Introduction:

This paper is presented by Special Task Force of the IEEE PES Renewable Energy Technologies
Subcommittee. The paper revolves around use of hybrid renewable energies. It provides brief review on
storage technologies, modelling, and management of renewable energies. It gives insight about RE
system designing, sizing, current and future position. It briefly highlights the challenges in practical
placement of RE technologies. All the aspects, mentioned above, will be discussed briefly in this report.

Energy crisis is one of the gravest issues’ world is facing nowadays. Power resources are
reducing day by day. It is becoming so difficult to power industrial and commercial societies
simultaneously and continuously. To fulfil energy demands world is looking forward for
implementation of renewable and alternative energies. Some of the most trending renewable and
alternative energies are solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, energy from biomass,
geothermal and micro hydro technology.
Discussion:
Storage Technologies for Hybrid RE Power Sources:
The RE/AE energy systems can be run alone but for better efficiency, system reliability and
power factor improvement two or more energy systems are used together. i.e. wind and solar
technology are used together. System reliability is improved, and better operation is achieved
when renewable energy sources are used along with storage devices i.e. battery. Below table
gives insight of the renewable technologies along with suitable storage system for them.

Usually there are two types of storages technologies capacity-oriented and access-oriented.
Capacity-oriented technology includes compressed air and pumped hydro storage technologies
etc. These have slow response time and can be used for long term storage. Whereas access-
oriented technologies have high and quick response time, and these include batteries and
flywheels etc.
Hybrid Energy System Connection Schemes:
Hybrid Energy system harvest energy from different RE sources simultaneously. So, its
connections should be least faulty and perfect to harvest and use most of the energy. Also, the
connections should be formed in a way to achieve energy demands as required.
As discussed in paper, there are basically three configurations in which hybrid energy systems
can be integrated namely DC-Coupled system, AC-Coupled (Power frequency-PFAC and High
frequency- HFAC) and Hybrid- Coupled System. The schematic diagrams of all three
configurations are inserted below.
Sizing of System:
For small and simple units, the sizing process is directly done according to the number and
power rating of appliances/components that are to be powered. But for usually large and
complex systems software are used namely Homer and the Distributed Energy Resource-
Customer Adaption Model (DER-CAM) software. Homer is used for modelling and designing of
the hybrid energy generation system while DER-CAM is used for selecting appropriate
technology for hybridization.
Control Schemes:
For better performance and high reliability, the hybrid energy system should be enriched with
good to best control system. Losses and component damage will be lesser if the system has good
control system. Good Control system means an efficient system.
As discussed in paper, there are basically three types of control schemes for Hybrid Energy
Systems. Centralized, distributed and hybrid centralized and distributed scheme.
In centralized control scheme, a central controller monitors, checks and makes decisions based
upon energy measurement data and information coming from local controllers. Its Graphical
description is given below.
In distributed control scheme, local controllers are interconnected and interfaced with each other
to make decisions based upon energy measurement data and information coming from local
controllers. Its Graphical description is given below.

The hybrid control scheme uses merits and advantages of both, centralized and distributed,
systems. Its Graphical description is given below.

Current and Future Status:

As the world is progressing in technology day by day, people are realizing the importance of
renewable energies. Keeping in view the global and environmental issues regarding the use of
non-renewable energy sources world is now tending for the use clean and ambient energy
sources. But still most of electrical generated in world is from non-renewable energy sources. It
is because renewable energies are not swift, efficient, stable, and reliable to power up high loads.
Although most of the developing countries are working curiously on improving and making
renewable energy sources stable and efficient. By 2030 most of developed countries will be
generating their electricity from renewable energy sources. Taken from the discussed research
paper, a bar chart showing history, current and future electricity production from renewable
energies is given below.
Excerpt taken from paper, “This growth is expected to continue in the next two decades. The
renewable electricity generation increased by more than 220% in eight years, from 240 billion
kWh in 2000 to 535 billion kWh in 2008, resulting in an annual increase of10.54% .EIA predicts
that renewable generation will keep a high growth rate (of about 7% annually) in the next two
decades and will reach 2302 billion kWh by 2030.”

Challenges and Future Vision for Hybrid Renewable Energy Technologies:

1. Challenges:
Despite the benefits Hybrid RE systems can provide still there are many challenges which need
to be tackled and eliminated. Hybrid RE systems installation costs are too high as compared non-
renewable energy production technologies. Apart from it, for standalone RE systems storage is a
grave issue. For providing reliable, stable continuous and desired power quality there should be a
proper energy storage system; in RE case it seems very rare till now for producing high power
electricity.
2. Future Vision:
The research work on this topic has opened various research doors for researchers. Researchers
can now work on and explore topics like energy management and standardization, DC
distribution, new semiconductor devices, nanotechnology, hydrogen and excitonic cells and
many more.

Conclusion:
This paper summarizes different techniques, approaches and configurations for implementation
of Hybrid AE/RE systems in real world. It discusses unit sizing, energy storing schemes, current
and future position of RE technology. Moreover, obstacles in deployment of RE systems are also
discussed. It is also briefly described that this research topic along with itself broadening and
paving path for other research topics which can be very useful in development of sustainable
energy.