PE PROJECT

Name : Aakanksh Biswas

Class : XII A Commerce
Roll No - 27
OBESITY
 INTRODUCTION
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to
an extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally
considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement
obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height—
despite known allometric inaccuracies—is over 30 kg/m2; the range 25–
30 kg/m2 is defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower
values. Obesity is correlated with various diseases and conditions,
particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep
apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. High BMI is a marker of
risk, but not proven to be a direct cause, for diseases caused by diet, physical
activity, and environmental factors. A reciprocal link has been found
between obesity and depression, with obesity increasing the risk of clinical
depression and also depression leading to a higher chance of developing
obesity.
 DEFINITION
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or
excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to
health. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 is considered
overweight, and over 30 is obese. The issue has grown
to epidemic proportions, with over 4 million people
dying each year as a result of being overweight or
obese in 2017 according to the global burden of
disease.
MEASUREMENT OF STOMACH DURING
OBESITY

The two most common ways to measure abdominal

obesity are waist circumference and waist size
compared to hip size, also known as the waist-to-hip
ratio. Several organizations have defined cut-points
for abdominal obesity around one or both of these
measurements, with different cut-points for men and
women.
 CAUSES OF OBESITY
At an individual level, a combination of excessive food energy intake and a lack of physical
activity is thought to explain most cases of obesity. A limited number of cases are due
primarily to genetics, medical reasons, or psychiatric illness. In contrast, increasing rates of
obesity at a societal level are felt to be due to an easily accessible and palatable diet, increased
reliance on cars, and mechanized manufacturing. A 2006 review identified ten other possible
contributors to the recent increase of obesity: (1) insufficient sleep, (2) endocrine disruptors
(environmental pollutants that interfere with lipid metabolism), (3) decreased variability in
ambient temperature, (4) decreased rates of smoking, because smoking suppresses appetite,
(5) increased use of medications that can cause weight gain (e.g., atypical antipsychotics), (6)
proportional increases in ethnic and age groups that tend to be heavier, (7) pregnancy at a
later age (which may cause susceptibility to obesity in children), (8) epigenetic risk factors
passed on generationally, (9) natural selection for higher BMI, and (10) assortative mating
leading to increased concentration of obesity risk factors (this would increase the number of
obese people by increasing population variance in weight).According to the Endocrine Society,
there is "growing evidence suggesting that obesity is a disorder of the energy homeostasis
system, rather than simply arising from the passive accumulation of excess weight".
 DIET
A 2016 review supported excess food as the primary factor. Dietary energy
supply per capita varies markedly between different regions and countries.
It has also changed significantly over time. From the early 1970s to the late
1990s the average food energy available per person per day (the amount of
food bought) increased in all parts of the world except Eastern Europe. The
United States had the highest availability with 3,654 calories (15,290 kJ) per
person in 1996. This increased further in 2003 to 3,754 calories (15,710 kJ).
During the late 1990s Europeans had 3,394 calories (14,200 kJ) per person,
in the developing areas of Asia there were 2,648 calories (11,080 kJ) per
person, and in sub-Saharan Africa people had 2,176 calories (9,100 kJ) per
person. Total food energy consumption has been found to be related to
obesity.
 SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE
A sedentary lifestyle plays a significant role in obesity. Worldwide there has been a
large shift towards less physically demanding work, and currently at least 30% of the
world's population gets insufficient exercise. This is primarily due to increasing use of
mechanized transportation and a greater prevalence of labor-saving technology in
the home. In children, there appear to be declines in levels of physical activity due to
less walking and physical education. World trends in active leisure time physical
activity are less clear. The World Health Organization indicates people worldwide are
taking up less active recreational pursuits, while a study from Finland found an
increase and a study from the United States found leisure-time physical activity has
not changed significantly. A 2011 review of physical activity in children found that it
may not be a significant contributor. In both children and adults, there is an
association between television viewing time and the risk of obesity. A review found 63
of 73 studies (86%) showed an increased rate of childhood obesity with increased
media exposure, with rates increasing proportionally to time spent watching
television.
 GENETICS
Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between
genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling
appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is
present. As of 2006, more than 41 of these sites on the human genome have been
linked to the development of obesity when a favorable environment is present.
People with two copies of the FTO gene (fat mass and obesity associated gene)
have been found on average to weigh 3–4 kg more and have a 1.67-fold greater
risk of obesity compared with those without the risk allele. The differences in BMI
between people that are due to genetics varies depending on the population
examined from 6% to 85%. Obesity is a major feature in several syndromes, such
as Prader–Willi syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Cohen syndrome, and MOMO
syndrome. (The term "non-syndromic obesity" is sometimes used to exclude these
conditions.) In people with early-onset severe obesity (defined by an onset before
10 years of age and body mass index over three standard deviations above
normal), 7% harbor a single point DNA mutation.
 OTHER ILLNESS
Certain physical and mental illnesses and the pharmaceutical substances used
to treat them can increase risk of obesity. Medical illnesses that increase
obesity risk include several rare genetic syndromes (listed above) as well as
some congenital or acquire conditions: hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome,
growth hormone deficiency, and some eating disorders such as binge eating
disorder and night eating syndrome. However, obesity is not regarded as a
psychiatric disorder, and therefore is not listed in the DSM-IVR as a psychiatric
illness. The risk of overweight and obesity is higher in patients with psychiatric
disorders than in persons without psychiatric disorders. Certain medications
may cause weight gain or changes in body composition; these include insulin,
sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants,
steroids, certain anticonvulsants (phenytoin and valproate), pizotifen, and
some forms of hormonal contraception.
 SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
While genetic influences are important to understanding obesity, they cannot explain
the current dramatic increase seen within specific countries or globally. Though it is
accepted that energy consumption in excess of energy expenditure leads to obesity
on an individual basis, the cause of the shifts in these two factors on the societal scale
is much debated. There are a number of theories as to the cause but most believe it is
a combination of various factors. The correlation between social class and BMI varies
globally. A review in 1989 found that in developed countries women of a high social
class were less likely to be obese. No significant differences were seen among men of
different social classes. In the developing world, women, men, and children from high
social classes had greater rates of obesity. An update of this review carried out in 2007
found the same relationships, but they were weaker. The decrease in strength of
correlation was felt to be due to the effects of globalization. Among developed
countries, levels of adult obesity, and percentage of teenage children who are
overweight, are correlated with income inequality. A similar relationship is seen
among US states: more adults, even in higher social classes, are obese in more
unequal states.
 GUT BACTERIA
The study of the effect of infectious agents on metabolism is still in
its early stages. Gut flora has been shown to differ between lean
and obese people. There is an indication that gut flora can affect
the metabolic potential. This apparent alteration is believed to
confer a greater capacity to harvest energy contributing to obesity.
Whether these differences are the direct cause or the result of
obesity has yet to be determined unequivocally. The use of
antibiotics among children has also been associated with obesity
later in life. An association between viruses and obesity has been
found in humans and several different animal species. The amount
that these associations may have contributed to the rising rate of
obesity is yet to be determined.
 OTHER FACTORS
A number of reviews have found an association between
short duration of sleep and obesity. Whether one causes
the other is unclear. Even if shorts sleep does increase
weight gain it is unclear if this is to a meaningful degree or
increasing sleep would be of benefit. Certain aspects of
personality are associated with being obese. Neuroticism,
impulsivity, and sensitivity to reward are more common in
people who are obese while conscientiousness and self-
control are less common in people who are obese.
Loneliness is also a risk factor.
 SYMPTOMS OF OBESITY
Obesity is diagnosed when your body mass index (BMI) is
30 or higher. To determine your body mass index, divide
your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared
and multiply by 703. Or divide your weight in kilograms by
your height in meters squared. For most people, BMI
provides a reasonable estimate of body fat. However, BMI
doesn't directly measure body fat, so some people, such as
muscular athletes, may have a BMI in the obesity category
even though they don't have excess body fat.
 SYMPTOMS OF OBESITY
APPLE SHAPED OBESITY
If you have an “apple-shaped”
body, your weight accumulates
around your hips and abdomen.
You are wide on the top but small
on the bottom. Sometimes you
may feel like your limbs look like
they belong to a more slender
person.
PEAR SHAPED OBESITY
It's thought that having a pear-
shaped body — that is, carrying
more of your weight around
your hips and having a narrower
waist — doesn't increase your
risk of diabetes, heart disease
and other complications of
metabolic syndrome.
 PREVENTION OF OBESITY
Exercise regularly. You need to get 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity
activity a week to prevent weight gain. Moderately intense physical activities
include fast walking and swimming. Follow a healthy-eating plan. Focus on
low-calorie, nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
Avoid saturated fat and limit sweets and alcohol. Eat three regular meals a day
with limited snacking. You can still enjoy small amounts of high-fat, high-
calorie foods as an infrequent treat. Just be sure to choose foods that promote
a healthy weight and good health most of thetime. Know and avoid the food
traps that cause you to eat. Identify situations that trigger out-of-control
eating. Try keeping a journal and write down what you eat, how much you eat,
when you eat, how you're feeling and how hungry you are. After a while, you
should see patterns emerge. You can plan ahead and develop strategies for
handling these types of situations and stay in control of your eating behaviors.
Monitor your weight regularly. People who weigh
themselves at least once a week are more successful
in keeping off excess pounds. Monitoring your
weight can tell you whether your efforts are working
and can help you detect small weight gains before
they become big problems.

Be consistent. Sticking to your healthy-weight plan

during the week, on the weekends, and amidst
vacation and holidays as much as possible increases
your chances of long-term success.
 EXERCISES
1. High Intensity Interval Training-
To max out the benefits of your workout, intensity is the
key. HIIT i.e. High Intensity Interval Training involves short
intervals of exercise at almost your maximum effort,
followed by longer recovery periods. The secret to HIIT is in
how hard you work during your intense intervals.
 EXERCISES
2. Strength Training-
It's a misconception that doing weights bulks you up, it in
fact also helps you slim down and revs up your metabolism
permanently. So head to the weight room, and when you
feel like quitting, ask yourself why you started. The secret
to shedding pounds is actually to build muscles. Go on,
workout with weights.
 EXERCISES
3. Surya Namaskar-
Surya Namaskar, one of the most widely practiced and
basic yoga asanas, actually focuses on various parts of the
body and work wonders with weight loss. The term literally
translates to sun salutation, and comprises a series of 12
different poses encompassed in one including the prayer
pose, forward bend and the bhujangasana. It helps
strengthen your skeletal system and ligaments.
 EXERCISES
4. Walking-
Did you know that if you include 30 minutes of brisk
walking to your daily routine you could burn about 150
calories a day? When you want to shed serious weight,
walking doesn't even cross your mind.
 EXERCISES
5. Zumba-
If the gym isn't your thing, then just dance! Zumba is a
feel-good way to improve your fitness and an effective way
of incorporating exercise into your daily routine. Zumba is
all about loosening up and burning calories. No wonder, it
has been found to help relieve stress, increase energy and
improve strength.
 EXERCISES
6. Swimming-
Swimming workouts burn fat, trim inches and help you get
stronger, fitter and healthier than ever. Swimming
vigorously can burn up to 500-700 calories an hour,
whether you do a breaststroke or freestyle. It's a highly
effective form of exercise for weight loss and toning.
Swimming engages all of the major muscle groups, from
your abdominals and back muscles to your arms, legs, hips
and glutes.
THANK YOU