Physics - Er. Anil Sir Om Sai Ram Class - 11, 12 & Cbse: Add - Roxy Pull Chouraha Mob: 7000031708, 8959530285

Physics - Er.
Anil Sir Om Sai Ram Class - 11th, 12th & CBSE

Unit: 2 Current electricity Chapter: 3
Electric Current: The rate of flow of charge through any cross sectional area of a conductor is called
electric current.
If Q charge is flowing through a conductor in time 't' for then Current flowing through that
Conductor be
In words:
Units of electric Current: In the S.I. System the unit of electric current is 'ampere'.
In the formula
If , and sec Then,

ampere
Thus, the Current flowing through a conductor is said to be 1 ampere, if 1 Coulomb of charge
flows through any cross section area of a conductor in one second.
Relation between ampere and stat-ampere:
[1 ampere = stat-ampere]
Types of Electric Current: There are two types of electric Current.

(A) Direct Current (D.C)
(B) Alternating Current (A.C)
(A) Direct Current: The electric current whose direction does not change with time is called D.C.
Current.
The direct current (D.C) is of two types :-
(a) Steady D.C: – If the magnitude of the electric current remains constant and does not change
with time, then this type of current is called steady current.
Add - Roxy Pull Chouraha Mob : 7000031708, 8959530285

Physics - Er. Anil Sir Om Sai Ram Class - 11th, 12th & CBSE
(b) Variable D.C.: If magnitude of the electric current changes with time, then this type of current is
called variable D.C.
(B) Alternating Current (A.C): If the magnitude and direction of the electric current changes
Periodically with time then this type of current called alternating current. The alternating current is
represented by sinusoidal curve.
Q. State and explain Ohm's law.

Ans. According to ohm's law, if the physical conditions of a conductors (like temperature, length
etc.,) remains unchanged then the current flowing through a conductor is directly Proportional to
the Potential difference applied across the ends of conductor.
If V is the Potential difference and I be the current flowing through a conductor then by
ohm's law,
Or
Where R is a Proportionality constant called electrical resistance of the conductor.
Hence
It should be noted here that Ohm's law is applicable only for metallic conductors.
Limitation of Ohm's law: The limitation of Ohm's law are given below:
(i) Temperature of conduction should be constant
(ii) There should not be strain in conductor
Q. Three resistors and connected in series. Obtain the expression for the equivalent
resistance?
Or
Three conductors of resistances and are joined in series. Draw a labelled diagram and
obtain expression for its equivalent resistance.
Ans.
In this combination the resistances are joined end to end. The second end of each resistance
is joined to the first end of the next resistance and so on. A cell is connected between the first end
of first resistance and last end of the last resistance.
Three resistances and are joined in series. Let a Potential difference V is applied
between Points A and B with the help of a cell.
The total Potential difference between the Points A and B.
……………(i)
Hence, by Ohm's law,
The Potential difference across the ends of resistance be
The Potential difference across the ends of resistance be
And the Potential difference across the ends of resistance
From equation (i)
……………..(ii)
If the equivalent resistance of this combination is R then,
…………….(iii)
From equation (ii) and (iii)
Thus, in the series combination of resistance, equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of all
individual resistance.
So that total resistance of a series combination of 'n' resistance ...…….. can be
given by
.........
Or ∑ ………….(iv)
Obviously, the series grouping of resistance should be used when the equivalent resistance is
to be increased.
Q. Find out equivalent resistance of the three resistances , connected in parallel

combination?
Or
Three resistors , are joined in parallel. Draw labelled diagram and derive
expression for its equivalent resistances.
Ans.

In the Parallel combination of resistance, the resistance are joined in such a way that their first end
are connected to one terminal of the cell while other ends are connected to negative terminal.
The Parallel combination of three resistance and . Let a Potential difference V is
applied between Point A and B with the help of a cell .
Suppose the current flowing through the circuit is . This current splits at point A in three
branches and . Let current flowing through resistance and are and
respectively then,
………….(i)
Since the Potential difference across the ends of each resistance is same i.e V then by Ohm's
law.
Putting Value in equation (i)
( ) ................(ii)
If equivalent resistance of combination is then,
………………(iii)
From equation (ii) and (iii)
( )
Thus, “when resistance are connected in Parallel, the reciprocal of equivalent resistance of
the Parallel combination is equal to the sum of the reciprocal of individual resistance.”
it is clear that
Hence “Equivalent resistance of the Parallel combination is always less than the value of the
smallest individual resistance and therefore the Parallel combination should be used when the
resistance in the circuit is to be decreased.
Q. Explain Kirchhoff's laws of distribution of current through the different conductors?

Or
Write down the Kirchhoff's laws relating to the distribution of electric current?
Or
State and Explain Kirchhoff's laws?

Ans. Kirchhoff’s laws: To study complicated electrical circuits Kirchhoff’s law two laws which are
popularly known as Kirchhoff’s laws.
(1) Kirchhoff’s first law or Kirchhoff's current law(KCL): According to this law, “In a network of
conductors, the algebraic sum of all currents meeting at any junction of any circuit is always zero.”
∑
Or
“In an electric circuit at a junction point the sum of current coming towards the junction is
equal to sum of current going away from the Junction.

The currents coming towards the junction are taken to be Positive and currents going away
from the junctions are taken to be negative
Suppose at a junction P the current flowing through various branches are
and then from Kirchhoff’s first law.
Or
Or ....……….. (i)
“Thus, it is clear that the net current coming towards the junction is equal to the net current
flowing away from the junction”. Hence, at any instant net current at any junction will be zero.
(2) Kirchhoff’s second law or Mesh loop rule: According to this law, “The net Potential drop or sum
of e.m.f. in a closed mesh of an electrical network equals the sum of the products of current and
corresponding resistance present in the given mesh.
∑ ∑
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to loop ABEFA, we get
……….. (i)
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to loop BCDEB, we get

……….. (ii)
Q. Explain principle of Wheatstone bridge and obtain the required expression for balance
condition. Give its limitations.
(Or)
Write principle of Wheatstone bridge and prove it.
Ans.
Wheatstone bridge: Wheatstone bridge is based on the Kirchhoff’s laws. It is an arrangement of

four resistances P, Q, R and S which are connected to form a quadrilateral ABCD. A cell E is
connected across the diagonal AC and a galvanometer across BD. When the current flows through
circuit and galvanometer does not give any deflection, then the bridge is balanced and in this
condition,
This is principle of Wheatstone bridge.
Formula Derivation: Let on pressing the cell key K1 and galvanometer key K2 the current flowing
through and are I1, I2, I3 and I4 respectively. Let current flowing through galvanometer is Ig.
then by kirchhoff’s first law at point B.
In the equilibrium condition no current flows through galvanometer.

Hence,
.………..(1)
By kirchhoff’s first law at point D.
( )
………..(2)
By kirchhoff’s second law in closed circuit ABDA
( )
……………(3)
Similarly of kirchhoff’s second law in closed circuit BCDB.
…………….(4)
Dividing eq. (4) by eq. (3),
From eqn. (1) and eqn. (2),
This is principle of Wheatstone bridge.
Limitation:- This is applicable only for closed circuit.
Q. Obtain an expression for internal resistance of cell.

(Or)
Establish the relationship between the electromotive force, potential difference and
internal resistance of a cell?
(Or)
Prove that the terminal potential difference between the electrodes of a cell is equal to
the emf of a cell in an open circuit?
(Or)
Prove that r = , where symbols have their usual meanings?
Ans.
Let e.m.f. of a cell be E and its internal resistance is r. An external resistance ‘R’ is joined in
series, with cell. So, the total resistance of cell is R + r.
The current drawn from cell is
………..(i)
By Ohm’s law
…………..(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)

( ) ohm
This is expression for internal resistance of a cell.
Again from equation (i)
Or
This is relation between internal resistance of cell, e.m.f. potential difference and current .
Q. Difference between Resistance and Specific resistance:

Ans.
S.No. Resistance Specific resistance
1. Resistance of a conductor is the The specific resistance is numerically equal to
property of that conductor by virtue of the resistance offered by a conductor whose
which it offers obstructions to the flow opposite face are of unit area and separated by
of current through it. a distance of 1m.
2. It depends upon the length and area of It does not depend upon the length and area of
conductors. conductor. It is a constant quantity.
3. Its S.I. unit is ohm . Its S.I. unit is ohm-metre.
4. Resistance is property of conductor. Specific resistance is a special property of
material of conductor.
5. Its dimensional formula is . Its dimensional formula is .
6. It is denoted by R It is denoted by .
Current Density: The electric current flowing per unit area of cross-section of a conductor is called
current density at the point on the Cross section area. It is denoted by It is a vector quantity.
S.I. unit:
C.G.S. unit:
Dimensional formula:

Q. What is drift velocity? Establish a relationship between the drift velocity and the current?
Ans. Drift Velocity: Drift Velocity is defined as the average velocity with which the free electrons
get drifted towards the positive end of the conductor under the influence of an external electric
field. It is denoted by . Its value is .
Let,
Length of the conductor
Uniform area of cross section of the conductor
Volume of the Conductor
No. of free electron in Per unit Volume of the conductor
Total no. of free electrons in a conductor.
Drift velocity
Potential difference between the ends of conductor
⃗ Electric field intensity
But,
...................(i)
................(ii)
Or .................(iii)
Putting this value in eq. (i)
Q. Establish Relation between current density and Drift velocity ?

Ans.
Let,

No of free electron in Per unit Volume of the conductor
Drift velocity
Potential difference between the ends of conducotr
But,
...................(i)
................(ii)
Or .................(iii)
...............(iv)
But, current density
From eq. (iv)
Electrical Conductance: The reciprocal of electrical resistance is called electrical conductance of the
conductor. It is denoted by .
Hence, ...............(i)
But,
Thus, "the electrical conductance of a conductor is equal to the ratio of current flowing
through the conductor to the potential difference applied across its ends."
Unit: Its S.I. unit is or or .

Nowaday, Siemeans (s) is also used as a unit of electrical conductance.

Q. Establish Relation between Electrical Conductivity and Current Density?
Ans. Let,
length of conductor wire
A Area of cross- section
R Resistance of conductor wire
The specific resistance of the material of the wire will be
…………….(i)
By ohm’s law
From equation (i)
…………….(ii)
. But
And
From eq. (ii)
……………..(iii)
From equation (iii)
Q. Derive ohm’s law on the basis of free electrons theory?

Or
Determine the formula for Specific resistance in terms of free electron density and
relaxation time?
Ans.

Let,
No. of free electron in Per unit Volume of the conductor
Drift velocity
Potential difference between the ends of conductor
But,
...................(i)
................(ii)
Or
...............(iii)
................(iv)
From first equation of motion
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
From eq. (iii)
From eq. (ii)

Or .....................(v)
If temperature is constant then, is a constant, this constant is called Resistance of the
conductor.
* +
....................(vi)
From eq. (v) and (vi)
This is ohm's law.
Q. What are Ohmic and Non-ohmic Resistance. Differentiate them with one example of each?
Ans. Ohmic Resistance: "The conductors which obey Ohm’s law are called ohmic conductor. The
resistance of ohmic conductors is called ohmic resistance."
The resistance of ohmic conductors like silver, copper, aluminium and alloys like manganin,
constantan, nichrome etc. are ohmic resistance.
"The electric circuit in which Ohm's law is applicable is called ohmic circuit. It is true for
metallic conductors".
Non-ohmic resistance: "The conductors which does not obey Ohm’s law are called non-ohmic
conductors. The resistance of non-ohmic conductors is called non-ohmic resistance."
The resistance of vacuum tube, semiconductors, transistors and thermistor etc. are
non-ohmic resistance.
.
Q. Explain colour code of carbon resistance with example?
Ans. In carbon resistance, values are usually represented by four coloured strips and D. as
shown in fig.
The colours of the strips are noted from left to right i.e., just opposite to tolerance colour.
(i) Colour of first strip A indicates the first significant digit.
(ii) Colour of second strip B indicates the second significant figure.
(iii) Colour of third strip C indicates the decimal multiplier i.e., power of 10.
(iv) The fourth strip D indicates the tolerance limit.
Table of colour code of carbon resistances:

S.No. Colour Number Multiplier Tolerance
1. Black 0
2. Brown 1
3. Red 2
4. Orange 3
5. Yellow 4
6. Green 5
7. Blue 6
8. Voilet 7
9. Gray 8
10. White 9
11. Golden 5%
12. Silver 10%
13. Absence of fourth ring 20%
Q. In the following Fig. a carbon resistance is shown. Find out its resistance value.
Sol. In Fig carbon resistance is shown whose value will be divided as:
Ring I II III IV
Colour Yellow Violet Brown Golden
value 4 7 101
Q. In the given Fig. a carbon resistance is shown. Find out its value.
Sol. In the given fig a carbon resistance is shown whose value will be decided as:
Ring I II III IV
Colour Red Yellow Blue No fourth ring
value 2 4

Q. Fig show colour band for a carbon resistor. Find the value of resistance. Define resistivity
of a material Given its unit.
Sol.
Ring I II III IV
Colour Blue Yellow Brown Golden
value 6 4 101
Q. On what factors and how the resistance of conductor depend ? Explain.

Ans. The resistance of a conductor depends upon the following factors:
(i) Length of conductor: The resistance of conductor is directly Proportional to its length.
i.e
(ii) Area of cross section of conductor: The resistance of conductor is inversely proportional to the
area of cross section of conductor
i.e
(iii) Nature of material of conductor: The resistance of conductor is inversely Proportional to the
number of free electron per unit volume in the material of conductor.
i.e
(iv) Temperature of conductor: On increasing the temperature of conductor the relaxation time
decreases and the resistance of conductor is inversely Proportional to the relaxation time. Hence
on increasing the temperature of conductor its resistance increases.
Q. In case of Wheatstone bridge under the balance condition, the current does not flow
through the galvanometer. Why ?
Ans.

In the balanced condition there is no deflection in the galvanometer because the point B and
D are at the same potential. The potential difference between B and D is zero. Hence no current
passes through the arm BD.
Q. Draw a labelled circuit diagram of metre bridge for comparing two resistance and write the
principle of the experiment. This method is suitable for comparing two resistances of same order.
Why?
(Or)
How does the metre bridge work on the basis of Wheatstone bridge to determine
unknown resistance?
(Or)
Draw the labelled diagram of metre-bridge. On what principle it work?
Ans.
The working of metre bridge is based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge.

“As it is based on principle of Wheatstone bridge and one metre long resistance wire is used
in it so it is called metre bridge”.
It consists of 1m long wire of constantan or magnanin fixed on a wooden board Across two
gaps, resistance box R and unknown resistance S are connected as depicted.
Galvanometer G is connected between B and D, where point B is connected to jockey. A cell
E with key K is connected between A and C.
Let null point be obtained at a distance from the point A.
And
Let be the resistance per unit length of the wire.
And
but principle of Wheatstone bridge.
Or
Or
Using this formula unknown resistance can be obtained. Wheatstone bridge is sensitive
when all the four resistances are of the same order.
Observation table:

S.No. Known resistance Distance of 100-l (in cm)
from resistance balance point
box, R (in ohm) from A (in ohm)
(in cm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean ................
ohm
Precautions: (i) The connections should be tight.
(ii) The plugs of resistance box should not be loose.
(iii) The current should be passed only when reading are to be taken.
(iv) Jockey should not be rubbed on the wire.
Q. Determination of specific resistance of material of wire by metre bridge.

Ans. Let the length of given wire is l, its area of cross section is ‘A’ and its resistance is ‘S’ then
specific resistance of wire.
If radius of wire is r then,
Or
If value of r, S and are known then with the help of above formula specific resistance of
material of wire can be determined.
Q. What is thermistor? Explain it and write its uses.

Ans. The word thermistor is composed of two words “Thermal” and “Resistor” which means
thermal resistor. “Thermistor is a heat sensitive resistor usually made of semiconducting material
such that its resistance varies appreciably with change in temperature.
A thermistor differs from an ordinary resistance in the following ways:
(i) The resistance of a thermistor changes very rapidly with change of temperature.
(ii) The temperature coefficient of a thermistor is very high.
(iii) Its temperature coefficient may be both positive and negative.
Applications of thermistors:
(i) They are used as voltage regulator.
(ii) Thermistors are used in the industrial field in the temperature regulating units.
(iii) They are used to measure very low temperature and to detect small change in
temperature .
(iv) They are used in T.V. receiver time relay switch and voltage regulator etc.
(v) They are commonly used in maintaining the resistance in an electrical circuit at a constant
value.

Q. What is meant by superconductivity? Give one example of a superconductor.
Ans. Superconductivity: There are few substances whose resistivity changes dramatically. In
general their resistivity decreases with decrease in temperature. At any particular temperature
called critical temperature or transition temperature. The resistivity becomes zero and
conductivity becomes infinite. This phenomenon is called super conductivity and such substance
which shows the phenomenon of super conductivity are called superconductors.
Uses:
(i) Superconductors are used for transmission of electric power.
(ii) Superconductors are used for making very strong electromagnets.
(iii) With the help of superconductors very high speed computers can be made.
(iv) It is used in thin film devices
Specific Conductivity: The reciprocal of specific resistance is known as specific conductivity. It is

denoted by
……………..(i)
In words
But
From equation (i)
Units: S.I. unit is or or
Q. cell are joined in series, draw the diagram and obtain expression for current flowing
through external circuit. When will the current be maximum?
Or
How are cells connected in series? Derive an expression for current flowing through outer circuit.
When is this combination useful?
Ans.

In this combination as shown in Fig the negative plate of first cell is joined to the positive
plate of second cell, negative plate of second cell to the positive plate of third cell and so on. Then
an external resistance R is connected between the positive plate A of the first cell and negative
plate B of the last cell.
Let n cells be joined in series and e.m.f. of each cell be E and internal resistance of each cell
be r.
Then the total e.m.f. of cell
and total internal resistance of cell
If the external resistance is R, then total resistance of circuit.
By ohm's law current flowing in the external resistance R is
……………….(i)
Case I: If R >> r then From equation no. (i)
Current flowing through each cell

Thus, If the internal resistance of each cell is negligible as compared to the external
resistance, the current flowing through the cell is n times the current in each cell. In other words,
the current in this case is maximum.
Case II: If r >> R, then from equation (i)
Current flowing through each cell

Thus, if total internal resistance of the cells is much greater than the external resistance then
current drawn from the combination is nearly the same as obtained from single one .Hence there is
no use of joining such cell in series
Q. cell are joined in Parallel Draw the diagram and obtain expression for current flowing
through external circuit. When will the current be maximum?
Or
n cells are connected in parallel combination with internal resistance. Derive an expression for
current flowing through external resistance. When is this combination useful?
Ans.

In this combination as shown in Fig positive plates of each cell are joined to a Point A and negative
plates of each cell to a point B. Then the external resistance R is connected between the Point A
and B.
Let n cells are joined in Parallel combination. The e.m.f. and internal resistance of each cell
are E and r respectively.
Since all the Positive terminals are connected at one end and negative terminals at the
other, therefore the net e.m.f. of the combination of cell be equal of E.
Also the internal resistance r are joined in parallel therefore if the equivalent internal
resistance of combination is then
........... times
If R is the external resistance, then resultant resistance of the circuit.
By ohm's law the current flows through circuit is
………….(i)
Case I : When R >> r : In this condition from equation (i)
Current drawn from one cell.

Hence, if internal resistance of the cells is much less than external resistance, then the net
current drawn from the combination is nearly equal to the current drawn from one cell only.
Case II : When r >> R : In this condition from equation (i)
Current drawn from one cell

Thus “ If the internal resistance of each cell is much larger than the external resistance, then
the current drawn from the combination is n times the current drawn from each cell so the
maximum current is obtained in this combination.
Q. Prove that the current in the external circuit for a mixed combination of cells is maximum
when the internal resistance of combination is equal to the external resistance
Or
How are the cells connected in mixed combination ? Derive an expression for current flowing
through external resistance?
Ans. Suppose n cells are connected in series combination and let m is the number of such series
connected in parallel. Let e.m.f. and internal resistance of each cell be E and r respectively.
Then the total e.m.f. of each series combination will be equal to nE and the total internal
resistance of each row of cells = nr. The net internal resistance of the battery r’ is given by,

.............
......................(i)
Now, if R is the external resistance then total resistance of circuit is
From eq. (i)
So the current in the circuit is
.......................(ii)
Equation (ii) is the expression for current flowing in the external circuit.
For maximum current
√ √
√ √ √ √ √ √
√ √ √ √
to be minimum when
(√ √ )
√ √
√ √
From eq. (ii)
Q. What is meant by heating effect of Electric Current? Derive the expression.

Ans. Heating effect of electric current: When an electric current is passed through a conductor,
the conductor gets heated. This effect of electric current is called as heating effect of current.
Amount of charge flowing through the wire
.................(i) * +
Consider a resistor of resistance R. A potential difference V is applied across its ends and
current I flows through it for time .
[[ ]]
From eq. (i)
This work done appears in the form of heat energy.

Now, heat produced in the wire is:
..................(ii)
By ohm's law
From eq. (ii)
But
From eq. (ii)
Q. What is electric power of an electrical circuit?
Ans. Electric power: The rate at which work is done by a source of emf to maintain an electric
current through a circuit is called power of the circuit.
Or
The rate at which an electrical appliance converts electrical energy in other forms of energy
is called its power.
Formula
P=
(i) P=
But W = Itv
P=
(ii) P = IV
But V = IR
P=I
P=
But I=
P=( )
P=
P=
Unit: The unit of power in S.I. system is ''Watt".
If and then
Thus, in an electrical circuit if 1 joule energy is consumed per second, then the power of that
circuit is said to be of 1 watt.
Potentiometer: Potentiometer is an instrument which is used to measured the exact potential
difference between two points in an electrical circuit or to measure the e.m.f. of a cell with the help
of a cell can also be determine.
Q. Explain the principle of potentiometer ?

Ans.
Let,
Potentiometer wire
length of potentiometer wire
storage cell (or battery)
Key
Rheostat
All these are connected in series with the potentiometer wire (resistance wire)
When the key is inserted, the current starts flowing through the circuit and a p.d is establish
between and . Let it is Therefore potential gradient.
Now the positive terminal of the cell is connected to point and negative to galvanometer
which is connected to Jockey When jockey is touched near we get the deflection in one side
and if it is touched near the deflection is in other side. Thus a point on wire is found such that
the galvanometer gives no deflection hence no current flows through the galvanometer and get the
null point
In the balanced position
e.m.f. of the cell P.d. between and
Thus knowing and , e.m.f. of the cell can be calculated. This is the principle of
potentiometer.
Sensitivity of potentiometer: A potentiometer is said to be more sensitive, if it measure a small
potential difference more accurately. It is equal to the reciprocal of potential gradient. It is denoted
by .
cm/volt
Q. On what factors does the potential gradient of potentiometer depend ?

Ans.
* +
It is clear that the potential gradient.

(i) i.e. the potential gradient is directly proportional to the current flows through the
primary circuit.
(ii) i.e. the potential gradient is directly proportional to the specific resistance of material
of wire.
(iii) i.e. potential gradient is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section of wire.
Q. Difference between Electromotive force (e.m.f.) and Potential difference:

Ans.
S.No. Electromotive force (e.m.f.) Potential difference
1. e.m.f. is maximum potential The difference of potentials between the two
difference between two poles of any terminals of a cell when current is drawn
cell in an open circuit. from the cell (i.e., circuit is closed) is called
terminal potential difference of cell.
2. e.m.f. word is used for electric This word is used for any pair of points in
sources such as, cells, generators, closed circuit.
battery, dynamo, etc.
3. e.m.f. exists after circuit is broken. It does not exist after circuit is broken.
4. e.m.f. does not depend on resistance Potential difference depends on resistance
of circuit. between the points.
5. It is greater than terminal voltage of It is always less than e.m.f. of the cell used.
the cell in closed circuit.
Q. Difference between Potentiometer and Voltmeter?

Ans.
Potentiometer Voltmeter
1. It acts like an ideal voltmeter of infinite 1. It is an ordinary instrument of finite
resistance. resistance.
2. It works on null method. 2. It works on deflection method.
3. It is very accurate device. 3. It is an approximate instrument.
4. No current is drawn by it from the cell to be 4. Some current is drawn by it from the cell
measured. to be measured.
5. Sensitivity is very high. 5. Sensitivity is low.
6. It is used to compare/measure e.m.f. of cells, 6. It is used to measure potential
compare/measure internal resistances of cells difference between two points or
and to calibrate ammeters and voltmeters. terminals.
7. It is of large size. 7. It is of small size.
Q. Which is better for the measurement of potential difference, a voltmeter or a potentiometer ?

why ? Or
Prove that potentiometer is an ideal voltmeter?
Ans. When the potential difference between two points is measured by the voltmeter, the same
current passes through the voltmeter, hence it measures little less than actual potential difference.
But, when potentiometer measures the potential difference between two points, no current flows
through it. hence, it measures the accurate potential difference
Potential gradient: The fall in potential per unit length is called potential gradient.
Suppose the length of wire is and the potential difference between its ends is then
potential gradient will be
It is a vector quantity. Its direction is from low potential to high potential.
Uses of potentiometer:
(i) To compare the e.m.f. of two given cells.
(ii) In the calibration of ammeter and voltmeter.
(iii) To determine the internal resistance of a primary cell.
(iv) To find out the value of thermal e.m.f.
Q. Describe an experiment to compare the e.m.f. of two cells by potentiometer on the

following points?
(i) Circuit diagram, (ii) Derivation of formula (iii) Two precautions
Or
Describe an experiment to compare the e.m.f. of two cells using a potentiometer under the
following heads?
(i) Labelled diagram of electric curcuit (ii) Formula used (iii) Observation table (iv) two
main precuations
Ans. (i) Circuit diagram:
Where,
Potentiometer wire
Storage cell
Jockey
Galvanometer
Variable resistance
One way key
Two way key
and e.m.f. of experimental cell
(ii) Formula derivation (Principle):

Let balancing length for cell be and for be then,
For cell
....................(i)
Similarly,
....................(ii)
Dividing eq. (i) by eq. (ii)
This is the required formula.
(iii) Observation table:
Distance of balance Distance of balance

S.No. point for cell from point for cell from Average
point (in cm) point (in cm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
(iv) Precautions:
(i) The e.m.f. of storage cell of primary must be greater than the e.m.f. of experimental cell.
(ii) Positive terminals of all cells must be connected to one terminal.
(iii) Jockey should not be rubbed on the wire.
(iv) All the screws and plugs should be tight.
Q. Determine the internal resistance of a cell by potentiometer on the following points?

(i) Labelled circuit diagram, (ii) Derivation of formula (iii) Precautions
Or
Determine an experiments to find out the internal resistance of a cell by potentiometer under the
following points?
(i) Labelled circuit diagram, (ii) Formula derivation (iii) Observation table (iv)
Precautions (any two)
Ans. (i) Circuit diagram:
Where,
Storage cell
Potentiometer wire
e.m.f. of cell
Jockey
and Plugs key
Resistance box
Variable resistance
Galvanometer
(ii) Formula derivation:

Let,
Current flowing through circuit
Internal resistance of the cell
Key
External resistance
e.m.f. of the cell
Current flowing through resistance is
....................(i)
Current flowing through the circuit
....................(ii)
From eq. (i) and eq. (ii)
( ) ohm ....................(iii)
If for cell of e.m.f. distance of the balance point is then, by principle of potentiometer
In the same way if distance of balance point for potential difference is then
Putting the value of and in eq. (iii)

( )
( )
(iii) Observation table:
Resistance from Distance of balance Distance of balance Internal resistance

S.No. resistance box (R) in point from point A point from point A
( )
ohm (when cell is in open (when cell is in

circuit) (in cm) closed circuit) (in
cm)
(iv) Precautions:
(i) The e.m.f. of storage cell of primary must be greater than the e.m.f. of experimental cell.
(ii) Positive terminals of all cells must be connected to one terminal.
(iii) Jockey should not be rubbed on the wire.
(iv) All the screws and plugs should be tight.
Q. Relation between e.m.f. terminal potential difference and external resistance of cell (or
formula for internal resistance of cell).
Ans.
Let,
e.m.f. of cell
Internal resistance of cell
External resistance of circuit
Potential difference between the ends
of resistance
Since, and are connected in series
Total resistance of the circuit
Total current flown by the battery
......................(i)
But, from ohm's law
..................(ii)
From eq. (i) and eq. (ii)
( )
( ) ......................(iii)
This is the formula for internal resistance of cell.
From ohm's law
From eq. (iii)

( )

Hence, when current is drawn from the cell, potential difference between the terminals is
less than e.m.f. of the cell.
Q. The copper wire is not used in potentiometer wire why ?

Ans. Due to the following reasons the copper is not used in potentiometer.
(i) The resistivity of copper wire is small so there will not be an appreciable in potential drop
across the ends of the potentiometer wire.
(ii) The temperature coefficient of resistance of copper wire is large.
Q. Why does the potentiometer has large no. of wires ?

Ans. In order to increase the sensitivity of potentiometer large no. of wire are used in it ( )
If the length of wire is more then the fall in potential per unit length of wire will be small.
Q. Why the length of wire in potentiometer is more?

Ans. For greater sensitivity, the length of null point should be greater, for which the potential
gradient should be smaller.
But, Potential gradient, K =
To decrease K the value of should be greater and V should be smaller. But, the value of V can be
decreased up to a certain limit, hence the length is increased sufficiently.
Q. The Potential gradient of potentiometer wire is doubled, what will happen to its null point?
Ans. Let emf of cell E is balanced at the length of
E= K , (where k = Potential gradient)
Or
Hence, the null point will be at the half of the length.

Physics - Er. Anil Sir Om Sai Ram Class - 11, 12 & Cbse: Add - Roxy Pull Chouraha Mob: 7000031708, 8959530285

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Physics - Er.

Anil Sir Om Sai Ram Class - 11th, 12th & CBSE

If , and sec Then,

Relation between ampere and stat-ampere:

Types of Electric Current: There are two types of electric Current.

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Q. State and explain Ohm's law.

The Potential difference across the ends of resistance be

And the Potential difference across the ends of resistance

From equation (i)

Q. Find out equivalent resistance of the three resistances , connected in parallel

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Putting Value in equation (i)

Q. Explain Kirchhoff's laws of distribution of current through the different conductors?

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equal to sum of current going away from the Junction.

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Wheatstone bridge: Wheatstone bridge is based on the Kirchhoff’s laws. It is an arrangement of

This is principle of Wheatstone bridge.

In the equilibrium condition no current flows through galvanometer.

From eqn. (1) and eqn. (2),

This is principle of Wheatstone bridge.

Limitation:- This is applicable only for closed circuit.

Q. Obtain an expression for internal resistance of cell.

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Q. Difference between Resistance and Specific resistance:

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Q. Establish Relation between current density and Drift velocity ?

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From eq. (iv)

Unit: Its S.I. unit is or or .

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Q. Establish Relation between Electrical Conductivity and Current Density?

From equation (i)

From equation (iii)

Q. Derive ohm’s law on the basis of free electrons theory?

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From eq. (iii)

From eq. (ii)

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This is ohm's law.

Table of colour code of carbon resistances:

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Q. On what factors and how the resistance of conductor depend ? Explain.

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The working of metre bridge is based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge.

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Q. Determination of specific resistance of material of wire by metre bridge.

If radius of wire is r then,

Q. What is thermistor? Explain it and write its uses.

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Specific Conductivity: The reciprocal of specific resistance is known as specific conductivity. It is

Units: S.I. unit is or or

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Case I: If R >> r then From equation no. (i)

Current flowing through each cell

Case II: If r >> R, then from equation (i)

Current flowing through each cell

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If R is the external resistance, then resultant resistance of the circuit.

By ohm's law the current flows through circuit is

Case I : When R >> r : In this condition from equation (i)