Forces Resulting from fluid jets , flow over plate, vanes and through pipes

Purpose of Calculation

To calculate the force resulting from the fluid momentum changes from impacti
flowing over vanes and flowing through pipes.

Calculation Reference
Roymech.co.uk. http://www.roymech.co.uk/Related/Fluids/Fluids_Jets
"Mechanical Engineers Data Handbook ". JE.Carvill Butterworth Hieneman page
"Mechanics of Fluids" 8th ed B.Massey Taylor and Francis Pages 138 to 144
Calculation Validation
The various calculations have been checked against each other and against exa
identified references. Notes providing background for the calculations are prov

Important Note: Please only enter data in the identified coloured cells.

Introduction

The study of forces resulting from the impact of fluid jets, and when fluids are diverted, involves the application o
in the form of F = m.a. The forces are determined by calculating the change of momentum of the flowing fluids.
manifest themselves in the form of wind forces, and the impact forces of the sea on the harbour walls. The oper
machines such as turbines depends on forces developed through changing the momentum of flowing fluids.

In its simplest form, with steady flow conditions, the force on a fluid flow in a set direction is equal to its mass flow
change in velocity in that set direction.   The fluid flow also exerts an equal and opposite reaction force as a resu
momentum.

These are ideal values and do not take into account losses due to friction or the effect of gravity

F = m. (u 1 - u 2) = Qρ (u 1 - u 2) = V.A.ρ (u 1 - u 2) . ..( F and u are vector quantities)

F= Force in set direction on component changing the direction of flow.

m. = mass flow rate kg/s
Q= volume flow velocity (m3/s)
ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)
u 1 & u 2 = flow velocities before and after contact with component
V = velocity of jet. m/s Note: V is generally equal to to u1
2
A = Area of jet. m

Input Data in cells coloured

1) Fluid force on a flat fixed plate
2) Fluid force on a angled fixed plate ( <90o )
3) Fluid force on a angled fixed plate ( > 90o )
4) Fluid force on a angled fixedplate ( = 180o )
5) Fluid force on a flat moving plate
6) Fluid force on an angled moving plate

1) Force on a fixed Plate

Fluid Density ρ= kg/m3

Pipe jet Area A= m2
Fluid Jet Velocity V= v/s

Force F = QρV = ρAV 2 F= N

2) Jet force on an angled plate. (θ < 90 o)

 Fluid Density ρ= 8000
Pipe jet Area A= 0.005
Fluid Jet Velocity V= 5
Angle of Fluid Deflection (degrees) θ= 90
Angle of Fluid Deflection θ = 1.570796

Force F= 1000

3) Jet Force on an angled plate (θ > 90o )

Fluid Density ρ= 1000

Pipe jet Area A= 0.2
Fluid Jet Velocity V= 5
Angle of Fluid Deflection (degrees) θ= 180
Angle of Fluid Deflection θ = 3.141593

Force F= 10000

4) Jet Force on an angled plate (θ = 180o )

 Fluid Density ρ= 8000 kg/m3
Pipe jet Area A= 0.005 m2
Fluid Jet Velocity V= 5 v/s #NAME?

Force F =2 QρV = 2ρAV 2 F= 2000 N #NAME?

= 2 · ρ · A · V2

5) Jet force on a moving flat plate

Fluid Density ρ= 8000 kg/m3

Pipe jet Area A= 0.005 m2
Fluid Jet Velocity V= 5 m/s #NAME?
Plate velocity Vp = 3 m/s
Velocity ratio Vp/V r= 0.6 ==V
#NAME?
p
V
Force F =2 QρV = 2ρAV 2 F= 400 = ρ · A · V2 · (1 - r)
N #NAME?
 = ρ · A · V2 · (1 - r)

6) Jet force on a moving angled plate

Fluid Density ρ= 8000 kg/m3

Pipe jet Area A= 0.005 m2
Fluid Jet Velocity V= 5 m/s #NAME?
Plate velocity Vp = 3 m/s
Angle of Fluid Deflection (degree θ= 180 degrees
Angle of Fluid Deflection (rads) θ = 3.141592654 rads

Velocity ratio Vp/V =

= Vp
r= 0.6 #NAME?
V

Force F =2 QρV = 2ρAV 2 F= 800 = ρ · A · V 2 · (1 - r) · (1 - co

N #NAME?
 nd through pipes

mentum changes from impacting plates, from

k/Related/Fluids/Fluids_Jets.html
Butterworth Hieneman pages 157-159
Francis Pages 138 to 144

st each other and against examples in the

d for the calculations are provided on the above website.

ed, involves the application of Newtons second law

entum of the flowing fluids. In nature these forces
the harbour walls. The operation of hydro-kinetic
mentum of flowing fluids.

ection is equal to its mass flow rate times by the

osite reaction force as a result of this change in

r the effect of gravity

m/s
 F = QρV = ρAV 2

8000.000
0.005
5.000 #NAME?

2
1000.000 = ρAV
#NAME?

F = QρV (1 - cosθ ) = ρAV 2(1 - cosθ )

 kg/m3
m2
v/s #NAME?
degrees
rads

· A · V 2 · (1 - cos[θ])
N = ρ#NAME?

F = QρV (1 - cosθ ) = ρAV 2(1 - cosθ )

kg/m3
m2 0.504627
v/s #NAME?
degrees
rads

· A · V 2 · (1 - cos[θ])
N = ρ#NAME?
 F = QρV (1 - cos180 o )   =   2QρV   =   2ρAV 2

= 2 · ρ · A · V2

Considering only forces in a horizontal direction

u 1 = V and u 2 = V p
and let r = V p / V therefore
F = Qρ( V - V p ) = ρAV(V -V p)
and F = ρAV 2( 1 - r )

= ρ · A · V 2 · (1 - r)
= ρ · A · V 2 · (1 - r)

Considering only forces in a horizontal direction

u 1 = V and u 2 = V p + (V - V p) cos θ
and let r = V p / V therefore
F = ρA V( V - V p ) ( 1 - cosθ ) = ρAV 2 ( 1 - r ) ( 1 - cosθ )

= ρ · A · V 2 · (1 - r) · (1 - cos[θ])
 Contents of This Page

7) Fluid force on a static vane

8) Fluid force on a moving vane

7) Fluid force on a fixed vane

The notes below related to vanes as used in impulse turbines.  These turbines derive the mechanical
momentum as the fluid passes through the vanes.   

In the x Direction: u
F x = QρV(cos

In the y Direction u
F y = QρV(sin

Fluid Density ρ= 8000.000

Fluid flow rate Q= 0.100
Fluid flow Velocity V= 5.000
Angle of Fluid Deflection into vane (degrees) θ1 = 0.000
Angle of Fluid Deflection out of vane (degrees) θ2 = 0.000
Angle of Fluid Deflection into vane (rads) θ1 = 0.000
Angle of Fluid Deflection out of vane(rads) θ2 = 0.000

Force on vane in x direction F x = ρAV 2(cos θ 1 + cos θ 2 ) Fx 8000.000

8) Fluid force on a moving vane

 The conditions as shown when the vectorial sum of V v + V r1 = V1 results in smooth entry with efficie
vane.     When this does not occur there will be turbulent flow over the vane with significant losses.

Fluid Density ρ= 8000.000

Fluid flow rate Q= 0.100
Fluid flow inlet Velocity V1 = 5.000
Vane velocity Vv = 2.500
Angle of Fluid jet into vane (degrees) a= 10.000
Vane Inlet Angle(degrees) θ1 = 25.000
Vane outlet Angle (degrees) θ2 = 25.000
Angle of Fluid Deflection into vane (rads) a= 0.175
Vane Inlet Angle(rads) θ1 = 0.436
Vane outlet Angle(rads) θ2 = 0.436

Ratio of vane velocity to fluid velocity r= 0.500

Force on vane in x direction

F x = QρV 1 (cos α + [sin α /sin θ 1 ] cos θ 2 - r ) Fx = 3428.835

Power developed by moving blade P = F x .Vv P= 8.572

Power in flowing water Pi = 10.000

Efficiency eff = 0.857

es derive the mechanical energy mainly from the change in

In the x Direction: u 1x = V cos θ 1 ,     u 2x = -V cos θ 2

F x = QρV(cos θ 1 + cos θ 2 )

In the y Direction u 1y = Vsin θ1 and u 2y = V sin θ 2

F y = QρV(sin θ 1 - sin θ 2 )

kg/m3
m3/s
m/s
degrees
degrees
rads
rads

N = ρ · Q · V · (cos[θ1] + cos[θ2])
n smooth entry with efficient transfer of energy of the fluid to the
with significant losses.

In the x Direction
u 1x = V 1 cos α
u 2x = V v - V r2 cos θ 2  .... ( V r2 = V r1 = V 1 sin α /sin θ 1 )
F x = QρV 1 (cos α + [sin α /sin θ 1 ] cos θ 2 - r > )
r=Vv/V1

In the y Direction u 1y = V 1 sin α

u 2y = V r2 sin θ 2  .... ( V r2 = V r1 = V 1 sin α /sin θ 1 )
F y = QρV 1sin α (1 - sin θ 2 / sin θ 1 )
If the vane is moving in the x direction the power developed by the vane P = F x.V V

kg/m3
m3/s
m/s
m/s
degrees ideal Angle
degrees θ1i = 19.70758 deg. == θ1i · 180
p
degrees
rads Calculated ideal angle
rads θ1i = 0.343962 rads = atan V 1 · sin{ a }
rads {(V 1 · cos[a ]) - V v}

#NAME? == Vv
V1

N = Q · ρ · V 1 · (cos[ a
a ] + sin{a } · cos{θ22} - r)
sin{θ1}

kW == V v · F xx
1000

kW
== ρρ ·· Q
Q ·· V 12
2 · 1000
#NAME? = P / Pi
Contents of This Page

9) Fluid Force on a pipe nozzle

10) fluid Force on a pipe bend

Fluid force on a Pipe Nozzle resulting form momentum change /pressure d

9)

In the x Direction
u 1x = V 1
u 2x = V 2cos θ
F x = p1.A1 - p2.A2 + ρA1V12 - ρA2V22

Gravitational constant g= 9.810

Fluid Density ρ= 1000.000

Fluid flow rate Q= 1.000
Inlet Diameter d1 = 0.500
Outlet Diameter d2 = 0.300
Inlet Pressure (bar) gauge p1 = 1.000

Inlet Area A1 = 0.196

Outlet Area A2 = 0.07069
Fluid flow inlet Velocity V1 = 5.093
Fluid flow outlet Velocity V2 = 14.147
Inlet Pressure Pa = N/m2 p1 = 1.000E+05
 Outlet Pressure Pa = N/m2 p2 = 1.290E+04

Horizontal force on pipe wall Fx = 9669.043

Fluid force on a Pipe Bend resulting form momentum change / pressure d

10)

In the x Direction In the y direction

u 1x = V 1 u 1y = 0
u 2x = V 2cos θ u 2y= V 2sin θ
F x = p1.A1 - p2.A2cos θ + ρA1V12 - ρA2V22 cos Fy = - p2.A2sin θ - ρA2V22sin θ

Gravitational constant g= 9.810

Fluid Density ρ= 1000.000

Fluid flow rate Q= 1.000
Inlet Diameter d1 = 0.500
Outlet Diameter d2 = 0.300
Height h= 0.000
Inlet Pressure (bar) gauge p1 = 1.000
Angle of Pipe bend (degrees θ1 = 0.000

Inlet Area A1 = 0.196

Outlet Area A2 = 0.071
Fluid flow inlet Velocity V1 = 5.093
Fluid flow outlet Velocity V2 = 14.147
Inlet Pressure Pa = N/m2 p1 = 1.000E+05
Outlet Pressure Pa = N/m 2 p2 = 1.290E+04
Outlet Pressure Pa = N/m2 p2 = 0.129
Angle of Pipe bend (radians) θ1 = 0.000

Horizontal force on pipe wall Fx = 9669.043

Vertical force on Pipe wall F y= -0.151

Resultant force Fr = 9669.043

Angle of resultant force a -0.001
change /pressure difference

m/s2

kg/m3
m3/s
m
m
bar

m2 = d12 · p / 4

m2 = d22 · p / 4

m/s = Q / A1

m/s = Q / A2

Pa
= p 11 + ρ · [V 12 - V 2222]
2
 = p 11 + ρ · [V 12 - V 2222]
Pa
2
N = p1 · A1 - p2 · A2 + ρ · A1 · V 12 - ρ · A2 · V22

hange / pressure difference

in θ - ρA2V22sin θ

m/s2

kg/m3
m3/s
m
m
m
bar
deg 0

m2 = d12 · p / 4
m2 = d22 · p / 4
m/s = Q / A1
m/s = Q / A2
 = Q / A2
Pa 0
Pa = p 11 + ρ · [V 12 - V 22 ] - h · g · ρ
bar 2
rads = θ1 / 180 · p + 0.00001

N = p1 · A1 - p2 · A2 · cos(θ1) + ρ · A 1 · V 12 - ρ · A2 · V 22 · cos(θ1)
N = - p2 · A2 · sin(θ1) - ρ · A 2 · V 1 · sin(θ1)

N = (Fx2 + Fy 2)
deg = atan(Fy / Fx) · 180 / p