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Controllability of Product Moisture Content When

Nonscreened Sawdust Is Dried in a Spouted Bed
a a
Jonas Berghel & Roger Renström
a
Department of Environmental and Energy Systems , Division for Engineering Sciences ,
Physics and Mathematics , Karlstad University , Sweden
Published online: 06 Feb 2007.

To cite this article: Jonas Berghel & Roger Renström (2004) Controllability of Product Moisture Content When
Nonscreened Sawdust Is Dried in a Spouted Bed, Drying Technology: An International Journal, 22:3, 507-519, DOI:
10.1081/DRT-120029996

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DRT-120029996

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 DRYING TECHNOLOGY
Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 507–519, 2004
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Controllability of Product Moisture Content

When Nonscreened Sawdust Is
Dried in a Spouted Bed

Jonas Berghel* and Roger Renström

Department of Environmental and Energy Systems,

Division for Engineering Sciences, Physics and Mathematics,
Karlstad University, Sweden

ABSTRACT

The control of the dried product’s moisture content is of importance

in the production of fuel pellets. Tests have been made in air and
superheated steam in a spouted bed using the outlet temperature of
the drying medium as a control parameter of the dried material’s
moisture content. For superheated steam different settings for the
inlet medium temperature are also used. In the moisture content
interval of 8–17% wet base there is a linear correlation between the
dried material moisture content and the outlet temperature of the

*Correspondence: Jonas Berghel, Department of Environmental and Energy

Systems, Division for Engineering Sciences, Physics and Mathematics, Karlstad
University, Karlstad SE-651 88, Sweden; Fax: þ46 54 7001165; E-mail:
Jonas.Berghel@kau.se.

507

DOI: 10.1081/DRT-120029996 0737-3937 (Print); 1532-2300 (Online)

Copyright & 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. www.dekker.com
 ORDER REPRINTS

508 Berghel and Renström

drying medium. When drying nonscreened sawdust in a spouted

bed it is recommendable to use the outlet temperature of the drying
medium as a control parameter of the dried material moisture
content. This is independent of the size of the sawdust, whether
superheated steam or air is used as a drying medium.

Key Words: Biomass; Drying; Fluidized; Product moisture control;

Steam.
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INTRODUCTION

With reference to the reduction of CO2 emissions, renewable fuels are

pointed out as important substitutes for fossil fuels. The Swedish
Government favors the use of renewable fuels by imposing taxes on fossil
fuels. This has resulted in an increased interest in compressed wood fuels
such as pellets or briquettes. Drying is a key process in the processing of
wood fuels.
When densifying wood fuel into pellets or briquettes, the moisture
content (MC) is important. It is significant both for the compression
process and for the quality of the product. However, pellet and briquette
producers’ opinions vary as to the optimum moisture content. According
to Resch,[1] the moisture content should be in the range of 5–15% on dry
basis (db), which is equal to 4.7–13.0% on wet basis (wb). In order to
produce a uniform quality of the pellets both the outgoing moisture
content and its distribution from the dryer is important. Robinson[2]
states that product quality has not always been focused when drying
systems are designed and he points out the importance of good control
systems when dryers are designed.
The aim of this article is to demonstrate that high stability of
moisture content and material flow and narrow moisture content
distribution can be achieved when Tout, the outlet gas temperature, is
used as a control variable and the feed rate is used as a manipulated
variable.
The key quality characteristics of a drying method for biomass are,
as we see it, the controllability and moisture content distribution. Several
studies aiming at improvements of one or both of these characteristics
have been done. Below follows brief presentations of earlier work on
control systems for dryers with air or flue gas as the drying medium. For
example, Jumah et al.[3] claim that a system based on outlet gas
temperatures as the controlled variable and the inlet gas temperature as
the manipulated variable is adequate in order to control the moisture
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Controllability of Product Moisture Content 509

content for most fluid bed dryers. To control rapid drying systems, and
we see a fluidized bed as such a system, Jumah et al.[3] suggest either
control of exhaust air by feed rate regulation or control of the inlet air
temperature by air heater regulation.
Harbert[4] has developed an alternative fluid bed dryer control
technique for a batch dryer when hygroscopic material is dried. The
technique is based on the assumption that the difference between the
material temperature and the wet bulb temperature is a function of
the moisture content of the material. In Harbert’s application the dryer is
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automatically stopped when the outgoing air temperature has increased

by 15
C compared with the constant drying rate temperature.
Alden et al.[5] describe a control system based on the temperature
difference between the wet bulb temperature in an air stream and the wet
bulb temperature of the solvent. However, there is no description of the
control system except identification of the equations. Furthermore, they
demonstrated that such a control system can be used to control the end
point for the drying of aqueous and aqueous alcohol granulation on a
laboratory scale. They also claim that this control system is unaffected by
relative humidity changes of the drying air.
Temple et al.[6] made measurements, simulations, and tests of some
control principles for fluid bed tea dryers using air as the drying medium.
From observations they found that maintaining constant exhaust air
temperature by simple feedback control could reduce the standard
deviation of the moisture content of tea products.
A control method that keeps the outlet gas temperature constant by
varying the inlet gas temperature provides adequate control under
constant load conditions. Fadum and Shinskey[7] discuss the problems
that occur when the drying loads, i.e., the material flow and the ingoing
moisture content, vary with time. They suggest a control system design
for the falling drying rate region such that the ratio

Ti  Tw
ð1Þ
Tout  Tw

must remain constant. Here, Ti is the inlet gas temperature, Tw the wet
bulb temperature. By improving the ability of the control system to
handle load variations they claim that the standard deviation dropped
significantly.
An overview of control system designs, including some of the above,
is presented by Robinson.[2] He compares four different drying control
methods and claim that the temperature drop control method can give an
excellent outgoing moisture content distribution for a moderate cost.
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510 Berghel and Renström

Stable operation is essential in order to control the outgoing moisture

content in a fluidized bed. Olazar et al.[8] proved that conical spouted
beds allow for stable operation with sawdust and wood residues. All the
references cited above have worked with air or flue gas as the drying
medium and they have used the inlet temperature as the manipulated
parameter. This article deals with drying of sawdust in a spouted bed
using superheated steam as drying medium. Renström and Berghel[9]
showed that the pressure drop over a spouting bed of sawdust can be
used to control the outlet moisture content in a superheated steam dryer.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS

Superheated steam or air is used as a drying medium in the tests. The

spouted bed dryer system consists of five main components: a fan, a
cyclone, a superheater, a drying tower, and a material inlet/outlet. The
system is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1, where superheated steam is
used as the drying medium.
When air is used as a drying medium then the drying system is
opened between the valve and the fan. The fan feeds the drying system
with air that holds room temperature. The wet outlet gases are led out of
the building and therefore they do not influence the climate in the room.
The room is big and there are no significant changes in the room
temperature during a test.
The material is continuously fed into the drying tower where it meets
a stream of superheated steam at atmospheric pressure. The material is
then dried in the drying tower. After drying, it is transported with the
flow of steam into the cyclone where it is separated and fed out of the
drying system by a rotary vane feeder.
The control system is designed to keep the steam flow, the
temperature after the superheater and the temperature after the drying
bed at set levels. Using this control design the heating power will vary in
the tests according to the different superheater settings and the different
temperatures after the drying bed. The sensor for the flow meter controls
the fan. The inlet temperature controls the superheater. The steam
temperature after the drying bed controls the material inlet feed rate.
Energy is supplied to the drying plant through the superheater Qs,
the fan Qf and the sensible heat of the incoming material Qmi. Energy
leaves the system in the valve Qv, through convective and radiation losses
Ql, and as sensible heat in the material Qmo (see Fig. 1). It is assumed that
there are no significant chemical reactions in the system and chemical
energy is neglected.
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Controllability of Product Moisture Content 511

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Figure 1. Diagram of the dryer when superheated steam is used as a drying

medium. The diagram also shows the measuring system and energy flows. There
are four temperature sensors: ST1 shows the inlet steam temperature, ST2 shows
the temperature after the drying bed, ST3 shows the temperature after the cyclone
and ST4 shows the temperature at the inlet of the fan. There are two pressure
sensors: SP1 is the sensor for the flow meter; SP2 is the sensor for the pressure drop
over the bed. The diameter of the drying tower is 0.3 m and the height is 1.9 m.

The sawdust used came from Scots pine and was produced at a local
sawmill that uses frame saws. During the test period the wet material MC
was 48–55% wb.
Before each test the dryer ran until stationary conditions were
obtained, here when the mean temperature of the steam/air after the
cyclone, ST3, varied less than 1
C in 5 min.
A computer recorded the in- and outlet temperatures of the fluid and
the revolutions per minute (rpm) of the material inlet screw. The material
flow out of the cyclone was collected during 3 min before it was weighed.
Every test period lasted for at least 30 min. During the test period,
one or two samples were taken at the material inlet screw for material
MC determination; 10–24 dried material MC samples were collected. The
samples were placed in an oven at a temperature of 103
C until constant
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512 Berghel and Renström

weight was reached. The difference in weight before and after the time in
the oven was used to calculate the moisture content. Volatile substances
other than water were treated as water. Mean values for each of the
samples have been used in the energy balance calculations. If there were
problems with the measuring instruments or some other failure of that
kind occurred the test was declared void and was then repeated.

RESULTS
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If a hygroscopic material is left in a certain environment in terms of

temperature and humidity for time long enough, then the hygroscopic
material will reach a specific equilibrium moisture content (EMC) in that
environment. For small particles in good thermal contact with the
environment this is a quick process. In Figs. 2, 3, and 5 our results are
compared with an interpolated curve for the EMC for wood in steam
at atmospheric pressure. The data for EMC emanate from literature
compiled by Andersson.[10] A linear relationship—in this case between
the dried material MC and the outlet steam temperature—is the
easiest possible relationship for which to design a control system. So, if
a linear relationship can be established/shown for the required interval
for pellet production it would be an advantage compared with other
relationships.
A total of six experiments were carried out in the interval of dried
material MC from 6 to 25% wb (see Fig. 2). If a linear regression—in the
dried material MC interval of 6 to 25% wb is used to describe the results
in Fig. 2 the equation becomes,
Dried material moisture content
¼ 139:2  1:0  Tout ; R2 ¼ 0:84 ð2Þ

Note that the linear regression is the only valid in the range of the tested
dried material MC and that the line cannot cross the EMC curve.
Figure 3 shows the results from the five experiments that were carried
out in steam with an inlet temperature of 240
C. If a linear regression—in
the dried material MC interval of 10–22% wb is used to describe the
results in Fig. 3 the equation becomes,
Dried material moisture content
¼ 91:3  0:65  Tout ; R2 ¼ 0:72 ð3Þ
The results from the tests using air as the drying medium are shown
in Fig. 4. The absolute humidity of the inlet air varied from 6 to 11 g of
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Controllability of Product Moisture Content 513

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Figure 2. The mean moisture content wet base compared with the mean
temperature after the dryer—Eq. (1)—for sawdust dried in a spouted bed; inlet
steam temperature at 220
C and steam flow at 0.13 m3/s. Every point shows a
3-min collection of material. The curve represents the equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) for wood in steam at the absolute pressure of 1 bar, Andersson.[10]

Figure 3. The mean wet moisture content compared with the mean temperature
after the dryer—Eq. (2)—for sawdust dried in a spouted bed; inlet steam
temperature at 240
C and steam flow at 0.13 m3/s. Every point shows a 3-min
collection of material. The curve represents the equilibrium moisture content
(EMC) for wood in steam at the absolute pressure of 1 bar, Andersson.[10]

water per kg of dry air in the tests, and the surrounding temperature
varied from 22 to 28
C. If a linear regression—in the dried material MC
interval of 10–22% wb is used to describe the results in Fig. 4, the
equation becomes,
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514 Berghel and Renström

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Figure 4. The mean wet moisture content compared with the mean temperature
after the dryer–Eq. (3) for sawdust dried in a spouted bed; inlet air temperature at
160
C and air flow at 0.10 m3/s. Every point shows a 3-min collection of material.
The curve represents the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) for wood in air at
1 bar and 37 g of water per kg of dry air, Rosen.[11]

Dried material moisture content

¼ 69:6  0:88  Tout ; R2 ¼ 0:93 ð4Þ
We can also see that the steepness of the air curve lies between the
two series using superheated steam.
The cross correlation (a statistical term that describes how well two
time series vary in correlation) between the Tout and the rpm of the inlet
screw is of interest because this shows if there is any connection between
the parameter and the function. Maximum correlation corresponds to
a correlation coefficient on 1, if the value is 0 there is no dependency.
Figure 5 shows the EMC for wood and the test results for dried
material MC as a function of outlet steam temperature.

DISCUSSION

In a commercial drying system the heat to the superheater will

originate from a boiler. From a drying capacity point of view it is
important that the highest possible temperature after the superheater is
used in the drying system. Thus, it is not likely that the temperature after
the superheater will be used to control a commercial drying system.
However, it is likely that different boilers do not have the same possibility
to deliver energy at the same temperature to a superheater. This is the
reason for the different temperature levels in our test programs.
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Controllability of Product Moisture Content 515

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Figure 5. The mean wet moisture content compared with the mean temperature
after the dryer for sawdust dried in superheated steam in a spouted bed. The inlet
steam temperatures were at 220–240
C, and steam flow was at 0.13 m3/s. Each
point represents the mean moisture content for a 30-min test period. The curve
represents the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) for wood in steam at the
absolute pressure of 1 bar, Andersson.[10]

For the production of pellets and briquettes the moisture content

interval of 4.7–13.0% wb for the dried material is of special interest. The
regression in Figs. 2 and 3 includes this interval. The regression including
this interval is shown for two different values of the inlet steam
temperature in Figs. 2 and 3. The linear curves showing dried material
MC as a function of outlet steam temperature is similar in a way that can
be expected. The curve is flatter and comes closer to the EMC with an
increased inlet steam temperature.
In Fig. 4 the drying medium is air. The correlation between dried
material MC and outlet steam temperature is stronger than when
superheated steam is used. The strong correlation confirms tests
referenced by Jumah et al.[3] One reason for the stronger correlation
when air is used compared with superheated steam is that the dryer is an
open system when air is used.
In practice it is shown to be difficult to control the velocity of inlet
drying gas within a narrow distribution and to keep the material feed rate
constant. The difficulties result in gaps between some of the dried
material MC within single tests. These kinds of problems will however
decrease in an industrial scale dryer. Drying in superheated steam is
performed in a closed drying medium loop, regulation errors of the fan
are hence transmitted in the drying system. When air is used the system is
open and the transmission is reduced. This explains the more narrow
distribution of dried material MC when air is used.
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516 Berghel and Renström

Table 1 shows a strong positive cross correlation between the time

series for the Tout and the inlet material feed rate. The strong correlation
can be seen independently of the inlet drying medium temperature and
the drying medium.
A drying process can either be limited by (1) the mass and heat
transfer between the drying medium and the material to be dried, i.e.,
external resistance or (2) the mass and heat transfer in the material, i.e.,
internal resistance. In order to develop and improve a drying process it
is of importance to know about the relation between these resistances.
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The Biot-number can be described as the relation between internal

and external resistances for the heat and mass transfer, here defined as:

ðd=2Þ
BiH ¼ ð5Þ
s
where
is the heat transfer coefficient, d is the particle diameter, and s is
the heat conductivity of the material.
For pure steam the heat transfer to the interface is solely controlled
by evaporation. In pure superheated steam, the mass transfer resistance
does not exist since the gas consists only of the evaporated steam. The
disadvantages of the higher interfacial temperature and lower heat
transfer potential in superheated steam are outweighed by the absence of
mass transfer resistance Schwartze and Brocker.[12]
According to Pakowski and Mujumdar,[13] the internal resistances
are negligible when the Biot-number is less than 0.1 for mass and heat
transfer. Marinos-Kouris and Maroulis[14] suggests that the drying is
limited by an internal resistance, if BiD or BiH is greater than one.
In earlier studies Renström and Berghel[9] found that the empirical
mean heat coefficient for the whole bed does not exceed 30 W/(m2 K) in
any test when superheated steam was used as the drying medium. If that
number and the statements mentioned above are used in Eq. (5) then the
internal resistance is negligible when sawdust up to a diameter of 1 mm is
dried and the drying is still limited by external resistance up to a diameter
of 10 mm. A typical sawdust particle has a diameter that is less than
1.5 mm. Thus, even if the internal resistance is not negligible it is still not
limiting the drying process.
Here only one type of sawdust is tested. However, the size and shape
of unscreened sawdust can differ between sawmills, depending on the type
of equipment that is used and, with time, depending on the sharpness of
the sawing tools. Further tests with different sizes of the material will
affect the controllability of the dried material MC.
In Figs. 2, 3, and 4 the distance between the experimental curve and the
EMC can be seen as a remaining driving force for the drying process when
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Table 1. Process parameter for sawdust dried in superheated steam and air in a spouted bed. The inlet steam flow was 0.13 m3/s
and the air flow was 0.10 m3/s.

Cross correlation
Fluid Std. dev; Std. dev; fluid rpm of inlet material
temperature wet moisture temperature Material Std. dev; screw vs. outlet
Drying medium after the dryer content after the dryer flow g/min material flow gas temp.

Steam 220
C 115 1.1 0.28 300 24.4 0.82

117 2.0 0.41 293 21.9 0.80
ORDER

120 0.9 0.31 248 21.5 0.85

122 0.4 0.25 205 17.8 0.83
125 0.4 0.22 173 12.5 0.76
130 0.9 0.98 160 41.1 0.91
Steam 240
C 113 0.76 0.52 396 27.6 0.67
Controllability of Product Moisture Content
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121 0.58 0.37 251 22.0 0.84

121 0.73 0.31 263 22.5 0.70
121 0.92 0.42 284 27.9 0.81
121 0.41 0.46 258 33.0 0.83
126 0.68 0.44 222 29.7 0.81
127 0.40 0.41 224 22.4 0.81
131 0.89 0.54 210 17.9 0.85
132 0.58 0.48 186 15.3 0.81
Air 160
C 53.1 0.58 0.32 334 28.0 0.80
59.2 0.67 0.36 217 17.9 0.68
63.1 1.45 0.40 240 25.5 0.79
67.2 1.29 0.28 197 20.7 0.83
70.0 1.81 0.35 144 5.2 0.84
517
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518 Berghel and Renström

the sawdust and drying gas are leaving the drying system. In the interval
from 8 to 17% wb the temperature difference between the EMC and the
drying gas temperature after the drying bed is approximately the same.
The variation of relative humidity in the inlet condition of air has
little effect on the outlet relative humidity and hence on the dried
material MC.

CONCLUSIONS
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When nonscreened sawdust is dried in a spouted bed a linear

relationship is found between the dried material moisture content and the
outlet steam/air temperature in the interval of interest for pellet
production. It has also been found easier to achieve a narrow dried
material moisture content distribution when air-and not steam-is used as
the drying medium.
There is a strong positive cross correlation between the time series
for the Tout and the one for the inlet material feed rate. It is therefore
concluded that the Tout can be used as a control parameter for the
material inlet screw.
The drying gas temperature after the drying bed is recommendable
as a control parameter of the dried material MC, independently of the
size of the unscreened sawdust that is dried.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Prof. Bengt Månsson and Dr. Lars Nilsson, Karlstad

University, Sweden for valuable comments. We accept full responsibility
for all remaining deficiencies. We also thank Jan Ljunglöf, Richard
Moren, and Martin Siljehult for valuable help with the experiments.

REFERENCES

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3. Jumah, R.Y.; Mujumdar, A.S.; Raghavan, V.G.S. Control of
industrial dryers. In Handbook of Industrial Drying; Mujumdar,
A.S., Ed.; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, 1995; Vol. 2, 1343–1368.
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Controllability of Product Moisture Content 519

4. Harbert, F.C. Automatic control of drying processes moisture

measurement and control by the temperature difference method.
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