DIRECT FILLING GOLD

CONTENTS
 Introduction
 History
 Classification
 Physical properties
 Indications
 Contraindications
 Types of gold used in dentistry
 Annealing and degassing
 Condensation and compaction
 Compaction technique
 Biocompatibility of gold
 Uses of liners and bases
 Cavity preparations and designs
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Conclusion
 References
 INTRODUCTION

Earliest material available

Persons with good oral hygiene
Proper case selection
 “HISTORY OF GOLD”
 First evidence of use of
gold filling – 3000 BC.

 Govann D Arcoli
recommended gold leaf
fillings in 1843.

 Gold foil restorations were

introduced by Robert
Woffendale in 1795.

 Cohesive gold was

introduced by American
dentist Robert Arthur in
1855.
 “PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF
GOLD”
 “Classification of direct filling gold”

1. Foil (Fibrous 2. Electrolytic 3. Powdered or

gold) precipitate granulated gold
- Sheets (crystalline gold) - Gold dent
- Pellets - Mat gold
- Cylinders - Mat foil
- Laminated foil - Gold calcium
- Platinized foil alloy
- Corrugated foil
ANNEALING / DEGASSING
 CONDENSATION / COMPACTION OF DIRECT
FILLING GOLD
OBJECTIVES :
• To weld
• To minimize the voids
• Adaptation of the gold to
cavity walls
PRINCIPLES :
• Line of force
• Stepping or shingling
• Use minimum thickness of pellet present for condensation
• Force of the blow
 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR COMPACTION

 Hand pressure
 Hand malleting
 Automatic hand malleting
 Electric malleting (McShirley electromallet)
 Pneumatic malleting (Hollenback condenser)
 CONDENSERS :
 Round condensers
 Parallelogram condensers
 Foot condensers
“COMPACTION TECHNIQUE”
Are liner and bases required under direct
filling gold

 3mm or more remaining dentin – no base

 2mm or more – varnish on walls and floors.
 Between 1-2mm – sub-base of Ca(OH)2 or unmodified ZOE
over this varnish. Then use ZnPO4 cement or
zincpolycarboxylate
 Less than 1mm – direct filling gold contraindicated
BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DFG:
Pulp irritations due:
Energy of condensation not absorbed by the restorative
material, may dissipate to the pulp dentin organ
Condensation of enamel aimed 90º to axial or pulpal walls
are the most destructive. So use 45º to these walls.

Thermal energy in the pellet, exceeding that needed for

decontamination – pulpal irritation

Frictional heat of finishing and polishing

Galvanic current between cathodic gold and other metallic

restorations

Ultrasonic energy from high condensation frequency can

harm pulp
 INDICATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS

• Incipient lesions  Teeth with large pulp chamber

 Severally periodontal weakened teeth
• Class I
 Large carious lesions
• Class II
 Handicapped elderly
• Class III
 Psychologically unsound
• Class V  Economics
 Esthetics
• Erosive areas  No isolation
 Undesirable occlusal stress
• Atypical lesions
 High caries index
• Proximal to FPD
 Inaccessible areas
• Vent holes
 Hypoplastic tooth
• Class VI  Young permanent teeth
• Retrograde filling  In case of underdeveloped roots
Class I design: PROCEDURE
Cavity varnish

• Outline form – similar to silver Cut the mat gold

amalgam
Adapt to the cavity

• As small as possible
Malleting

• Pits – triangular, oblong or circular

burnishing

• Margins – straight or smooth curves

contouring

• Internal outline - .5mm below DEJ

High lusture
• Opposing walls – parallel to each
other

• Mesial and distal walls – diverged

• Pulpal floor – flat

• CSB- 30 to 40º , 0.2mm

Class V design:
Cavity varnish

• Outline form – Trapezoidal

• Margins Cut the mat gold

 Occlusal – straight

 Gingival – straight Adapt to the cavity

 Mesial and distal – extend
sufficiently
Malleting
• Axial wall
 straight occlusogingivally

 Slightly curved mesio distally burnishing

• Depth – 1 mm and 0.75mm

contouring
• Sharp line and point angles

High lusture
Class III design:

Ferrier’s design
• Entry is made from the facial surface
• caries is removed by a no.1 round bur and
the outline form is made with a pear shaped
bur.
• the retentive grooves are made with 33 ½
inverted cone bur.
• Its indicated for those lesions that extend
minimally on to the facial surface
• So its mostly used in distal surfaces of
anterior teeth.
• General outline is triangular in shape
Loma Linda design for Class III
• This design is made with a lingual access
• So its best indicated where esthetics is the major concern
and where carious extent is such that the lingual marginal
ridge is involved.
• General shape of the cavity is triangular with rounded
corners
Ingraham design:
• It is for incipient proximal lesions in
anterior teeth where esthetics is the
major concern
• General shape is parallelogram
• Labial margin is in contact area, so
not visible labially
• Retention grooves are placed on the
incisoaxial and gingivo axial line
angles
• Bevel may be placed with GMT on
all margins
• Plane all walls with hatchet.
 PROCEDURE
Class II design:
Cavity varnish

• Outline form – similar to silver

Cut the mat gold
amalgam

• As small as possible Adapt to the cavity

• Proximal box- cone form

Malleting
• 33 ½ inverted cone bur- flat gingival
wall.
burnishing
• Sharp line angles and point angles

• Pulpal floor – flat contouring

• CSB- 30 to 40º , 0.2mm

High lusture
DISADVANTAGES
Un esthetic
Expensive
Long chair side time
Thermal conductivity
Technique sensitive
High condensation forces
ADVANTAGES
Permanent – lasts long
 Do not tarnish and corrosion
Insoluble- Atraumatic- Discoloration
No cementing medium
Effective polish – plaque
Ductile – accurate margin
Develops skills- Efficient sealing

Microleakage of direct gold restoration. Edward i. welsh, et al, j prosth dent; 1989;
vol-51, no 1

Gold foil as an alternative retrograde filling material. Aurasa W et al; j oral surg;
1989;67;746-9

Is there a future for gold foil? Glenn h birkat, J Operative dent 1995; vol-20; n0.2
 CONCLUSION
No metal or combination of metals search dentistry so well and
in a wide range of application as does the gold and its several
types. Without gold as a restorative material the practice of
dentistry would be changed significantly as no other material
serves as its complete satisfactory substitute.

So as a clinician it is our duty to have good knowledge and

idea about its manipulation and cavity preparation.
 REFERENCES
1. Skinners textbook of dental material
10th and 11th editions

2. Craig O Brein – 12th edition

3. Sturdevant’s – textbook of operative

dentistry- 5th edition

4. Marzouk’s- 1st edition

Thank you