Nama : Dila safutri

Nim : B1D120110

VIRUS & VIRUS CORONA

A. VIRUS
Humans are susceptible to disease. The causes can be various, one of which is often
encountered is a virus, which is a parasitic microbe with a microscopic size and tends to work by
infecting its host. Viruses can act as disease agents and inheritance agents. As a disease agent,
the virus enters cells and causes changes that are harmful to cells, which in turn can damage or
even cause death in the cells it infects. As a hereditary agent, the virus enters the cell and stays
in the cell permanently. The changes that result are not harmful to cells or even beneficial. In
some cases, viruses can act as disease agents or as inheritance agents depending on the host
cells and environmental conditions.

Virus comes from the Greek "Venom" which means poison. Viruses are parasites microscopic
infecting biological cells. In general, viruses are particles composed of genetic elements
(genome) which contain one acid nucleic acid, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or
ribonucleic acid (RNA) which can are under two different conditions, namely intracellularly in the
host body and extrcellular outside the host body. Viruses have a life and death nature. Nature of
life (cellular) which has nucleic acids but not both (only DNA or RNA), can reproduce by
replication and can only be done within the host cell (intracellular obligate parasites). Inanimate
(acellular), which can be crystallized and liquefied. The structure is different from the cell and
does not carry out cell metabolism.

1. Virus shape and size

 viral forms
1. Rod-shaped, for example TMV (Tobacco Mosaic virus)
2. Rod-shaped and oval-tipped like a bullet, for example Rhabdovirus
3. Round, for example HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
4. In the form of filaments or threads, for example, the Ebola virus
5. Polyhedral shape, for example Adenovirus
6. Shaped like the letter T, for example bacteriophage, which is a virus that attacks the
Escherichia coli bacteria

Virus size is very small, it can only be seen using a microscope electrons, the size of the virus is
smaller than that of bacteria. The sizes range from 0.02 micrometer to 0.3 micrometer (1 μm =
1/1000 mm). Virus measurement unit usually expressed in nanometers (nm). 1 nm is 1/1000 of a
micrometer and a millionth of a millimeter. The smallpox virus is one of the largest viruses that
is, 200 nm in diameter, and the polio virus is the smallest virus only measuring 28 nm.
 2. Virus characteristic

Quoted from the book 'Easy and Active Learning Biology' published by PT Setia Purna, viruses
basically have characteristics like living things because they can reproduce themselves. However,
viruses are also called non-living things because they do not have organelles such as living cells.

According to US biologist Neil A. Campbell, the following are the characteristics of the virus:

 Only can live and multiply in the living cells of other organisms

 Requires nucleic acids to reproduce Virus is formed by a particle called a virion which contains
either DNA or RNA only

 Can be crystallized but the virus still has pathogens when infected with living organisms

 It is acellular (does not have cells) and does not have cell organelles.

3. Viral diseases
The virus infection process can pass through various tissues.

 Through the respiratory tract -> example: influenza virus that causes influenza, viruses rubeola
causes measles, ronavirus that causes SARS, variola virus causes smallpox, the varicella virus
that causes chickenpox.

 Through the digestive tract -> example: hepatitis A, B viruses, poliomyelitis causes polio,
rotavirus causes diarrhea

 Through the skin & genital mucosa -> example: the herpes simplex virus1 causes stomatitis,
flavivirus that causes dengue fever, rabies that causes rabies, cytomegalovirus causes of
hepatitis

 Through the placenta -> examples: rubella virus, cytomegalovirus

4. Role of Viruses

In life, viruses have 2 roles, namely the role of viruses as microorganisms profitable, or
detrimental.

Beneficial viruses: Viruses play an important role in the field of genetic engineering because it can
be used for gene cloning (genetic reproduction of DNA identical). An example is a virus that carries
genes to control insect growth. Viruses are also used for human gene therapy hopefully genetic
diseases, such as diabetes and cancer can be cured.

Harmful viruses: Viruses that can be harmful due to various causes types of diseases in humans,
animals and plants
 B. CORONA VIRUS

Corona virus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus

that attacks the respiratory system. This disease due to viral infection is called COVID-19.
The Corona virus can cause minor disorders of the respiratory system, severe lung infections,
and death. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), better known as
the Corona virus, is a new type of coronavirus that is transmitted to humans. This virus can
affect anyone, including infants, children, adults, the elderly, pregnant women, and
breastfeeding mothers.

Coronavirus is a collection of viruses that can infect the respiratory system. In most cases, this
virus causes only minor respiratory infections, such as the flu. However, this virus can also cause
severe respiratory infections, such as lung infections (pneumonia). Apart from the SARS-CoV-2 virus
or the Corona virus, viruses that are also included in this group are the viruses that cause Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the viruses that cause Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS). Even though it is caused by a virus from the same group, namely the coronavirus, COVID-19
has several differences from SARS and MERS, including in terms of the speed of spread and the
severity of symptoms.

Indonesia is still struggling against the Corona virus to date, the same as other countries in the
world. The number of Corona virus cases continues to grow with some reporting recoveries, but not
a few have died. Handling and prevention efforts are continuously being made to fight COVID-19
with flu-like symptoms. The case of the Corona virus is known through a mysterious disease that
paralyzed the City of Wuhan, China. The tragedy at the end of 2019 It continues until the spread of
the Corona virus has spread throughout the world. This method of spreading the virus is very fast
and has spread to almost all countries, including Indonesia, in just a few months. So that in this case
the Indonesian government through the Ministry of Communication and Informatics (Kominfo)
develops an Android-based Peduli Lingdungi application that can be downloaded freely by the public
to help deal with the spread of the Corona virus which is increasingly rampant. This paper will
discuss the procedures for using the Peduli Protect application to have a tracking application feature
that can detect movements of exposure to Covid-19 for the past 14 days. Based on the results of
tracking and tracing, the public will receive a warning to immediately carry out the health protocol if
there are positive Covid-19 patients in the vicinity
 1. Symptoms of the Corona Virus (COVID-19)

Early symptoms of Corona virus infection or COVID-19 can resemble flu symptoms, namely
fever, runny nose, dry cough, sore throat, and headache. After that, the symptoms may disappear
and heal or even get worse. Patients with severe symptoms can experience high fever, cough with
phlegm and even bleeding, shortness of breath, and chest pain. These symptoms appear when the
body reacts against the Corona virus.

In general, there are 3 general symptoms that can indicate someone is infected with the Corona
virus, namely:

 Fever (body temperature above 38 degrees Celsius)

 Dry cough

 Hard to breathe

There are several other symptoms that can also appear in Corona virus infection, although they are
less common, namely:

 Diarrhea

 Headache

 Conjunctivitis

 Loss of taste ability

 Loss of ability to smell (anosmia)

 Rash on the skin

These symptoms of COVID-19 generally appear within 2 days to 2 weeks after the patient is
exposed to the Corona virus. Some patients infected with the Corona virus can experience decreased
oxygen without any symptoms. This condition is called happy hypoxia.

In order to ascertain whether these symptoms are symptoms of the Corona virus, a rapid test or PCR
is needed.

2. Causes of Corona Virus (COVID-19)

Corona virus infection or COVID-19 is caused by a coronavirus, which is a group of viruses that infect
the respiratory system. In most cases, coronavirus causes only mild to moderate respiratory
infections, such as the flu. However, this virus can also cause severe respiratory infections, such as
pneumonia, Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS). There are allegations that the Corona virus was originally transmitted from animals to
humans. However, it was later discovered that the Corona virus was also transmitted from human to
human. A person can catch COVID-19 in various ways, namely:

 Accidentally inhaling the saliva (droplet) that comes out when a person with COVID-19 coughs
or sneezes

 Hold the mouth or nose without washing hands first after touching an object that has been
splashed with the saliva of a person with COVID-19
 Close contact with people with COVID-19

The Corona virus can infect anyone, but the effect will be more dangerous or even fatal if it occurs in
elderly people, pregnant women, people who have certain diseases, smokers, or people whose
immune systems are weak, for example in cancer patients.

Because it is easily transmitted, the Corona virus is also at high risk of infecting medical personnel
who treat COVID-19 patients. Therefore, medical personnel and people who have had contact with
COVID-19 patients need to wear personal protective equipment (PPE).

3. Complications of Corona Virus (COVID-19)

In severe cases, Corona virus infection can cause the following complications:

 Pneumonia (lung infection)

 Secondary infection in other organs

 Kidney failure

 Acute cardiac injury

 Acute respiratory distress syndrome

 Dead

4. Corona Virus Prevention (COVID-19)

Until now, there is no vaccine to prevent Corona virus infection or COVID-19. However, several
pharmaceutical companies and health institutions are working to research and develop a vaccine for
COVID-19. If it passes clinical trials and is declared effective and safe to prevent COVID-19, more
vaccines will begin to be produced so that they can be given to the public.

Therefore, the best prevention method is to avoid the factors that can cause you to be infected with
this virus, namely:

 Apply physical distancing, which is to maintain a minimum distance of 1 meter from other
people, and don't go outside the house first unless there is an urgent need.

 Use a mask when doing activities in public places or crowds, including when you go shopping for
groceries and attend worship on holidays, for example Eid al-Adha.

 Routinely wash your hands with soap and water or hand sanitizer that contains at least 60%
alcohol, especially after doing activities outside the home or in public places.

 Do not touch your eyes, mouth and nose before washing your hands.

 Increase endurance with a healthy lifestyle, such as eating nutritious foods, exercising regularly,
getting adequate rest, and preventing stress.

 Avoid contact with sufferers of COVID-19, people who are suspected of being positive for the
Corona virus, or people who are sick with fever, cough, or runny nose.

 Cover mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing, then throw the tissue in the
trash.
 Keep clean objects that are often touched and the cleanliness of the environment, including
cleanliness of the house.

KOSAKATA

Virology

Oncogenic Viruses

Avian Oncoviruses

1. Hemopoietic systems (lymphomatosis, myeloblastosis, erythroblastosis and osteopetrosis).

Primate Oncovirus

Oncoviruses

There are two distinct classes in non-human primates:

1. Baboons carry endogeneous oncoviruses which are vertically transmitted and are otherwise non-
oncogenic.
2. Horizontally transmissible tumorgenic oncovirus shown to induce malignant neoplasm when
artificially inoculated into primates. These are oncovirus recovered from sarcoma, lymphomas,
leukemias of gibbon, apes or woolly monkeys.

CLINICAL PICTURE

SARS is transmitted by inhalation because the virus may be present in droplets aerosol of
respiratory tract secretions of the patients. Incubation period of SARS is 5 to 7 days. Manifestations
of SARS are as under:

1. Fever 38°C or more.

2. Dry non-productive cough.

3. Myalgia.

4. Sore throat.

5. Shortness of breath.

6. Atypical pneumonia.

Vaccination

There are three strains available for vaccine production:

a. Elstree (Lister Institute)

b. EM63 (Moscow)

c. New York Board of Health strain.