you only allow you to pick 1 Supreme Court case, so long as it was decided/ruled

AFTER January 1st, 2001, and the case MUST deal with one of the 10 Bill of Rights
OR with a specific Civil Right like voting, marriage, private property, etc. You will
then answer the following questions/sections (preferably in order so it somewhat flows)

Bill of Rights Amendment I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Supreme Court Case : Morse v. Frederick (2007)

GRANTED: Dec 1, 2006

ARGUED : Mar 19, 2007
DECIDED : Jun 25, 2007

1. Summarize the main information or story of the case. What is the background

story, who are the plaintiffs and defendants? For this, you can provide the main
background information as to how this case came to be, where it took place, and
how it ended up getting all the way to the Supreme Court.

PETITIONER : Deborah Morse

RESPONDENT :Joseph Frederick

Background of the story, information as to how this case came to be, where it took place,
and how it ended up getting all the way to the Supreme Court.
At a school-supervised event, a group of students unfurled a banner with a written
statement "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" which was regarded as promoting illegal drug use. The
school Principal Deborah Morse instructed the students to put down the banner but one
student in the name of Joseph Frederick refused.
The school principal then confiscated the banner and punished Frederick with a ten-day
suspension as such act of the student is against the school's policy prohibiting the display
of material that promotes the use of illegal drugs.
“Juneau School Board Policy No. 5520 states: “The Board specifically prohibits any
assembly or public expression that . . . advocates the use of substances that are illegal to
minors…”
Frederick sued under 42 U.S.C. 1983, the federal civil rights statute, alleging a violation
of his First Amendment - Right to Freedom of Speech under the Constitution on Bill
of Rights.
 The first evaluation on the case found no constitutional violation and ruled in favor of
Morse. In addition, the court held that the principal had qualified immunity from lawsuit.
However, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit made a reverse and cited the
case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District  , which applied the
extended First Amendment protection to student speech except where the speech would
cause a disturbance. In Frederick’s case, he was punished for his message rather than the
disturbance. Hence, the Circuit Court ruled, his punishment was unconstitutional.
Furthermore, the principal had no qualified immunity, because any reasonable principal
would have known that Morse's actions were unlawful.
However in contrary to this, according to the ruling applied in Hazelwood School Dist. v.
Kuhlmeier, 484 U. S. 260, 266 (1988) (quoting Tinker, supra, at 506) “the rights of
students “must be ‘applied in light of the special characteristics of the school
environment.”

2. What is the main Constitutional question being discussed and decided by the
court? Make sure you show the connection between the question of the case and
the specific civil liberty or civil right the case deals with. Is this a controversial
social/political issue, and why? Are there any past issues or cases that your case
was revisiting?

Constitutional Question officially presented from Supreme Court record:

Whether or not Frederick have the Freedom of Speech to wield his banner, and, if
so, Whether that right was so clearly established that the principal may be held
liable for damages.

Is this a controversial social/political issue, and why?

This case is a controversial social issue. The controversial statement of promoting illegal
drugs is generally regarded immoral hence it is morally unacceptable to the society. The
act of raising the banner to the public could cause social disturbance that could trigger the
public or influence some other students. However, it is still controversial because other
people could see the statement on the banner in different interpretation and the formal
basis of 10 day punishment is questionable to some people. The decision of the court still
left the case debatable to the people.

There are past issues or cases this case was revisiting as follows:

 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist., 393 U. S. 503, 506
(1969)
 Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U. S. 675, 682 (1986)
 Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U. S. 260, 266 (1988)
 3. Based on the arguments presented by the plaintiff and defendant, how do you
personally feel about the case? Present your own argument and perspective on the
issue that the case focuses on. Look at it as if you were a Judge, how would you
rule? Make sure that in your opinion you are referring to how you feel about any
limitations or interpretations as to the civil liberty/right at hand.

I felt disappointed about the shallow level of understanding and interpretation of the student
to his Right to Freedom of Speech. My argument is that, based on Cause and Effect
Assessment, Frederick’s case could not and should not justify his right to speech. Hence, I
am in favor of Principal Morse.

In my perspective, US being a Democratic-Constitutional Federal Republic; one the

government’s mandates is to preserve and promote peace and order in society. This includes
promoting the rights of the people while protecting the integrity of the nation-state by
establishing regulations to ensure orderliness while people enjoy their vested rights.

In line with the case, the constitution has a vested right to Frederick to have freedom of
speech and the government shall let him enjoy it as long as he doesn’t touch the welfare of
his fellow.

Consequently, if I were the judge, I will rule according to morality and legal standards that
would support the welfare or the rights of the nation-state. The act of promoting illegal drugs
is a legal and moral violation against the general welfare.

4. What was the decision made by the majority of the court? What was their main
constitutional argument in favor of their decision? What was the main argument of the
dissent opinion? Who do you agree with and why? Has this case in any way changed how
you feel about the civil liberty/right at the heart of the case?

The Court reversed the Ninth Circuit by a 5-4 vote. 5 including chief justice J.Roberts
voted in favor for Deborah Morse. According to the Supreme Court ruling, school
officials can prevent students’ acts to promote illegal drug.
To clearly answer the questions presented in item no. 2 above, The case was resolved
against Frederick and therefore have no occasion to reach the second question (as
stated by the Supreme Court).

Chief Justice John Roberts supported that students do have right to speech even while in
school but this right shouldn’t extend to pro-drug messages as it could cause social
disturbance and could damage the reputation and mission of the school to discourage
drug use.
He also raised an opinion that “the constitutional rights of students in public school are
not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings,” Bethel School
Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U. S. 675, 682 (1986), and that the rights of students
“must be ‘applied in light of the special characteristics of the school
environment.’ ” Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U. S. 260, 266 (1988).
Dissent Opinion
Justice John Paul Stevens with Justice Souter and Justice Ginsburg, argued that "the
Court does serious violence to the First Amendment.
According to him,
“... the school's interest in protecting its students from exposure to speech 'reasonably
regarded as promoting illegal drug use' ... cannot justify disciplining Frederick for his
attempt to make an ambiguous statement to a television audience simply because it
contained an oblique reference to drugs. “

The dissent considered Frederick’s explanation for the cryptic message that he just
wanted to get on television.” And that displaying the banner was just his way to be
noticed on TV but not to promote drugs as it is.

I agree with Roberts; The principal did not violate his Freedom of Speech (First
Amendment) for confiscating the banner and suspending Frederick. The incident
happened within the school’s area of concern and the incident also happened during the
event supervised by the school. Hence, the school is charged to be responsible to the
students’ behavior during the event. The school may take the steps necessary to protect
the dignity and mission of school and give preventive suspension to the student for his
immoral act and disobedience to put down the banner.
Based on the whole context of the case, I felt that the Bill of Rights aims to provide
specific freedom to the people to ensure their voice and participation in society and
provides protection against the potential over powering of the government against the
people. However, I felt unsatisfied when it comes to its lacking of details and
particularity to address an incident. The amendments still cover a broad idea hence it
seems to become generally applied to all cases regardless of the fact that though cases
have the same nature, still each of it has different facts and incidents. The constitution
could still be improved by the government over time.

References : 

Bill of Rights Institute https://billofrightsinstitute.org/resources/freedom-of-speech-

general

The Bill of Rights - National Archives

https://www.archives.gov/files/legislative/resources/education/bill-of-
rights/images/handout-3.pdf

Freedom Forum Institute https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/06-278.pdf

Justia US Supreme Court https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/551/393/
The opinions presented was mainly The Right to speech and the other is the schools

Plenty dissent opinions based from previous cases were considered: Fraser’s holding demonstrates that
“the constitutional rights of students in public school are not automatically coextensive with the rights
of adults in other settings.” Also from Kuhlmeier case “expressive activities that students, parents, and
members of the public might reasonably perceive to bear the imprimatur of the school.” Kuhlmeier 484
U. S., at 271
1950s were the years of new beginnings after World War 2. This brought significant
changes particularly in characteristics of culture among the people living in post-
war years.

1. Conformity

In 1950s, young adults and old groups begun to be more calm and conform
to common ideas unlike in the pre-war when people of different ages create
different groups and forces to protest in pursuit of achieving their own
interests and fighting for their beliefs.

In 1950s,

2. Culture embraced the idea of Gender Equality in Society

The idea of gender equality had started to be part of the norm in US hence a lot of
opportunities were opened to women such as employment and laws protecting and
promoting women rights. It was finally embraced in their culture that men and
women are equally capable of logical thinking.

3. Art as the Modern Platform

Since 1950s was just the beginning, propaganda and protests were not totally
diminished yet and it is believed that it would never be diminished because people
by nature are rational beings. Hence, there were still people engaged in such
movements. However, movements to voice out ideas and beliefs were brought into
a different platform such as the use of art in a form of music or the rise of the
1950s pop music or in an form of paintings.

Tennessee singer Elvis Presley popularized black music in the form of rock and roll.
Elvis and other rock and roll singers proved that there were white audiences for
black music, thus testifying to the increasing integration of American culture.

Painters like Jackson Pollock presented canvases with paints expressing an idea of
social revolution of the 1960s. Cultural Art also includes the rise of abstract art to
show capitalist and socialism ideas.
Why does this sound like what happed during the election of 1876 to you?
The 1876 and 2020 Presidential Election are both regarded controversial because the
integrity of the election was questioned.
To give a background for a better understanding, 1876 election was a close competition
between Democrat Samuel Tilden against Republican Rutherford Hayes. Tilden gained the
leading electoral vote of 185 over Haye’s 184 electoral votes.
However, the vote tally from the South turned out to be controversial. There was a disputed
report that both parties claimed that they won electoral votes in Florida, Louisiana, and South
Carolina.
In 2020 Presidential election, The competition was also a close fight between Joe Biden of
Democratic Party that gained 51.3% electoral votes against Donald Trump of Republican
Party that gained 46.8%. Following the result, Trump, together with his allies raised an
allegation that there was an election fraud such as: That the voting Dominion Voting
Systems’ machinery was manipulated to delete votes for Trump, and that the remaining
battleground states like Michigan and Pennsylvania still made votes from dead people.
According to a research study from Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Research note:
Examining false beliefs about voter fraud in the wake of the 2020 Presidential
Election. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review.
https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-51,

It was found that Trump’s supporters have high skepticism about the election and they
believe that voting in the U.S. is prone to fraud and is not reliable.
Trump and his legal team created a campaign election lawsuits among the states where Biden
won and filed for election fraud but failed to substantiate evidence and the court did not
support the allegations.

Are we looking at a future where the results of our next presidential election is going to
be contested?
Ever since the early times in US political history, political parties such as the republicans and
democrats have been taking a strong hold and pride on their party ideology and platforms;
they see their ideology, system and framework as the best platform for the nation-state. Also,
parties put large investments in their party in terms of campaigns and its candidates.
Considering all these, there is a presence of possibility that future presidential election could
be contested especially in the cases when the competing candidates gained close votes or the
people exercised their right to assemble and protested against the election result. Either from
these reasons, the defeating party might contest and call for a recount or create a way to flip
the result in favor of them.
However, it cannot be concluded that contesting is congruent to winning.
Based the experience from 2020 election, it presented that state and court officials are not
easily shaken by allegations and lawsuits. Trump’s allegations were rejected by judges, state
election officials, an arm of his own administration and his campaign’s lawsuits across the
country were also rejected in court.
Consequently, what could possibly happen in the next election is a new electoral vote
competition since Republicans are still enthusiastic that they could win back the presidency.
The reasons are (1) Close electoral vote result (2) Republicans have a chance to take over
U.S. House of Representatives because Democrats hold a little lead of 220 from Republicans
holding 211 seats hence they believe in their chance to increase their seats.

Have we become so partisan that political parties and state legislative bodies are going
to do whatever they can to ignore the rights and will of the people in order to make sure
that a particular political candidate gets elected no matter what? If yes, why do you
think this is happening and what can be done to stop it.
Have we become so partisan that political parties and state legislative bodies are going to
do whatever they can to ignore the rights and will of the people in order to make sure that a
particular political candidate gets elected no matter what? If yes, why do you think this is
happening
Republican Party and the Democratic Party are the main political parties in US. Over the
years, the Democratic Party has moved more to the left or liberal while Republican Party
moved more to the right or conservative.

This established a greater gap that divides American political attitudes. The greater gap there
is, the greater americans could identify to which party they share the same ideology from
what party they could enjoy more benefits. This elevates the partisanship of US.

Being a federal state, different states have its respective dominant party; some states are
strongly republican while some are strongly democratic. Consequently, the voting preference
of the people are most like based on the party that the candidate belongs to.
Politics in US is a more of a competition between Republican nd Democratic rather
than competition of candidates. Parties must be able to gain greater electoral votes in
most states. For an instance, a state must become dominantly a Republican state so that
the party could make sure that they will win in that particular state.
Hence, a political party might implement and execute a step to ensure the winning of their
candidate. One way is by implementing state laws through their advantage of having seats in
the legislature.
**What can be done to stop it**
In US history, parties already tried to control the people’s right to suffrage (rigth to vote) in
states that a party is less likely to win. In 2015, different states took a step to stop this. One
way is by enacting the automatic voter registration. According to former Secretary of State
and Oregon Governor Kate Brown "Registration is a barrier to people participating in this
process... people should have the ability to access this fundamental right without barriers
like registration." .

Should we be concerned about current efforts to enact laws that result in further voter
suppression?
The aftermath of 2020 Presidential election caused republican legislatures to touch the
election voting methods by framing new laws. There are already 361 bills in 47 states
proposed to restrict voting access. One of the supporters of this is the republican elected to
House of Representatives is John Kavanagh, arguing that the quantity of votes is less
significant than the quality of votes hence voting must be more restrictive and not just be
granted to anyone.
Also, these lawmakers argued that the bill would improve the security of election security
and prevent temporary changes.
We should be strongly concerned on this movement as this a vested right of American
Citizens that should not be touched because it is protected and executed by the US
constitution which is the supreme law of the land. Federal state laws might propose some
qualifications but this should not result to depriving the rights of the citizens.
Age as a Factor Affecting Children’s PostDivorce Personal Adjustments  
Research Question – 
Do children of a divorced parents have personal adjustments that vary according to different ages? 
Independent Variable – Age affects how children undergo personal adjustments from a divorced
parents. 
Dependent Variable – Young  
 
1. A topic and thesis statement from one of topic above 
Topic/Subject : The effect of divorce on children. 
Thesis Statement: Age as a Factor Affecting Children’s Post-Divorce Personal Adjustments. 
2. Paragraphs ( words that further explains your thesis, and may begin to reframe your thesis
and topic as a research question. 
Research Question:  
Do children of a divorced parents have personal adjustments that vary according to different ages? 
Paragraphs  -  words that further explains your thesis, and may begin to reframe your thesis  
Family is where the well-being of children is being shaped. It has been observed that children living
with a complete biological family have better understanding of their humanity and that parental
care and guidance produce the best grooming and lifestyle to children.  
However, in contemporary time, a lot of families have been struggling from marital violence and some
other unresolvable conflicts which could result to the divorce of parents. 
 
These circumstances put the children into a different world apart from an ideal complete family. One of
the struggles that children might undergo is the stage of taking Personal Adjustments. The level and the
kind of adjustment varies depending on the age of a child. 
In 2015, according to a report received by U.S Census Bureau there are approximately 13.6 million single
parents in US, and those parents would raise 22.4 million children or equivalent to 27% of children
under 21 in the U.S.. 
This data, being a large percentage makes this case significant to study 1. To understand the behavior
of children and help them recover since these large number of children will be the future adults that
would shape the society. A healthy society is the fruit of a healthy well-being of people whom should be
groomed well ever since their childhood. 2. Children who suffered from a divorced parents should be
given an immediate and effective attention to help them adjust and become mentally and emotionally
stable so that they could establish a harmonious community with the children from a complete family.
3. It is significant to determine the effects of age on the personal adjustments of children to help
the society and professionals to understand them and to be able to identify the best approach to help
them recover according to age. 
3. A bibliography of at least 4 relevant sources, 2 of which should be scholarly (i.e., peer-
reviewed) sources 
Department of Justice Canada Research and Statistics Division (October 1997).”THE   EFFECTS OF
DIVORCE ON CHILDREN”. 
The paper provides an overview of social findings involving the effects of marital disruption on children
since divorce and single-parenting has been a common in contemporary time. 
This paper mentioned about the relevance of childrens’ among divorce cases. 
 
Based on the early finding, there is more negative effects inflicted to a younger child than the young
youth.  
 
This is a sample statement from the paper. 
 
“..In a ten-year follow-up of pre-school children from divorced families, Wallerstein found the initial
response to divorce to be worse for younger children, but in later years they appeared better adjusted
than their older counterparts (Wallerstein, 1984). She concluded that those who are very young at
marital breakup may be less burdened in the years to come than those who are older. “ 
 
“Amato (1987) found that the majority of children who were very young at the time of divorce reported
that they were not strongly affected by the break-up. The current thinking appears to be that children at
every age are affected by divorce, but in differing ways. For example, Krantz (1988) suggests that early
separations may be associated with deficits in social and emotional functioning, but not in intellectual
functioning.  
 
“From an examination of numerous studies, Demo and Acock (1988) argue that young children
encounter problems with personal adjustment and peer relations, while adolescents encounter
problems with sexual relations and antisocial behaviour. Similarly, Zill et al. (1993) found that youth who
experienced a family disruption prior to 6 years of age showed poorer relationships with their fathers
than those who experienced disruption later in childhood.” 
 
Landerkin and Clarke (1990) 9 describe how children’s level of development affects their reactions to
divorce, although they acknowledge that there may be overlap. The primary reaction among infants may
be regression in developmental attainments (e.g., sleeping, eating, language, independence). For pre-
schoolers, difficulties may appear in social relationships and separation anxiety. School age children may
react with sadness, somatic complaints (e.g., headaches, stomach-aches) and intense anger towards
parents. Adolescents may encounter problems establishing an adult identity, demonstrate anger
towards self or others, and experience somatic complaints. Finally, Kalter and Rembar (1981) found
marital dissolution which occurred very early in a child’s life (2½ years of age or less) was associated with
separation-related difficulties; separation during the oedipal phase (2½-6) caused the greatest effects
overall on children; and, for those 6 years of age or older, the results were inconsistent. 
 
Barron, Lisa, "Divorce and its effects on the development of children" (2010). Graduate Research Papers
and scholar works. 
 
Divorce effects all ages and there’s a consensus that children will be affected by divorce differently
depending upon the age of the child and the corresponding developmental stages. 
 
Kalter, N. and J.  Rembar. (1981). “The Significance of a Child’s Age at the Time of Parental Divorce”.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51 (1), 85-100. 
The paper provides theories on the relationship between a child's age at divorce and  adaptation. A
study was made to 144 children whose age range age from 7 to 17 years. The nature of emotional-
behavioral problems and overall degree of psychological adjustments were recorded.  
 
Research Scholar Seema Rawat, Associate Professor Dr. Seema Pandey,   A Study on Factors
Affecting  Children‟s  Post Divorce Adjustment 
According to the paper, divorce affects the family's nature  and change  the  life  of  the  spouses  and 
bring challenges  to  the children of divorce. This paper researched on the overall divorce adaptation
among adolescents by creating interactions  between  different  families  and  children's  transition 
factors  from  the following three  points  of view:  
(1) stress inebriation, (2) stress outsourcing or (3). Kid comparability checklist, family assessment  
system  and  the  divorce  modification  inventory  were  included  in  the  tools.   
The  family  responsibilities, behavior  regulation  and  affective  engagement  were  the  most  critical 
influences  to  promote  social  and emotional  change.  Families  with  more  probable  after  divorce  to 
mitigate  childhood  maladjustment, shared  care,  and  family  traditions  are  retained.  Parental 
tension  and  hostility  can  affect  kids  registered by social isolation, anxiety and depression. 
Select a social phenomenon, problem, or issue that you think warrants
sociological research. 

Social Problem/Issue:
The Risk in Personal Adjustments of Children from Parental Divorce growing in
society.

Write a 500- to 1000 -word paper on why the topic needs to be researched,
define the problem within that topic, and outline how you would conduct the
research, including methods and research design.
Title and Reference page are required. 

Problem: The Risk in Personal Adjustments of Children from Parental Divorce

growing in society
Method and Research Design: Qualitative Method - Interview

Outline of Methods and Research Design

 Title
Age as a Factor Affecting Children’s PostDivorce Personal Adjustments

Research Question
Do children of a divorced parents have personal adjustments that vary according to
different ages? 

Research/thesis statement from one of topic above

Topic/Subject : Personal Adjustments of children from a post-divorce.
Thesis Statement: Age as a Factor Affecting Children’s Post-Divorce Personal
Adjustments.

1078 words - Why the topic needs to be researched

Our government today has been addressing a lot of sociological problems (poverty,
overpopulation, gender inequality, discrimination, etc.) to maintain a healthy society.
However, while focusing on the bigger and louder issues, it seems that society
sometimes forget about the children who are big actors in our society. Children are
the reflection of every family that collectively builds our society. They are the
mirror of how every household contribute to the sociological success and
setbacks of a community.

One way to conduct the research based on the given problem/issue is to focus on
the age of the children. The objective is to determine if the age of the children is a
factor that affects their ways of personal adjustments while suffering from divorce of
their parents.

Family is where the well-being of children is being shaped. It has been observed that
children living in a complete biological family have better understanding of their
humanity and that parental care and guidance produce the best grooming and
lifestyle to children.  

However, in contemporary time, a lot of families have been struggling from marital

violence and some other unresolvable conflicts which could result to the divorce of
parents. This sociological problem greatly affects a lot of children and families
of a society.

 Divorce put the children into a different world apart from an ideal complete family.
One of the struggles that children might undergo is the stage of taking Personal
Adjustments. The level and the kind of adjustment varies depending on the age of a
child. 
In 2015, according to a report received by U.S Census Bureau there are
approximately 13.6 million single parents in US, and those parents would raise
22.4 million children or equivalent to 27% of children under 21 in the U.S..  This
data, being a large percentage makes this case a significant call to study.

In addition, this research is significant to be able to understand the behavior

of children and help them recover since these large number of children will be
the future adults that would shape the society. A healthy society is the fruit of a
healthy well-being of people whom should be groomed well ever since their
childhood. They are contributors in shaping the kind of discipline that our
society has in the future.

Children who suffered from a divorced parents should be given an immediate

and effective attention to help them adjust and become mentally and
emotionally stable so that they could establish a harmonious community with
the children from a complete family.
Reference:
 US Census Bureau
 https://www.verywellfamily.com/single-parent-census-data-2997668
 Gitanjali Pyndiah (Goldsmiths, University of London)
Anna Arnone (SOAS) https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/asa15/p/3387

Moreover, children who are struggling from a divorced parents should be given
attention while they are still young because their sociological skills might be
affected. These skills include communication with the people, self-awareness,
cultural acceptance and interpersonal skills. All these are important to be able to
discover one’s role in society and important to establish social relations.

Furthermore, it is significant to determine the effects of age on the personal

adjustments of children to help the professionals to understand them and to be
able to identify the most age-appropriate approach needed for them to recover
during their personal adjustments from divorce of their parents.

A social findings arise from a study by Department of Justice Canada Research

and Statistics Division (October 1997).”THE   EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON
CHILDREN”. According to the social findings,
marital disruption has a effect on children since divorce and single-parenting has
been common in contemporary time. This paper mentioned about the relevance
of children among divorce cases. 
Based on the early finding, there is more negative effects inflicted to a younger child
than the young youth.  
 
This is a sample statement from the paper. 
 
“..In a ten-year follow-up of pre-school children from divorced families, Wallerstein
found the initial response to divorce to be worse for younger children, but in later
years they appeared better adjusted than their older counterparts (Wallerstein,
1984). She concluded that those who are very young at marital breakup may be less
burdened in the years to come than those who are older. “ 
 
“Amato (1987) found that the majority of children who were very young at the time of
divorce reported that they were not strongly affected by divorce unlike the elder
children. The current thinking appears to be that children at every age are affected
by divorce, but in differing ways and levels. For example, Krantz (1988) suggests
that early separations may be associated with deficits in social and emotional
functioning, but not in intellectual functioning.  
 
“From an examination of numerous studies, Demo and Acock (1988) argue that
young children encounter problems with personal adjustment and peer relations,
while adolescents encounter problems with sexual relations and
antisocial behaviour. Similarly, Zill et al. (1993) found that youth who experienced a
family disruption prior to 6 years of age showed poorer relationships with their
fathers than those who experienced disruption later in childhood.” 
 
Landerkin and Clarke (1990) 9 describe how children’s level of development affects
their reactions to divorce, although they acknowledge that there may be overlap.
The primary reaction among infants may be regression in developmental
attainments (e.g., sleeping, eating, language, independence). For pre-schoolers,
difficulties may appear in social relationships and separation anxiety. School age
children may react with sadness, somatic complaints (e.g., headaches, stomach-
aches) and intense anger towards parents. Adolescents may encounter problems
establishing an adult identity, demonstrate anger towards self or others, and
experience somatic complaints. Finally, Kalter and Rembar (1981) found marital
dissolution which occurred very early in a child’s life (2½ years of age or less) was
associated with separation-related difficulties; separation during the oedipal phase
(2½-6) caused the greatest effects overall on children; and, for those 6 years of age
or older, the results were inconsistent. 
 
Another study supported the probability of this research topic. Based on Barron,
Lisa, "Divorce and its effects on the development of children" (2010). Graduate
Research Papers and scholar works. 
 
Divorce affects all ages and there’s a consensus that children will be affected by
divorce differently depending upon the age of the child and the corresponding
developmental stages. 
As a method to do the research, Kalter, N. and J. Rembar from their study (1981).
“The Significance of a Child’s Age at the Time of Parental Divorce”. American
Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51 (1), 85-100. 
They conducted a study to 144 children whose age range age from 7 to 17 years.
The nature of emotional-behavioral problems and overall degree of psychological
adjustments were recorded and revealed that there is a relationship age at
divorce and adaptation.

All these still need further research studies because the society is evolving along
with the children who have different characteristics and behavior that vary from
generation to generation. Children must be given utmost attention to develop and
survive from the complexity of sociological problems so that they could live as a
responsible well-being in a society starting from childhood and progressively
improve to adulthood.
References:
Department of Justice Canada Research and Statistics Division (October
1997).”THE  EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN”. 
https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/divorce/wd98_2-dt98_2/wd98_2.pdf
Kalter, N. and J. Rembar from their study (1981). “The Significance of a Child’s Age
at the Time of Parental Divorce”. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51 (1), 85-
100. 

Barron, Lisa, "Divorce and its effects on the development of children" (2010).
Graduate Research Papers and scholar
works. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1134&context=grp
 Methodology

Qualitative Research- Interview for the following:

 To gather answers and explanations that are large enough to better

understand, and explore research subjects' opinions, behavior, feelings,
attitude, preferences, experiences, and circumstances.
 To provide open-ended questions so to collect rich information.

Mode of Date Collection

 Phone Call
 Face-to-Face
 Online Interview

This methodology was already proven effective as used in the study made by
Research Scholar Seema Rawat, Associate Professor Dr. Seema Pandey in A
Study on Factors Affecting  Children‟s  Post Divorce Adjustment 

According to the paper, divorce affects the family's nature  and change  the  life 

of  the  spouses  and  bring challenges  to  the children of divorce. This paper
researched on the overall divorce adaptation among adolescents by method of
interview and checklist  between  different  families  and  children's  transition 
factors  from  the following three  points  of view:  
(1) stress inebriation, (2) stress outsourcing or (3). Kid comparability checklist, family
assessment  
system  and  the  divorce  modification  inventory  were  included  in  the  tools.   
The  family  responsibilities, behavior  regulation  and  affective  engagement 
were  the  most  critical 
influences  to  promote  social  and emotional  change.  Families  with  more 
probable  after  divorce  to  mitigate  childhood  maladjustment, shared  care, 
and  family  traditions  are  retained.  Parental  tension  and  hostility  can 
affect  kids  registered by social isolation, anxiety and depression. 

Reference:

Research Scholar Seema Rawat, Associate Professor Dr. Seema Pandey in A

Study on Factors Affecting  Children‟s  Post Divorce Adjustment 

http://www.ignited.in/p/252663 (PDF of the study is downloadbale for reference).

Understanding Recall

A recall is a procedure intended to remove public official from the position either in
state or local level, even before the end of term. The removable is through a petition
based on the grounds such as malfeasance, mentally or physically incapacitated or
failure to carry-out the duties and responsibilities.

In general, the procedure goes from (1) Filing of Recall Petition which could be done
by US citizens. (2) A period of time will be set in order to circulate the petition and
gather signatures supporting the petition (3) The petition with be submitted to the
election officials. (4) If the required signature is met within the prescribe period, then
a Recall Election can be held.

Some States that have Recall Elections are Alaska, Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, Arizona, New Jersey,
Minnesota, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Louisiana, Kansas, Michigan, Montana, North
Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin and also District of Columbia. All
these states apply different guidelines on their Recall Election.
 California used to have a republican government in 1943 under Earl Warren until 1959.
In January 1959 onwards, California has been making a shifting of Democratic and
Republican administration.
Democrat “Pat Brown” became the governor in 1959 then California shifted to
Republican Ronald Reagan and later on went back to democratic under Jerry Brown.
The role of the government changed during their leadership when the government was
an exemplified public service unlike the government in the early history when the
government was too political.

1. Water
California used to have mountain areas and farms that had been experiencing drought
especially in the farms of the Northern California. This is crucial for the agricultural
production of the state. However, this was not given focus in the past government
administration.
The winning of Edmund G. “PAT” Brown in January 5, 1959 became the beginning of
Califonia’s comprehensive statewide water plan. He stated in this inauguration that
“Development of our water resources is crucial to every segment of our state…”
Brown, through the government, expand its water resources and implemented water
programs.
In 1959, California state Legislature implemented the California Water Resources
Development Bond Act (Burns-Porter Act) that constructed the State Water Project
(SWP).
Aside from this, Pat’s Government also consolidated State Water Pollution Control
Board and the other nine regional boards to be under one State Water Quality Control
Board and he also implemented California Aqueduct Program.

2. Civil Rights
In 1963 there were civil rights movements in California.
One of the problems was discrimination in Housing Program among men and women or
black and whites.
Brown and his Liberal Democratic Assembly worked hardly to pass a bill
 which was unfortunately being resisted by conservative Democrats in Senate but Pat
Brown strongly pushed the bill until it was passed through the “Fair Housing Act”.
A lot more laws were promulgated to support civil rights including the Fair Employment
Act and the Master Plan for Higher Education.
California’s government in 1967 to 1971 was under the governorship of Reagan as he
served for 2 terms.
In 1960s, California faced a vast encounter of mothers with incomplete abortions, septic
abortions and complete abortion which are all a criminal act ever since the early 1900s.
This raised national issue. Large people and organizations took Civil Rights movements
to decriminalize abortion.
Reagan was Pro-life and was against abortion except for the cases caused from rape,
incest or when the mother’s physical or mental health would be at risk. Hence, Reagan
signed into law the Therapeutic Abortion Act in May 1967. This is also to prevent self-
made abortions and protect mothers who experienced rape, incest and life in danger.
He also established the California Welfare Reform Act.

Gender Inequality had been an undying social problem in the history of California.
According to University of California and Hastings College of Law, gender
discrimination kept growing due to a lack of governmental and societal support
for working women.
The government under Jerry Brown played a big role to promote civil rights especially to
the right of the LGBTQ Community. In 1975, he decriminalized same-sex relationships
in 1975 and appointed California’s first gay judge. He also signed more than 55 pro-
equality bills into law.
3. Education
In early 1900s, California’s previous governments was struggling to make institution due
to prevalent corruption. California struggled to make reforms and social institutions.
People are also skeptical about paying taxes to sustain the social institutions and also,
California’s population was growing. These made it more challenging for the
government to establish and support new universities, public schools and education
reform.
Pat Brown awakened the government to re-visit the education standard of
California through the legislation of The California Master Plan for Higher Education
which purpose is to balance the competing demands of fostering excellence and
guaranteeing educational access for all. This legislation was able to create a system of
exceptional quality and it established framework for higher education.
 Reagan also made his move with $40 million for early childhood education and signed
legislation of on annual grant to local school districts and reduced school tax rates.

4. Environment
Pat Brown, Jerry Brown and Ronald Reagan belong to different political parties but they
are in common with their government’s role in environmental issues.
Aside from Pat Brown’s expansion and protection farms and water resources, his son
Jerry Brown’s administration continued its role to look over the condition of environment.
The government under his administration was known to be a “pollution fighter” for his
environmental causes and it also played a role on climate change policies which made it
unique from the other previous government administrations.
Jerry Brown signed into law tax incentives for rooftop solar-energy installation. He
extended California’s cap-and-trade program that sets a price on carbon emissions.
He also signed a bill that would require electric utilities to go completely carbon-free.
Ronald Reagan also focused on environment for protecting wild rivers, dams,
preservation of Sierra wilderness.
He supported legislation of Lake Tahoe interstate compact to save the lake.
Reagan’s government was instrumental in securing legal protection for rivers in
California.
He signed the California Environmental Quality Act and the Mulford-Carrell Act that
combines Bureau of Air Sanitation and the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board to
create the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Reagan appointed a Cal Tech
chemist named Arie Jan Haagen-Smit as the first head of the Board and who was
responsible for linking smog to automobile emissions.

5. Tax
For Reagan role of the government in raising tax is to cope from fiscal problem of the
state. Reagan made a series of tax increases but also balanced the budget and cut
property taxes.
Sales tax was raised to 5%, income tax bracket rose up to 10% while the banks,
corporations and inheritance were also increased.
Reagan signed the legislation on annual grant of $454 million to local school districts,
$229 million to reduce school tax rates and $220 million was to supplement existing
school aid for poor districts. $83 million for inner city schools.
To simplify the whole idea about the change of the role of the government of California
The end of World War II was a time for the states to recover. Hence, the previous
governments of California focused more on recovering and developing its socio-
economic condition and leaving some other aspects behind.
While the government in the early history is focused on recovery and old systems, the
government under the leadership of Pat, Reagan and Jerry made the government
change its role in California by being an instrument to create a modern California
by creating new system, policies and programs that would be responsive to the
people.
Also, unlike in the early history, California Government used to be more political and
used to adhere to the classic norms such as the inequality among men and women and
discrimination in race and color.
Regardless with the difference of political parties, their government embraced modern
ideas that promote equality and abolish discrimination.
The role of the government during their time was to create new policies and strategies
while the previous government’s role was to recover from the war. Their government
marked a legacy in the history of California.

https://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/edmund-g-pat-brown
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-27-me-150-story.html
https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2003/03/lessons-roe-will-past-be-prologue
https://www.eqca.org/thank-you-brown/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States
https://www.lib.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/masterplan/California_Idea.htm
l
https://legal-planet.org/2016/06/20/ronald-reagan-environmentalist-governor/
One of the historical figures who inspire me is Bill Clinton. A lot of people are skeptical
about him for his scandals. However, what makes me inspired by him is the context of his
“Presidency”.
 
The context of "Presidency" is wide; extending from being the ceremonial head to being the
chief executive to lead the government in administrating the social welfare, economy,
legislation, armed force, international relations, safety and security.The president promotes
the living condition of the nation-state,

Bill Clinton was able effectively carry-out all these functions and he surpassed the
performance of other presidents in U.S history. He made a historical development of the
economy and social condition in U.S.

According to the White House

Archives https://clintonwhitehouse5.archives.gov/WH/Accomplishments/eightyears-01.html
“Bill Clinton was able to function with excellent performance” and White House itself
described his term as a "Histroric Era of Progress and Prosperity".
 
To review the U.S history, the beginning of 1990 was a downturn of economy or the
"economic recession" resulting to increased unemployment rate, closing of some
businesses and shaking of the federal budget.

In 1993, Arkansas Democrat Bill Clinton became the 42nd President of United States. He
focused on economic recovery and development through his policies or the so called
"Clintonomics" which eliminates inflation in economy and employment which consequently
raised the Federal budget with surplus.

Het cut government spending so US could regulate budget deficit while raising revenue.
Clinton created million new jobs to make people generate their income and sustain the labor
needs of the companies. This contributed to the drop of poverty rate.

Clinton entered US into agreement with Canada and Mexico under the North American Free
Trade (NAFTA). The purpose is to establish a trilateral trade bloc in North America. It
became the biggest trade blocs in the world by gross domestic product. NAFTA increased
U.S. exports and created new jobs.

Clinton created the 1993 budget bill or the "Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993
(OBRA) which was signed into law on August 10, 1993. It was intended to increase taxes
from wealthy people, high income companies and taxes on gas. 

Clinton introduced the1993 Deficit Reduction Act and the 1997 Balanced Budget Act, and
President Clinton's call to save the surplus for debt reduction.

Clinton's policies continued to make a dramatical improvement in the succeeding years

particularly increasing its revenue until US federal budget reached its surplus.

All of his accomplishments made history and surpassed the performance of other
presidents. This goes to prove that Clinton was able to recover and elevate the whole socio-
economic condition of the nation-state which is the very context of presidency. The
scandals that he committed was just a personal/administrative and judicial aspect that
affected his administration and justice system.

Bill Clinton as a historical figure for his presidency brings inspiration for the following:

1. Poverty could be eliminated when we create and execute a strategic financial

development plan that is most appropriate for the existing situation.
2. Utilize the available resources to create new opportunities.
3. Carry-out an excellent job rather than a job well done.
4. Be an effective leader to yourself and to the whole team.