.40, the minima
tangential surface. In other words, the field in
aree . =-0.16-10"3.
every quadrant points away from the x-axis and ip, nun

towards the y-axis resulting in a physically As in the radial case, the form of the field is
reasonable situation of a symmetric field rela- compatible with the elliptic form of the final
tive to the origin. cross section.

As in the radial and tangential cases, the field The secondary shear deformation (App. 6):
values approach the primary stresses in infinity Due to the finite number of calculation points,
being very close to them already at the distance the extreme values at the tunnel surface are not
of r = 5R. shown in App. 6. All the values at the surface
can be seen in dashed curves for constant radius
The secondary radial deformation (App. 4): in App. 14. Sinusoidal variation of the field is
The field is negative almost everywhere in the large at the tunnel surface. The field is anti-
vicinity of the tunnel corresponding to de- symmetrical relative to the x- and y-axes on
creasing values of radial displacement as the which the field is zero. The maxima occur on
value of r increases. The minimum (the maxi- the surface at the angles q> = (1/4)* = 0.79 rad
mum negative) values occur on the x-axis on and q> = (5/4)* = 3.93 rad and the minima also
both sides of the tunnel surface (q> = 0, *) being on the surface at the angles <p = (3/4)* = 2.36
e = -0.63 10"4 in the case k = 4.40. As the rad and <p = (7/4)* = 5.50 rad. When k = 4.40,
K nun
the maxima are y = 0.56-10~3 and the
primary horizontal stress px and consequently I rip, max
the quasi-Poisson number k increase, the field minima y = -0.56-10~3. The form of the
' rip, mm
gets more heterogeneous and small areas of solution is independent of k.
positive deformation can be noticed on the y-
axis (<p = ±*/2) near the ceiling and the floor of Other special points occur at the distance r =
the cavity. When k = 4.40 the maxima are e 3.81 m, where there are negative peaks at the
•* r, max angles <p = (1/4)* and <p = (5/4)* and positive
= 0.57-10"1 at r = 4.40 m (= 2R). peaks at the angles (p = (3/4)* and <p = (7/4)*.
The field represents everywhere in the plot When k = 4.40, the values at the peaks are y =
range a clearly noticeable sinusoidal variation ±0.1910-3.
against <p. With the results above, this agrees
with our earlier derivation of the final form of Accordingly, the field at and near the tunnel
the cross section to be an ellipse, whose eccen- surface points away from the x-axis and to-
tricity increases with the value of it (Fig. 2, page wards the y-axis, decays as r increases and
26). The field approaches zero in infinity cor- turns opposite at the distance r = 2.69 m. The
responding to the occurence of the deformations opposite field reaches its maximum angular
only in the vicinity of the tunnel. variation at r = 3.81 m and dies away as r
approaches infinity.
The secondary tangential deformation (App.
5): The form of the field resembles the tangen- The form of the field suggests considerable
tial stress distribution, and major changes to the contraction of the tunnel cross section on the x-

31
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
axis and expansion on the y-axis. This also
refers to the elliptic form of the final cross
section.
The secondary radial displacement (App. 7):
The largest positive values exist on the x-axis,
and the maxima occur on both sides of the
tunnel surface being u = 0.26-102 m in the
° K max
case k = 4.40. The smallest values occur on the
y-axis near both the ceiling and the floor of the
tunnel, where the field turns negative as px and
k increase. The minimum (largest negative)
values occur at the distance r = 3.30 m (i.e. 1.10
m = R/2 m from the surface) being u . =
-0.47-10 3 m in the case k = 4.40.
The form of the field corresponds to inward
movement of the points near the sides of the
tunnel and outward movement of the points
near the floor and the ceiling. This agrees with
the final form of the cross section to be an
ellipse as in Fig. 2.
The secondary tangential displacement (A pp.
8): The field is antisymmetrical relative to the
x- and y-axes, on which the field is zero. This
means, that the field changes direction from one
quadrant to another pointing everywhere away
from the x-axis and towards the y-axis. This
agrees with the previous result of compressive
tangential stresses occurring on the ceiling and
tensile tangential stresses occurring on the floor
of the tunnel. The largest positive values ((p =
(3/4)n= 2.36 rad and <p=(7/4)n= 5.50 rad) and
the largest negative values (cp = (l/4)?r = 0.79
rad and <p = (5/4)7r. = 3.93 rad) occur at the
tunnel surface. In the case k = 4.40 the maxima
are u = 0.15-10~2 m and the minima w . =
(p, max (p, mm
-0.15-10 m. 2 port reduces the final tangential stresses. How-
The form of the field is again in full agreement
with the elliptic form of the final cross section.
5.2 Tertiary state
In App. 9-16 the dashed lines represent the
secondary or initial tertiary state and deviation
from that state increases with d, i.e. the solid
curves being closest to the dashed curves cor-
respond to the smallest value of d etc.
32
STUK-YMO-TR 136
From now on, the expression 'the tunnel sur-
face' refers to the surface of rock, i.e. the
points, where rock and support contact.
The final radial stress (App. 9): At the
constant angle (JD = 0 a support can be seen to
have a small effect on the stresses and the effect
decreases as the distance r increases. The thick-
er the support the larger the final stress, which
is clearly noticeable in both plots.
Compared to the secondary or initial tertiary
state, in addition to the changes in the magni-
tude of the solution, there is a phase shift of nil
for the values of the final tertiary state near the
tunnel surface. This effect depends greatly on
the parameters of the support. For d - 0.01 m of
concrete the phase is shifted inside the range of
0.21 cm from the surface, while in the case of
the thickest steel supports the region of phase
shift reaches the outer region of the field men-
tioned above in the secondary state. In the
latter case, the largest values against q> always
occur on the x-axis and the smallest values on
the y-axis.
It is important to notice that as a boundary
condition the initial radial stress at the tunnel
surface is zero (the dashed line), which is also
the case for the values of the tertiary state at the
inner surface of the support A support takes
some of the load originally carried by the rock
mass and, in a sort of way, the field is moved
inwards the distance d. This accounts for the
relatively large effect of the support thickness d
on the field on the tunnel surface.
The final tangential stress (App. 10): A sup-
ever, especially in the case of concrete, the
effect of a support on the field at the constant
angle (p = nil = 1.57 rad is hardly noticeable.
On the tunnel surface a support tends to flatten
peaks, and consequently the largest negative
values on the sides of the tunnel turn positive as
d increases. Values of minimum (maximum
negative) final tangential stress a min (MPa)
against d for concrete and steel have been
collected in Table I (page 29).
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

The final shear stress (App. 11): A support The final shear deformation (App. 14): A
reduces the absolute values of the field and support reduces the absolute values of the field
flattens the peaks, which can be seen in the plot and flattens the peaks. At (p = n IA = 0.79 rad
of constant angle q> = (3/4)TT = 2.36 rad. On the the effect can be noticed near the surface and
tunnel surface, however, as in the radial case, around the peaks.
the final shear stress increases strongly with the
support thickness. The final radial displacement (App. 15): A
support reduces the absolute values of the field
The final radial deformation (App. 12): The and flattens the peaks. At <jp = 0 the effect is the
plot of the constant angle (p = 0 shows, that the largest near the surface. On the surface the
effect of a support occurs mainly near the thickest steel supports (d > 0.2 m) make the
surface and decreases as r increases. A support largest negative values to turn positive. Values
reduces the absolute values of the field. The of maximum final radial displacement ur max
effect is rather small, and the field remains (mm) against d for concrete and steel have been
negative everywhere. collected in Table I.

The final tangential deformation (App. 13): The final tangential displacement (App. 16):
A support reduces the absolute values of the A support reduces the absolute values of the
field in a way similar to that of the tangential field and flattens the peaks. At (p = (3/4)7t =
stress. At (p=nJ2 = 1.57 rad the effect is 2.36 rad the effect is the largest near the surface.
practically unnoticeable except on the tunnel
surface. The thickest steel supports {d > 0.2 m)
make the largest negative values to turn posi-
tive.

33
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
6 DISCUSSION
6.1 Secondary state
All the changes to the primary state occur in the
vicinity of the tunnel surface, and in infinity all
the field values approach those of the primary
state, that is, secondary (initial) stress distri-
bution approach the primary stress distribution
and (final) deformations and displacements
approach zero. At the edge of the plot range of
5R = 11.0 m the values of the primary state are
almost reached. Most of the quantities studied
here reach their maximum positive and negative
values on the tunnel surface or very close to it
where there can exist peaks at which the values
can be manifold compared to those of the
primary state. Radial stress is an exception
whose values have minima on the tunnel surface
and never exceed those of the primary state.
More attention has to be paid to the tangential
stress, which gets larger positive and negative
values.
Comparison of the compressive (-250 MPa)
and tensile (-5-10 MPa) strengths of rock [6]
reveals that more attention has to be paid to the
negative values of stresses. When k = 4.40, the
largest positive value of (tangential) stress is
a
«>max = 0.12-109 Pa and the largest negative
value a = -0.53-107 Pa The maximum
<p, min
positive value, even though almost three times
that of the largest primary stress (p = 45 MPa),
remains below 50 % of the compressive
strength of rock, whereas the maximum nega-
tive value is of the same order of magnitude as
the tensile strength.
One of the earliest assumptions that we made
was that our model is valid only for small
34
STUK-YMO-TR 136
deformations, i.e. when the stresses are clearly
below the plastic limit and do not affect the
characteristics of the rock mass. Now, when as
a result of our study the tensile tangential stress
on the sides of the tunnel reaches the yield
stress of rock, we can not be sure of the actual
values of the fields occurring there. At least we
can say that considerable disturbances to the
homogeneity, continuity and isotropicity will
most probably be encountered at and around
those points. In other words, rock becomes
fractured and the stress distribution around the
fractured region does not obey our model any
more.
All of the deformations and displacements refer
to the same final situation: the points near the
sides of the tunnel move inwards and, at suffi-
ciently large values of k, the points near the
ceiling and the floor move outwards. Thus, the
final form of the originally circular cross sec-
tion is an ellipse as in Fig. 2 (page 26). The
displacements are so small, however, that the
elliptic form can not be perceived in practice.
When k = 4.40, the largest inward radial dis-
placements on the sides of the tunnel are 0.26
cm and the largest outward radial displacements
on the floor and the ceiling are 0.47 mm.
All the notable deformations and displacements
occur in the vicinity of the tunnel, inside a
range of approximately 2 m (= R) from the
surface. Distributions of the secondary defor-
mations (k = 4.40) by means of 8 contour lines
are shown in Fig. 5. The lines are the closest to
each other at the regions where the variation of
the fields against the coordinates is the greatest,
i.e. near the surface of the tunnel.
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
6.2 Tertiary state
Because of their relatively small values, the
visible effects of a support on the secondary
deformations and displacements may be diffi-
cult to observe in practice. The main function of
a support is to reduce local extreme values near
the tunnel surface. This is most important in the
case of negative valued (tensile) stress peaks at
which the values can even be turned positive
with sufficiently rigid supports. In App. 10 and
Table I it can be seen that when k = 4.40, to
reduce the negative values of initial tangential
stress on both the sides of the tunnel to zero
requires d = ~5 cm of steel or d = ~50 cm of
concrete. Only half of those thicknesses are
sufficient to reduce the peaks considerably be-
low the tensile stress of rock.
Our assumption of the interaction between rock
and a support was that tangential stresses do not
develop in the support This means, that the
Radial Tangential
10 10
5 5
1 ° (dH) • 1 0
-5 -5
-10 -10
-10 0 10 -10
x(m)
Figure 5. Contour lines of the final secondary deformations, k = 4.40.
support has to be relatively thin, and as the
thickness d increases, the validity of our model
gets worse. At least, the results for the largest
considered thicknesses (d > 0.2 m or so) should
not be taken for granted.
The difference between secondary and tertiary
fields depends on the values of the rock-sup-
port-interaction parameters a and iff, which
essentially appear in coefficient factors (1-a)
and (\-\ff) in the tertiary solutions. When a and
y/ are small, the mentioned coefficients are
close to unity and the tertiary solution is close
to the secondary one. In Table I and Fig. 4 (page
29) it can be seen, that the values of a and J^for
different materials can differ distinctly. For thin
supports a, i// « 1 , especially for materials of
small elastic modulus. Thus, because our model
is the most valid for small values of d, the valid
effects of a support on the solution should
generally be considered limited.
Shear
-10
0 10 -10 0 10
x(m) x(m)
35
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
7 CONCLUSION AND COMPARISON
TO THE ACTUAL SITUATION
Compared to the real situation, our study was
strikingly simplified:
• Rock is always a fractured, discontinuous
medium and the excavation of a tunnel
increases fissuring especially in the vicinity
of the cavity.
• The excavation of a long tunnel takes time,
during which the primary stresses can affect
the initial conditions of the problem. In our
study the cavity was assumed to emerge at t
= 0.
• A tunnel does not extend to infinity, but the
length of the tunnel, ~ 100 m in the case of
the deposition tunnel, is large compared to
the displacements (~ 1 mm) occurring in
rock.
• The problem was studied in a plane with
only two components of primary stresses
taken into account.
• The primary stress distribution near the cavi-
ty was supposed to be independent of the
distance from the cavity, because the tunnel
radius is small compared to the depth of the
repository and the typical distances in the
bedrock.
• In the actual case of a repository of spent
nuclear fuel there are supposed to be numer-
ous other cavities affecting the fields devel-
oping around each other, the situation of
which is most difficult to cover even with
numerical approaches.
36
STUK-YMO-TR 136
• The shape of the cross-section of the deposi-
tion tunnel (Fig. 3, page 27) was approxi-
mated by a circle, which definitely alters the
shape of the solution.
• Some additional features of the actual situ-
ation that we have not taken into account in
this study, are for example, the effects of
sand and bentonite filling, ground water
flow and production of heat by the nuclear
waste.
As a result from this study we conclude that, in
the unsupported situation, depending on the
value of the primary horizontal stress, the points
at the sides of the deposition tunnel move
inwards 0.10-0.26 cm, while the displacement
of the points on the floor and the ceiling of the
tunnel varies from 0.33 mm inwards to 0.35
mm outwards. The compressive stresses remain
everywhere below the strength of rock, while
the tensile tangential stresses tend to break the
rock on the sides of the tunnel. The forms of the
solutions suggest that the distribution of the
primary stress field to its components affects
the secondary and tertiary field values, and
consequently the breaking of rock, substantially
more than the magnitude of the primary stress.
With a support of sufficient rigidity, the extreme
values of the fields near the tunnel can be
reduced. The deformations and displacements
are so small already in the secondary case, that
the main function of a support seems to be in
reducing the tensile stresses and consequently
the fissuring of rock, as well as inhibiting the
movements of pieces of rock and groundwater.
STUK-YMO-TR136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY
This is an interesting feature, because some of
the most crucial factors in the safety analysis of
nuclear waste disposal are fractures and ground-
water flow near the repository.
In [6], the various numerical results to the
problem are of the same tendency and order of
magnitude. The largest inward displacements,
0.8—4.5 mm, occur on the sides of the disposal
tunnel where the tangential tensile stress may
exceed the strength of rock and all the con-
siderable deformations are bounded inside the
range of 2-3 m from the tunnel.
The international DECOVALEX-project [7] has
been founded to establish collected and verified
information of coupled thermo-hydro-mecha-
nical processes of fractured rock to contribute
to the research of spent nuclear fuel disposal. In
June 1997, some of the participants of this
project visited the Underground Research Labo-
ratory (URL) in Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada,
where tunnels have been excavated in con-
ditions of dense and dry rock and exceptionally
large horizontal stresses. In the depth of 420 m
the largest lateral stress is ~ 60 MPa. In the
photographs in App. 17 it can be seen that in
about five years the originally circular cross
section of the tunnel has deformed into an
irregular shape, the largest displacements being
in the order of magnitude of 0.1-1 m.
The purpose of this study, as well as the purpose
of modelling in general, was to give an idea of
the shape and the orders of magnitude of the
solutions to a practical problem. Although the
solutions given by this highly simplified app-
roach proved to be similar to those of other
studies with different approaches, practice dem-
onstrates apparent dissimilarities. The mechan-
ical behaviour of rock seems to be a com-
plicated area of research even at its simplest,
without the additional problems presented by
the disposal of spent nuclear fuel.
37
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

REFERENCES

[ 1 ] C. Asszonyi & R. Richter, The Continuum [6] E. Johansson & M. Hakala, Loppusijoitus-
Theory of Rock Mechanics, Trans Tech
Publications, USA, 1979.
[2] K. Ikonen, Levy-, laatta- ja kuoriteoria, 874,
Otatieto Oy, Helsinki 1990.
[7] Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Pro-
[3] A.Ylinen, Kimmo- ja lujuusoppi I, Valtion
teknillinen tutkimuslaitos, julkaisu 10,
Werner Soderstrom Oy, Porvoo 1948.
[4] L.E. Malvern, Introduction to the Mechanics
of a Continuous Medium, Prentice-Hall Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., USA, 1969.
[5] T. Vieno, A. Hautojarvi, L. Koskinen & H.
Nordman, TVO-92 Safety analysis of spent
fuel disposal, Report YJT-92-33 E, Nuclear
Waste Commission of Finnish Power Com-
panies, Helsinki 1993.
tiloja ymparoivan kiteisen kallion mekaa-
ninen, terminen ja hydraulinen kayttayty-
minen, Raportti YJT-92-17, Voimayhtioiden
ydinjatetoimikunta, Helsinki 1992.
cesses of Fractured Media, Mathematical and
Experimental Studies, Recent Developments
of DECOVALEX Project for Radioactive
Waste Repositories, Edited by Ove Stephans-
son, Lanru Jing & Chin-Fu Tsang, Develop-
ments in Geotechnical Engineering, 79,
Elsevier, Amsterdam-Lausanne-New York-
Oxford-Shannon-Tokyo 1996.

38
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

T H E SECONDARY OR INITIAL TERTIARY RADIAL STRESS O~ APPENDIX 1

k = 2.51 k = 3.27
x10° x10

0
y(m) -10
x(m)
y(m) -10 -10 x(m)

k = 4.02 k = 4.40
x10 x10

0 0
y(m) -10 -10 x(m) y(m) -10 -10 x(m)
 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

APPENDIX 2 THE SECONDARY OR INITIAL TERTIARY TANGENTIAL STRESS CJ

k = 2.51 = 3.27
CT5 x 10 03 X 10
Q_

0
-10 x(m) -10 x(m)

k = 4.02 k-4.40
TO x10 X10
CL

0 0
y(m) -10 -10 x(m) y(m) -10 -10 x(m)
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

THE SECONDARY OR INITIAL TERTIARY SHEAR STRESS X APPENDIX 3

k = 2.51 k = 3.27
x10 x10

y(m) -10 -10 x(m)

k = 4.02
7
x10

-10 x(m) -10 x(m)

RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

APPENDIX 4 THE SECONDARY OR FINAL TERTIARY RADIAL DEFORMATION e

= 2.51 k = 3.27

0
y(m) -10 x(m) y(m)

= 4.02 k = 4.40
—4 -4
x 10 x 10

0 0
y(m) -10 -10 x(m) y(m) ~ 1 0 -10 x(m)
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

THE SECONDARY OR FINAL TERTIARY TANGENTIAL DEFORMATION e APPENDIX 5

k = 2.51 k = 3.27
-4 -4
x10 x10

k = 4.02 k = 4.40
-4
x10 x10~

0 0
-10 -10 x(m) y(m) -10 -10 x(m)
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

APPENDIX 6 THE SECONDARY OR FINAL TERTIARY SHEAR DEFORMATION y

up

k = 2.51 k = 3.27
-4
x 10" x10

0
y (m) -10 -10 x(m)

k = 4.02
-4
x 10

0
y(m) -10 - x(m) -10 x ( m )
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

THE SECONDARY OR FINAL TERTIARY RADIAL DISPLACEMENT U APPENDIX 7

k = 2.51 k = 3.27
-4
x10 x10"

0
y(m) -10 x ( m ) y(m) -10 -10 x(m)

k = 4.02 k = 4.40
-3
x10' If x10

0
y(m) -10 -10 x(m) y(m) -10 x(m)
RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

APPENDIX 8 THE SECONDARY OR FINAL TERTIARY TANGENTIAL DISPLACEMENT U

k = 2.51 = 3.27
-4 -4
x 10 x10

y(m) -10 -10

k = 4.40
-3
x 10

y(m) -10 y(m)

x(m)
STUK-YMO-TR136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

FINAL RADIAL STRESS o r AGAINST SUPPORT THICKNESS d APPENDIX 9

R = 2 . 2 0 m , k = 4.40,px = 45 MPa
dashed lines represent the secondary or initial tertiary state

Concrete support
constant angle, 0 rad. constant radius, 2.2 m.

2 4
fii(rad)
E = 20-109 N/m2, d = 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 m

Steel support
6
X1 Q7 constant angle, 0 rad. x 1Q constant radius, 2.2 m.

-10 -5 0 5 10 0 2 4
r(m) fii(rad)
E = 20010 9 N/m2, d = 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 0.05, 0.02 m
 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

APPENDIX 10 FINAL TANGENTIAL STRESS a AGAINST SUPPORT THICKNESS d

R = 2.20 m , k = 4.40, px = 45 MPa

dashed lines represent the secondary or initial tertiary state

Concrete support
x -|Q7 constant angle, 1.6 rad. x 10? constant
radius, 2.2 m.
12
Pa)

I10
"Si 9
To 1 1
tangent
OO

/ V
-NI

1 6
5
/ V 0
-10 -5 0 10 2 4
r(m) fii(rad)
£ = 20-10" N/m2, J = 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 m

Steel support
x
7
-|Q constant angle, 1.6 rad. x -|Q7 constant radius, 2.2 m.
12

CO 11
CO
CO
10

8
0

7
IBUI

10 0 2 4
fii(rad)
E = 200-109 N/m2, d = 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 0.05, 0.02 m
 STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

FINAL SHEAR STRESS T AGAINST SUPPORT THICKNESS d APPENDIX 11

rip

R = 2.20 m , k = 4.40, px = 45 MPa

dashed lines represent the secondary or initial tertiary state

Concrete support
7 6
-|Q constant angle, 2.4 rad. x 10 constant radius, 2.2 m.

CL-
2
IX • Y
/ \ /\ \
1 / -/"^V \ / •/*"*\ A"
co
CO // \ \ // \ \
// \\ // \\
£ /// \\\ /// \\\
to 0
cc
CO \\ / / \\ // ^
-1
\ / \ / ^
CVI

-10 -5 0 5 10 0 2 4
r(m) fii(rad)
£ = 20-109 N/m2, rf = 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 m

Steel support
constant angle, 2.4 rad. constant radius, 2.2 m.

CO

9*1.5
CO
CO
£
to
« 1
CD
CO

IS
S0.5
i

-10 -5 0 5 10 0 2 4
r(m) fii(rad)
£ = 200-109 N/m2,rf= 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 0.05, 0.02 m
 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR136

APPENDIX 12 FINAL RADIAL DEFORMATION e AGAINST SUPPORT THICKNESS d

r

R = 2.20 m , k = 4.40, px = 45 MPa

dashed lines represent the secondary (supportless) state

Concrete support
x
4
I Q - constant angle, 0 rad. Q-4constant radius, 2.2 m.

-4

g
to

X!
H
ID
CO
c
o
••§ - 4 - 5
E
CD

CO

2-5.5
-5

/
/

w /1
r
"cC CO
J1
c c
-6 i
-6
-10 0 2 4
fii(rad)
E =20-10 9 N/m 2 , ^ = 0.5,0.2, 0.1 m

Steel support
constant angle, 0 rad. constant radius, 2.2 m.

-6
-10 -5 0 5 10 0 2 4
r(m) fii(rad)
E = 200-109 N/m2, d = 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 0.05, 0.02 m
 STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

FINAL TANGENTIAL DEFORMATION e AGAINST SUPPORT THICKNESS d APPENDIX 13

R = 2 . 2 0 m , k = 4.40,p x = 45 MPa
dashed lines represent the secondary (supportless) state

Concrete support
4
x -|Q- constant angle, 1.6 rad. constant radius, 2.2 m.

10
g
CD
8

CD _
6
Z
CD 4
CO

-10 10 2 4
fii(rad)
E = 20-109 N/m2, d = 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 m

Steel support
4 4
x ^Q- constant angle, 1.6 rad. x 1Q - constant radius, 2.2 m.

1 0
c
g
Is
CD

CO

CD 4

CO

-10 0 5 10 0 2 4
r(m) fii(rad)
E = 20010 9 N/m2, rf = 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 0.05, 0.02 m
 final shear deformation final shear deformation
rv> c*s -&• cn o ->• N> co -^ en JO

H
g O
2

a
2
3 o cn a
n
ft
^ cn
>3 on
II C/3 >
to 13 to
p 3 to cn
o
t/2
n § 3
o a
% n

te suppor
ce
0
a.
II
o
p
T3
p § P jo
final shear deformation O
final shear deformation H
I
o
p o p
cn o
p 13
b 13
O
p 3
b
to
z
on
in
C
on
3
H

n 2
o
H
JO
C/3

ON
 STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

FINAL RADIAL DISPLACEMENT ur AGAINST SUPPORT THICKNESS d APPENDIX 15

R = 2.20 m , k = 4.40, px = 45 MPa

dashed lines represent the secondary (supportless) state

Concrete support
X1Q-
3
constant angle, 0 rad. - 3 constant radius, 2.2 m.

10 2 4
fii(rad)
E = 20-109 N/m2, d = 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 m

Steel support

x 1C(-3 constant angle, 0 rad. -3 constant radius, 2.2 m.

• i • \ • ;
2. 5
E,
ll
I ...\1 '
:..
ent

2
E ; //// ; \\\\ ;
o ' i \\\v
CO //// / \ \\\\
Q. 1. 5
CO //vv, ,\v| •
T3
////If \\ Vw
la
T3
/III \\ \\^
JO 1 //// 1 1 \ \ \w
////// W \\SJ
CO
c ///' \V\\V;
0.5
%
-10 -5 0 5 10 0 2 4
r(m) fii(rad)
E = 20010 9 N/m2, d = 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 0.05, 0.02 m
 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY STUK-YMO-TR 136

APPENDIX 16 FINAL TANGENTIAL DISPLACEMENT U^ AGAINST

SUPPORT THICKNESS D
R = 2.20 m,k = 4.40, px = 45 MPa
dashed lines represent the secondary (supportless) state

Concrete support
x i Q-4constant angle, 0.79 rad. -4constant radius, 2.2 m.

5
c
g 4
-co
3

2
CO
0 1
W

-10 -5 0 10
r(m) fii(rad)
9 2
E = 20-10 N/m , d = 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 m

Steel support
10 -
4
constant angle, 0.79 rad. -4constant radius, 2.2 m.

c
o
"•3

(!)
T3
k_
C0
0
CO

-1

-10 2 4
fii(rad)
= 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 0.05, 0.02 m
STUK-YMO-TR 136 RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY

DEFORMATION OF A TUNNEL CROSS SECTION, APPENDIX 17

URL, PINAWA, MANITOBA, CANADA