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Unit Hydrograph: by Engineer Mr. Anwar Marwat
Unit Hydrograph: by Engineer Mr. Anwar Marwat
UNIT HYDROGRAPH
By Engineer Mr. Anwar Marwat
engranwarcivil@gmail.com
Coverage
28
Hydrograph
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Unit Hydrograph
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Simplifying our
heretask / work / procedures.
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here here theory is
The primary assumption of unit hydrograph
that the rainfall has uniform distribution, both in space-
with minimal variations across the basin-and in time; in
other words, the rainfall rate did not vary much during
the event.
In reality, precipitation events are rarely uniform in
space and time. Often, one portion of the basin
experiences higher intensity precipitation than another
portion.
The base duration of direct runoff hydrograph due to an effective
rainfall of unit duration is constant.
The ordinatesText in are directly proportional
of DRH Text in total amount
to the
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of DR of each hydrograph (principles of linearity, superposition,
and proportionality)
For a given basin, the runoff hydrograph due to a given period of
rainfall reflects all the combined physical characteristics of basin
(time-invariant)
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Contents
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BASIN-AVERAGED RAINFALL
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In typical non-snow situations, we begin the hydrologic process with
rainfall. In particular, we start with a basin-averaged rainfall. This simply
tells us how much rain fell, or is forecast to fall, on a given basin and
typically takes the form of a rainfall depth per time. In unit hydrograph
theory, we assume that this rainfall has fallen uniformly across the
basin
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BASIN-AVERAGED EXCESS
RAINFALL
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From averaged rainfall, we need to know how much of the basin-
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averaged rainfall will become runoff. In unit hydrograph theory, runoff is
often referred to as “excess precipitation” or “excess rainfall.” Rainfall
runoff models will typically provide an estimate of what becomes
excess rainfall.
So, for example, if 25% of our 4.00 cm basin-averaged rainfall
becomes excess rainfall, then we have a basin averaged excess
rainfall of 1.00 cm
Direct Runoff
Duration
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here
Rising Limb here
Recession Limb (falling
limb)
Peak Flow
Time to Peak (rise time)
Time of Concentration
Recession Curve
Base flow Separation line
Base flow
Quick Response Run off
Point of inflection
UH Components / Terminology
CREATING U.HYDROGRAPH
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Fromhere
Stream flow Data Myhere
Concern
Synthetically
Espey Ten-Minute Unit Hydrograph
Snyder
SCS Unit Hydrograph
Time-Area Unit Hydrograph(Clark, 1945)
Gamma Function Unit Hydrograph
“Fitted” Distributions
Geomorphologic
A unit hydrograph can be derived from a total stream
flow hydrograph at a given stream gauge location
along with the following information:
• The Basin Area
• The Basin-averaged rainfall depth
• The duration over which the excess precipitation
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STEPS FOR DERIVING THE UNIT HYDROGRAPH
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Step-1 Select Appropriate Precipitation Event
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When deriving
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a unit hydrograph it is important to
start with an archived hydrograph in which the
quick-response runoff portion is from one single
storm event. In addition, that storm should have
produced its excess precipitation with nearly
uniform coverage in space and time over the basin
Step-2 Remove Base flow Contribution
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Step-3 Calculate Quick – Response Volume
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Step-4 Determine Excess PPT Depth from Basin
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Textdepth
The excess ppt in probably won`t be exactly one unit as unit
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hydrograph requires. So, we have to adjust the QRR
hydrograph to show what the response from one unit would be.
Step-5 Adjust the Quick-Response Hydrograph
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The durationhere
of a unit hydrograph refers to a continuous
time period during which one unit of excess ppt occurred.
If it took 6 hours for the one unit of excess to occur, we
have a 6-hr unit hydrograph. Remember, the unit
hydrograph duration does not refer to the duration of the
stream flow response.
The difficult part of determining the duration of a unit
hydrograph is estimating which portion of the entire
precipitation event actually contributes to excess ppt.
Recall thatText
theinwater that infiltrates & percolates into
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deeper storage and base flow is not part of excess ppt.
We can estimate this portion of the ppt. by applying a
constant loss function to the rainfall.
Recall that we have already calculated the depth of the
excess ppt to be 2.0 cm. Now, we need to know how
long it took for that excess to occur.
So we move this loss function line such that the
amount of ppt. above the line is equal to the depth
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of excess ppt.
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that we already calculated for the
basin.
Below that line the ppt. goes to long-term storage.
Above the line is the excess ppt.
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Now we have an excess precipitation bar graph of 6-hr.
Notice that the amounts from hour to hour on this
graph are not truly uniform. This is typical.
For purposes
Textofincalculating a unit hydrograph duration,
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however, we assume that all excess ppt occurred
uniformly in time.
Final Unit Hydrograph
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At the end of in steps, we have a 6-hr unit hydrograph.
these
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It show the stream flow response to 6 hrs of excess ppt
that produced one unit of depth.
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Qp
Change UH Duration
Consider 1 hr UH
Add and Lag two UH
by one hour
Sum and divide by 2
Results in 2 hr UH
Example
Given the ordinates of a 4-hr unit hydrograph as
below derive the ordinates of a 12-hr unit
hydrograph for the same catchment
Time (hr) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Ordinates of 0 20 80 130 150 130 90 52 27 15 5 0
4-hr UH
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Contents
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S-Curve
Also known as S-hydrograph
2
STORM
HYDRO
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