Kanishak Kataria

AIR 1 UPSC CSE 2018

Modern Indian History: Prelims pointers

Development of Education:

Calcutta Madarsa
1781 study of Muslim Law
by Warren Hastings

Sanskrit College at Varanasi

1791 study of Hindu law and philosophy
by Jonathan Duncan

Fort William College

1800 by Wellesley training of civil servants
closed in 1802

1813 Charter Act of 1813 One lakh Rupees annually for education

Orientalist vs Anglicist Controversy

General Committee on Public Instruction Content to be taught — Orientalist demanded more emphasis on Indian traditional learning
1833
under William Bentick Anglicist divided over medium of instruction

Favoured Anglicist views:

Focus only on Western sciences

Medium should be English only
1835 Macaulay’s Minutes

Later govt set up large number of English schools and colleges instead of elementary schools and ignored mass education
(Downward Filtration Theory )

Comprehensive Scheme of Village Education in

vernacular language
Subjects such as mensuration and agriculture were taught
1843-53
Train personnel for Revenue and Public Works Department
by James Thomson
NW Provinces LG

“Magna Carta of English Education in India"

Hierarchy in medium of instruction:

Vernacular at School level
English for higher studies
Stress on Female and Vocational Education and Teachers’ training
Wood’s Despatch Secular in nature
1854 Grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise
Mass Education
 Kanishak Kataria
AIR 1 UPSC CSE 2018

Effect:

Agriculture Institute at Pusa, Bihar

Engineering Institute at Roorkee
Bethune School at Calcutta for education of women

Earlier schemes had neglected Primary and Secondary Education

Review education in country after Wood’s Despatch

Primary:
State support is needed
Vernacular language
Hunter Commission
1882 Transfer control to district and municipal boards
Primary and Secondary Education Secondary:
Make 2 divisions:
Literary: for university
Vocational: for job oriented
Pointed to the lack of facilities for female education

Indian Universities Act, 1904 was passed

Govt will nominate the fellows and their number will be reduced
Rayleigh Commission Government will have greater control over universities
1902 Conditions of Universities Veto senate's, amend existing or pass own regulations
(Quality of universities had degraded under private enterprise) Stricter conditions for affiliation of private colleges

Nationalists called it “retrograde"

1906: Baroda state made PE compulsory

GK Gokhale made a pitch in the Legislative Assembly
Govt passed the resolution

1913 Government Resolution on Education Policy No compulsory education responsibility of the govt
Free PE to poor and backward sections
Encourage private investment and improve quality of secondary schools
University to be setup in each province

Improvement of secondary education was important for improving university education

Saddler University Commission
1917-19 Separate boards for secondary and intermediate education
School to University Education — all Less rigidity in framing regulations

Education shifted to provincial ministries.

1919 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
 Kanishak Kataria
AIR 1 UPSC CSE 2018

Financial difficulties; Philanthropic efforts led to expansion, if any.

Hartog Committee
Overall Development of Education More emphasis on PE but it shouldn’t be hasty
1929 Divert average students to vocational courses after 8th
Educational standards fell due to increase in number of
Restrict admissions to universities
schools and colleges

Principle: “Learning through activity” — Gandhi’s Idea

Zakir Hussain Committee Inclusion of basic handicraft

Free and compulsory education in Mother Tongue for 1st 7 years
1937 under Congress
Service to establish contact with community around the school
Wardha Scheme of Basic Education
Child-centred and cooperative scheme
Didn’t flourish due to WW-II and Resignation by Congress ministers

Reach England's education level in 40 years

Sergeant Plan
1944 Only a scheme; no implementation mechanism
by Central Advisory Board of Education

Based on the recommendations:

Radhakrishan Commission
1948-49
University Education UGC was setup as a Statutory body

Kothari Education Commission Assistance from : UK, US, USSR, UNESCO

1964
National Pattern of Education Need for flexibility in education policy to suit changing circumstances.