International Journal of Scientific Research in ___________________________ Research Paper .

Mathematical and Statistical Sciences

Volume-7, Issue-2, pp.132-138, April (2020) E-ISSN: 2348-4519

Static Response and Structural Optimization of Railway Sleepers by

Replacing Fine Aggregate with Waste Materials
Priyanka.K1*, Lavanya.G2
1
Department of civil engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of civil engineering, University College of Engineering, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India

*
Corresponding Author: priyamese1997@gmail.com, Tel.: +91-6369295986

Available online at: www.isroset.org

Received: 05/Apr/2020, Accepted: 18/Apr/2020, Online: 30/Apr/2020
Abstract— In current situation, Railways are most important and dependable transport for goods transportation. There are
different structural components for load transport mechanism in railway system. In this mechanism sleeper plays an
important role for load transportation. In past years wooden sleepers are used and then wooden sleepers replaced by
alternative concrete sleeper to void deformation. This present study aims to replacing the concrete materials with suitable
waste materials which are locally available. Those waste materials are partially replaced with fine aggregate. Cubes,
cylinders were tested and corresponding mix proportion used as optimum percentage. While it give higher strength than
nominal mix. Then the nominal mix and optimum mix properties are compared and applied to the ANSYS work bench.
The ANSYS models were created for standard sleeper and Modified Y shaped sleepers. The deformational characters and
stress characters were found by using ANSYS software analysis. The characters of optimum mix and various replaced
mixes were compared and choose best mix ratio.

Keywords— sleeper, ANSYS, y-shaped sleeper, modified sleeper, static analysis.

I. INTRODUCTION
Indian railways started at 1853. After the freedom there are
42 different railway systems were found in India. After the
year of 1951 those forty two systems are combined in a
single network system. This single railway system divided
based on zone. Apart from those the structural system of
the railway system involve day by day up gradations.
Sleepers are one of the main components of railway system
transport. The sleeper structure also called as rail road tie.
The longitudinal rails are connected by tie in designed
interval. The sleepers mostly placed as perpendicular to the
rails. The sleepers are supported by ballast and sub ballast.
The sleeper connection to the system is generally done by
fastening, welding. The main function of sleeper structure
is holding the rails in proper direction and transfer the load
as per the load mechanism with stability. The rail sleeper is
involved day by day maintenance. The periodic
maintenance was carried for dimensional checking
purpose. The main requirement of the railway sleeper is
easy maintenance with easy handling nature.
In this project main aim is to use waste materials like
GGBS and tiles waste instead of fine sand. The
replacement strengths studied by various testes. The
replacement strength natures applied at ANSYS work
bench to analyse the deformation and von mixes stress
characters. In this analysis purpose the materials are
assumed as linear and isotropic. Using ANSYS simulation
reduce the cost of the testing at the same time reduce the
time for testing arrangements to increase the possibilities
of number of testes carried out for different mixes. The
simulation was made at conventional sleeper and modified
Y shaped sleeper. Both properties are studied. Separate
manner and best optimum mixes choose from various
stress and deformational character analysis.
II. NEED FOR THE STUDY
Followings are the general need for the study,
1. To increase Reuse waste material in future.
2. Form green concrete from waste material.
3. Reduce the amount for concrete making.
4. Avoid time duration for model making and study
III. OBECTIVES AND SCOPE
Followings are general objectives and scope of the project
work
1. To study the properties of selected waste
materials.
2. Studying the behaviour of railway sleepers.
3. Analysis of railway sleepers.
4. To choose an alternative material without
compromising with its strength.
5. To optimize the Cost effectiveness and
maintenance of concrete by using different waste
materials.
6. To find stress, strain and deflection characters
using analysis

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 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences
IV. LIMITATIONS OF THE PROECT WORK
Those are limitations of this project work.
1. Performance depend on types of loading
2. Assumption of material properties are made such
as Isotropic, linear.
3. Analysis depends on material properties such as
Poisson’s ratio and young’s modulus
V. LITERATURE REVIEW
To obtain proper idea about selected materials nature in
concrete the following literature reviews are carried out,
A. Reviews related to tiles powder
M.Veera Reddy (2019): examined the use of ceramic
waste as fine aggregate in concrete. Casting of specimens
with fine aggregate (zero replacement) and partial
replacement of ceramic waste with 15%, 30%, 45%,
60%,100%. Compressive strength, flexural strength, split
tension test were carried out. Maximum compressive
strength was increase up to 30% as 25.84%. Split tension
strength was 1.83% at 15% of replacement. Maximum
flexural strength is 26.98% at 100%.
Amaziah Walter Otunyo and Uwakwe Paul
Arinze(2018) studied the Effect of crushed Ceramic Tiles
(CWCT) as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in
Concrete has been investigated in the study. Fine aggregate
partially replaced by crushed waste ceramic tiles in varying
following percentages (0%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%).
M15 grade concrete was used. Finally the results show that
the Maximum compressive and flexural strength was
achieved at 40% replacement of fine aggregate by CWCT.
Ramanaidu , P. Murahari Krishna (2018) carried out
study of Partial Replacement of Aggregates with Ceramic
Tiles and Rebutted Tyre Waste in Concrete. Crushed waste
ceramic tiles are replaced with certain percentage of 10%,
20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Rebutted tyre waste replaced by
10% along with ceramic tile waste in the M20 grade of
concrete mix. Experimental investigation had been made
for check the mechanical properties. Totally 90 specimens
were tested (42cubes, 42 cylinders, 6 beams). Workability
of concrete got increased by addition of rebutted tyre
powder due to the chemical and mineral property of tyre
waste. Optimum percentage was found at 30% of
replacement level. It possess good mechanical properties.
Split tensile strength of tile waste is higher than other.
B. Reviews related to GGBS
DumpatiMamathaet al. (2018), carried out the partial
replacement of cement by GGBS and Fly Ash. GGBS and
Fly Ash replaces the cement at 20%, 40% and
20%,30%.The grade of concrete was M40.The concrete
tests were carried out for 7,14, and 28 days. The water
cement ratio was maintained at 0.45 for all mixes. This
experimental program was study the strength and
durability characteristics of pavement quality concrete
containing GGBS and fly ash. The rate of strength gain in
compressive strength, and flexural strength of concrete was
very fast at 14 days curing period and the rate gets
© 2020, IJSRMSS All Rights Reserved
Vol. 7, Issue.2, Apr 2020
increases with age of curing. From the results 65% of
strength is achieved at 7th day. Therefore, speedy
construction was possible. Mix design with 20% fly ash
and 40% GGBS as sole binder with cement gives
economic design with better strength.
SanbirManhas and Amir Moohmend(2018)examined
the vaguely replacement of fine aggregate with ggbs in
concrete. Granulated impact heater slag in concrete as
partial replacement of sand by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% with
standard water cement ratio 0.4. for 100% supplanting of
fine aggregate by GGBS, w/c ratio kept 0.4 to 0.6 in M20
grade of concrete. By supplanting of fine aggregate,
discover the quality, toughness etc., infiltration of chloride
particles by methods for awed voltage method in saline
medium and gravimetric weight reduction method. Casting
made for 12 cubes and 8cylinders. Finally, get the result in
replacement of sand by 35% gain high strength and more
over % results reduction in strength.
R.Anusuyaetet al. (2018) the realization of demand on
natural river sand, fining the alternative to reduce the
demand were studied. In the project, natural sand partially
replaced with different alternatives ( copper slag, GGBS,
M-sand) in concrete. casting cubes and cylinders and then
compare the results with concrete with none alternatives.
They conclude that the alternatives attain more
compressive strength than conventional concrete but split
tension and flexural strength attains high rate at copper
slag and GGBS only. The Variation in strength depends on
the shape and texture of materials. The optimum partial
replacing percentage is 80%.
VI. MATERIALS
A. Cement
The cement used in this experimental purpose is OPC53
grade. The main function of the cement is to form strength
by hydration process after mixed with water. The
following are common properties of cement
Table1. Properties of cement
Test Particulars Result
S.NO
1 Specific gravity 3.15
2 Normal consistency 32
Initial setting time
3 40
(minutes)
4 Final setting time (minutes) 590
The various test properties of cement is safe with compare
to the IS8112 requirements.
B. Fine aggregate
The M-sand passing through IS sieve 4.75mm is used for
testing purpose the following table are properties of fine
aggregate find from experimental investigations.
Table2. Properties of sand
Test Particulars Result
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 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Vol. 7, Issue.2, Apr 2020

S.NO m-1 70 30 0
1 Specific gravity 2.60 m-2 65 30 5%
2 Fineness modulus 2.85 m-3 60 30 10%
3 Grading zone II m-4 55 30 15%
m-5 50 30 20%
C. Coarse aggregate
The 20mm size coarse aggregate is used for coarse VII. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATON
aggregate purpose. The angular shaped aggregate used for
better performance. The followings are common properties A. minimum grade of concrete mix
of coarse aggregate. The following table shows the mix proportion of M60
Table3. Properties of coarse aggregate Because the railway sleeper required minimum M60 grade
of mix.
Test Particulars Result Table 6.design mix details
S.NO
Crushed angular Mix ratio= 1:1.476:2.585:0.42
1 Type cement 443kg/m3
aggregates
2 Maximum size 20mm Fine aggregate 654kg/m3
3 Minimum size 16mm Coarse aggregate 1145kg/m3
4 Specific gravity 2.672 water 186kg/m3

D.GGBS B. various mix proportions

The GGBS is by product of blast furnace in iron industry. In this experimental study carried out M60 grade of mix
The GGBS packing and transportation cost is very low with partial replacement of ceramic tile waste and GGBS
compared to the cement and sand. In this project 30% instead of fine aggregate. Totally five trail mix are to be
amount of GGBS maintained in constant level instead of cast, and it will cure for 28 days curing period. the
sand. The tiles powder wastes are replaced in partial following table gives detail about material quantity for
manner with sand. Followings are common GGBS various trail mix.
property obtained from Manufacturer
Table7. Material quantity for various trail mix
Table4. Properties of GGBS Fine GGBS Tile
3
properties GGBS (%) As per IS:12089- Mix aggregate (kg/m ) waste(kg/m3)
1987 (%) 3
(kg/m )
Cao 37.34 ------
m-1 654 0 0
Al2o3 14.42 ------
Fe2O3 1.11 ------ m-2 425 196.2 32.7
SiO2 37.73 ------
m-3 393 196.2 65.4
Mgo 8.71 Max.17.0
Mno 0.02 Max.5.5 m-4 360 196.2 98.1
Sulphidesulphur 0.39 Max.2.0 328 196.2 130
m-5
Loss on ignition 1.41 -----
Insoluble residue 1.59 Max.5 C. Compressive Strength
E. Ceramic Tile-Fine Aggregate The rate of hydration reaction of GGBS concrete
The tile aggregate after crushing results in some material is temperature dependent. GGBS has higher activation
which is finer in size. This material is also included in energy than OPC and therefore their reaction rate is more
concrete as replacement to fine aggregate since it is also a sensitive to changes. As the temperature increases the rate
waste and similar to that of sand. The aggregate which gain of strength in GGBS blended concrete is greater than
passes through the 4.75mm sieve is used as a partial the OPC concrete.
replacement to fine aggregate of 10% in combination with Table8. Compressive strength
the coarse aggregate replacement. Average compressive
Mix
F. Replacement level strength N/mm2
The waste materials of tiles and Ground Granulated Blast m-1 61.63
Furnace Slag (GGBS) are suitable for low cost concreting m-2 62.12
without affecting strength of the concrete. In the place of m-3 62.67
fine aggregate, the GGBS kept as 30% constant and tiles m-4 63.16
waste will be used in the percentage of 0, 10, 15, 20% by m-5 62.30
the weight of fine aggregate. The influence of temperature on strength development is of
Table5. Mix proportion significance when considering the behaviour of concrete in
Fine Tiles situ. In such situation the rate of strength development and
Mix GGBS %
aggregate% waste%

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 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences
ultimate strength may be appreciably different from that
indicated by standard cured cubes.
Fig 1.average compressive strength
Discussion
Compression strength of concrete for optimum mix was
determined as 68 KN. This is possible when replacing of
fine aggregate with waste materials such as GGBS and
tiles waste in the range of 30% and 15% respectively. The
strength is achieved by using higher grade cement. Higher
the grade, higher is the surface area of the cement, and
hence more surface of the cement particle is available for
hydration. Using mineral admixture GGBS.
D. Split tensile Strength
Compared to concrete produced with only OPC, the GGBS
blended concrete tends to have a slightly higher tensile
strength and elastic modulus for a given compressive
strength. Followings are split tensile strength of various
mixes
Table9. Split tensile strength
Average split tensile
Mix
strength N/mm2
m-1 3.92
m-2 3.95
m-3 3.97
m-4 3.98
m-5 3.95
Fig 2.average split tensile strength
Discussion
Split tension strength of concrete for optimum mix was
determined as 3.98 KN. This is possible when replacing of
fine aggregate with waste materials such as GGBS and
tiles waste in the range of 30% and 15% respectively. The
strength is achieved by using higher grade cement. Higher
the grade, higher is the surface area of the cement, and
© 2020, IJSRMSS All Rights Reserved
Vol. 7, Issue.2, Apr 2020
hence more surface of the cement particle is available for
hydration. Using mineral admixture like tile waste and
GGBS is the hydration process which helps in increasing
the strength of concrete.
VIII. ANSYS RESULT
A. conventional sleeper
The ANSYS is finite element software used for simulation
purpose. The geometry of the sleeper is the important one
in analysis of sleeper. The geometry of the section is took
from “OPTIMAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PRE-
STRESSE CONCRETE SLEEPERS – desalewfisseha et
al”
Fig3. Geometry of the sleeper
Fig 4. Geometry by ANSYS
In this model the portion was moulded by using a special
element development particularly for concrete by ANSYS,
SOLID 65 element. The SOLID 65 elements are used to
model reinforced concrete problems or reinforced
composite materials, such as fibre glass. This element has
eight nodes, with each node having three translational
degrees of freedom in the nodal X,Y,Z directions.
Minimum cracking load and failure load was taken from
the “INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARD SPECIFICATION
FOR PRE TENSIONED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
SLEEPERSFOR BROA GAUGE AND METRE GAUGE-
SERIAL NO.T-39(FIFTH REVISION 2016)”.
Fig5. Structural setup
Stress
In this project ANSYS interpreting the results such as
Direction deformation, Total deformation, and Vonmises
stress and strain were determined. Then the results to be
compared with the conventional and nearby sleepers.
135
 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Vol. 7, Issue.2, Apr 2020

deformation gradually reduced up to mix-4. But in mix-5

Fig6. Various stresses
Table10. Maximum deformation of sleeper (cracking load
250KN)
the total deformation get increased.
Temperature Analysis
Although the development of the railroad track, up to the
present, was mainly intuitive, based on the trial and error
approach, since the second half of the 19th century railroad
engineers have been attempting to analyze the stresses in
the track components. Annual temperature in
Ramanathapuram and Madurai was found to be
28.80C.The purpose of this report is to critically review
these analyses and the related test results, in order to
establish which of the proposed methods are suitable for
the analysis of tracks currently in use and the ones to be
built in the future.
Table12.temperature analysis
Mix Average Thermal stress (pa)
m-1 4.6124e6
m-2 4.63974e6
m-3 4.6602e6
m-4 4.6784e6
m-5 4.6464e6
B. Modified Y-shaped sleeper

Total deformation Average A modern Y-shaped sleeper was developed to replace the
Mix traditional steel and concrete sleeper. From the name itself
(m) Vonmises strain
implies, the Y-concrete sleeper is shaped like a “Y” in its
m-1 1.2786e-4 3.7772e-5 horizontal layout. Compared to the usual concrete sleeper,
m-2 1.2735e-4 3.7623e-5 the Y sleeper possesses much greater resistance against
cross movements due to the greater amount of ballast
m-3 1.2679e-4 3.7458e-5 contained between the two parts of Y-fork. However, due
m-4 1.263e-4 3.7312e-5 to its form, lying of the Y-shaped sleeper should follow
strict guidelines that require high output renewal trains.
m-5 1.2717e-4 3.7569e-5
Vonmises stress (pa): 1.0511e6
Table 11.maximum deformation of sleeper (failure load
370KN)

Mix Total deformation Average Vonmises

(m) strain
m-1 2.0568e-4 6.0764e-5
m-2 2.0487e-4 6.0524e-5
m-3 2.0397e-4 6.0258e-5 Fig.7 structural shpe
m-4 2.0331e -4
6.0023e -5

m-5 2.0457e -4
6.0437e-5
Vonmises stress (pa): 1.6909e6
Discussion
In this structural system fixed base is provided on sleeper
base and vertical deformation is restricted on hinged base.
From the above results concrete fatigue strength is same
for under both cracking load and failure load. The
conventional concrete provides maximum deformation of
0.6297mm. After replacement the maximum total

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 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Vol. 7, Issue.2, Apr 2020

Fig8. Structure in ANSYS deformation gradually reduced up to mix-4. But in mix-5

the total deformation get increased.

Thermal analysis

Fig 9. various results by ANSYS

Fig 10. Thermal analysis
Table 13. maximum deformation of sleeper (cracking load
250KN)
Table15.temperature analysis
Mix Total deformation Average
(m) Vonmises strain Mix Maximum Thermal stress
2.4797 e-4 (pa)
m-1 6.6437e-5
m-1 3.0005 e6
m-2 -5 2.4871 e-4
6.6635e
m-2 3.0124 e6
m-3 6.6342e-5 2.4762 e-4
m-3 3.3257 e6
m-4 6.6083e-5 2.4665 e-4
m-4 3.0375 e6
m-5 6.6539e-5 2.0835 e-4
m-5 3.0168e6
6
Vonmises stress (pa): 5.8309e
Discussion
Table 14.maximum deformation of sleeper (failure load
370KN) In this structural system fixed base is provided on sleeper
base and vertical deformation is restricted on hinged base.
Mix Total deformation Average Vonmises From the above results concrete fatigue strength is same
(m) strain for under both cracking load and failure load. The Y
m-1 1.0704e-4 3.4583e-5 sleeper concrete provide maximum deformation of 0.12786
1.072e-4 mm, after replacement the maximum total deformation
m-2 3.4446e-5
-4
gradually reduced up to mix-4. But in mix-5 the total
m-3 1.0672e
3.4295e-5 deformation get increased. From the deformation result the
1.0631e -4 mix-4 taken as optimum. This behaviour also exist on
m-4 3.4161e-5
-4
directional deformation also. The above graph represent
m-5 1.0704e
3.4396e-5 the total deformation.
Vonmises stress (pa): 9.3802e6 IX. COST ANALYSIS
The primary reason for conducting cost analysis is
generally to determine the true (full) costs of each of the
Discussion programs under analysis (services and/or products). ...
From the above results concrete fatigue strength is same Price the service or product (for paying beneficiaries) at a
for under both cracking load and failure load. The y- level that covers the true costs of providing it
sleeper concrete provides maximum deformation of Table16.cost analysis for 1m3
0.6297mm. After replacement the maximum total mix conventional optimum

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 Int. J. Sci. Res. in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Vol. 7, Issue.2, Apr 2020

Cement Kg 443 443 8. The y-sleeper concrete provides maximum

INR 2923.8 2923.8 deformation of 0.6297mm. After replacement the
FA Kg 457.8 359.7 maximum total deformation gradually reduced up to
INR 235.31 184.89 mix-4. But in mix-5 the total deformation get
GGBS Kg 196.2 196.2 increased.
INR 784.8 784.8 9. Thermal analysis on the Y sleeper concrete was
Tiles waste Kg ---- 98.1 determined as maximum deformation of 0.12786 mm,
INR ----- 10.42 after replacement the maximum total deformation
CA Kg 1145 1145 gradually reduced up to mix-4. But in mix-5 the total
deformation get increased.
INR 285.1 285.1
10. Initially the conventional shape sleepers are analyze
water Kg 186 186
by using ANSYS software for the deformation of
INR 93 93
sleeper under the cracking load and failure load
Discussion: provide by the Indian railways .The results are good in
optimum mix than the conventional sleeper. Then the
From the cost analysis actual cost of construction for a
same analyze is applied on the Y-sleeper.
conventional mix was determined as well as the optimum
11. From the analysis of both conventional shape railway
mix. Cost of materials per Kg details collected by
sleeper and Y-shape railway sleepers, both shapes are
conducting survey to the construction site builders and
material suppliers. From the comparison of conventional deform less under the heavy load on optimum mix.
mix and optimum mix, the optimum is found to be a better
one without affecting strength and cost. Cost for making REFERENCES
one metre cube of concrete for conventional mix is 4322
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deformation gradually reduced up to mix-4. But in
mix-5 the total deformation get increased. From the
deformation result the mix-4 taken as optimum.

© 2020, IJSRMSS All Rights Reserved 138