The Journal of Engineering

The 14th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power

Transmission (ACDC 2018)

Coordination control of hybrid AC/DC eISSN 2051-3305

Received on 23rd August 2018
Revised 03rd November 2018
microgrid Accepted on 06th November 2018
doi: 10.1049/joe.2018.8505
www.ietdl.org

Beiming Liang1, Li Kang1 , Jianzong He2, Fenglei Zheng2, Yunfeng Xia2, Zhaoyun Zhang1, Zhi Zhang1,
Guozhong Liu1, Yang Zhao1
1School of Electronic Engineering, Dong Guan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, People's Republic of China
2Dong Guan Power Supply Bureau of Guangdong Power Grid Corporation, Dongguan 523000, People's Republic of China
E-mail: kangl@dgut.edu.cn

Abstract: The hybrid AC/DC microgrid is considered to be the more and more popular in power systems as increasing DC
loads. In this study, it is presented that a hybrid AC/DC microgrid is modelled with some renewable energy sources (e.g. solar
energy, wind energy), typical storage facilities (e.g. batteries), and AC, DC load, and also the power could be transformed
smoothly between the AC and DC sub-grids by the bidirectional AC/DC converter. Meanwhile, coordination control strategies
are proposed for power balance under various operations. In grid-connected mode, the U–Q (DC bus voltage and reactive) or
PQ method is adopted for the bidirectional AC/DC converter according to the amount of exchange power between AC and DC
system in order to improve the DG utilisation efficiency, protecting the converter and maintain the stable operation of the system.
In islanded mode, V/F control is applied to stabilising the entire system voltage and frequency, achieving the power balance
between the AC and DC systems. Finally, these control strategies are verified by simulation with the results showing that the
control scheme would maintain stable operation of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid.

1 Introduction intergrates the advantages of both AC microgrid and DC microgrid.

In recent years, with the increase in people paying attention to the
environmental and energy issues, renewable energy resources as
the clean resources has been more and more widely applied to
access the conventional power system in the form of microgrid.
From the perspective of the proportion of power supply types from
microgrid, the microgrid usually has three types: AC microgrids,
DC microgrids, and hybrid AC/DC microgrids [1, 2]. The AC
microgrid has been widely used and promoted in the power system
because of its convenience. Furthermore, DC microgrids are
resurging because of the continuous development of the modern
society and sustainable DC power sources such as solar energy.
There has also been a growing number of DC loads such as DC
charging pile, data centres [3], DC air conditioning, and electrical
devices with DC characteristics are accessed to the AC grid by the
energy conversion to get power. However, these DC devices and
DC renewable energy resources can be made more efficient and
low cost through DC microgrids connecting to the AC power
system [4, 5]. However, since the main power grid is mainly AC
type and the AC microgrid is dominant for its convenience, the
pure DC microgrid is not expected to replace the AC microgrid in a
short time, thus the pattern of coexistence of AC electric devices
and DC electric devices will exist for a long time. For the sake of
reducing the energy losses, harmonic currents and control
difficulties due to multiple conversions in an AC microgrid or a
DC microgrid, improving the reliability and economy of the
system, as well as facilitating access to the microgrids with a
variety of renewable energy resources including DC or AC
characteristics, and AC electrical devices or DC electrical devices.
Due to the advantages of DC microgrids and AC microgrids, the
hybrid AC/DC microgrid has been received world wide attentions
[6, 7].
A typical hybrid AC/DC microgrid system has an AC
microgrid, a DC microgrid, and bidirectional AC/DC converters
connected between the AC microgrid and DC microgrid [8, 9]. The
role of bidirectional AC/DC converter is to manage the power flow
smoothly between the AC microgrid and DC microgrid, while
stabilising the AC bus voltage and frequency of the AC microgrid
and the DC bus voltage of the DC microgrid. Compared with an
AC microgrid or a DC microgrid, the hybrid AC/DC microgrid
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Specifically, the hybrid AC/DC microgrids can directly supply
energy to DC electrical devices and AC electrical devices, and
easily access different types of energy sources through its DC
microgrid and AC microgrid, without unnecessary AC-to-DC or
DC-to-AC conversions. Consequently, it can minimise the
conversion stages, and thus reduce the energy losses during power
conversion. The hybrid AC/DC microgrid system can be flexibly
operated in either grid-connected mode or islanded mode by
controlling the static transfer switch. However, the hybrid AC/DC
microgrid is more complicated in terms of operation and control
than a unitary AC or DC microgrid [10, 11].
A typical hybrid AC/DC microgrid system usually includes PV,
wind energy, energy storage device, and AC and DC electrical
devices is introduced in this paper. The proposed hybrid AC/DC
microgrid is connected to the utility grid through AC microgrid and
operates in grid-connected mode or islanded mode. In grid-
connected mode, the AC microgrid behaves like an infinite [12].
So it is possible to focus on the DC side bus voltage and the power
balance between AC and DC microgrids, and DC bus voltage is
stabilised by the bidirectional AC/DC converter and battery. The
U–Q and PQ control strategies are adopted for the bidirectional
AC/DC converter according to the amount of exchange power
between AC and DC system in this mode. Furthermore, when the
converter adopts PQ control method, the surplus power of PV was
injected into AC microgrid at the way of constant power, which
will protect the main converter. When the converter adopts U–Q
control method, the surplus power of PV was injected into AC
microgrid at the way of maximum power, which will improve the
utilisation of DC side PV. At the same time, the bidirectional
AC/DC converter can smoothly switch between U–Q and PQ
mode. In the islanded mode, the main grid is no longer available
and the balance of supply and demand has to be maintained via
bidirectional AC/DC converter and battery. Therefore, the
bidirectional AC/DC converter adopts V/F control method to
support the AC bus voltage and frequency stability. The battery is
applied as a balanced node, to achieve power balance between AC
and DC sub-grids. Then, a simulation model and structure of the
hybrid AC/DC microgrid are introduced in detail. Meanwhile, the
control strategies of each sub-modules of hybrid AC/DC microgrid
1

Fig. 1  Compact hybrid AC/DC microgrid system
Fig. 2  Single-diode equivalent circuit for PV panel
Fig. 3  Characteristic curves for PV panel
(a) I–V curves for PV panel, (b) P–V curves for PV panel
are described briefly. Finally, these coordination control strategies
under different operating conditions are verified with simulation.
2 System configuration and modelling
2.1 Hybrid AC/DC mcrogrid system
The structure of a compact hybrid AC/DC microgrid is presented
in Fig. 1, which composed of AC sub-microgrid, DC sub-
microgrid, and power flow system. In the AC sub-microgrid, a 20  irradiance and temperature conditions. The incremental
KW wind turbine (WT) with doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG) connects to the AC bus via a back to back AC/DC/AC
converter to simulate AC sources, and the three-phase AC loads
directly connect to the AC bus to simulate the three-phase AC
electrical devices. In the DC sub-microgrid, 100 KW PV arrays as
DC renewable source connect to the DC bus via a DC/DC boost
converter with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
functionality, a current-controlled bidirectional DC/DC converter
with charging and discharging functionality is applied to connect a
600 Ah battery to DC bus, and variable DC loads directly connect
to DC bus to simulate DC electrical devices. In power flow system,
a bidirectional AC/DC converter, which acts as a bridge connecting
the AC bus with the DC bus, regulate the power flow between AC
and DC sub-microgrids smoothly. The rated bus voltages of DC
and AC sub-microgrid are set 750 and 400 V, respectively. The
hybrid microgrid system can be operated in either grid-connected
or islanded mode by the point of common coupling (PCC). When
the breaker is open, the hybrid microgrid operates in the islanded
2 J. Eng.
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mode. When the breaker is close, the hybrid microgrid operates in
the grid-connected mode.
2.2 Modelling of the PV panel
In general, a PV system is a series of interconnected modules
connecting in series or in parallel by a plurality of PV panel. The
PV panels can be viewed as a current source in parallel with a
diode. The equivalent circuit model of PV panel is presented in
Fig. 2 and (1) show the mathematical of PV panel [13].
q(V + IRs) V + IRs
IL = Iph − Is e AKT −1 − (1)
Rsh
According to (1), a 100 KW PV model is built in MATLAB/
Simulink with its parameters Um = 360 V, Uoc = 420 V, Im = 277.6 
A, Isc = 297.6 A. The I–V and P–V curves of PV panel with
different solar irradiance are shown in Figs. 3a and b.
2.3 Modelling of the battery
Being the energy storage device, the battery play an important role
in distributed generation, but the relationship between the internal
parameters of the battery is more complicated, and there is a highly
non-linear relationship with each other. Equations (2) and (3) are
the mathematical representation of the voltage and state of charge
(SOC) of the battery model [14].
V b = V 0 + Rb ⋅ ib − K
Q
∫ ibdt
+ A ⋅ exp B ∫ i dt
b (2)
∫ ibdt
SOC = 100 1 + (3)
Q
2.4 Modelling of the WT generator
The mechanical power output of the WT is as follows:
Pm = 0.5ρACp(λ, β)V ω3 (4)
where ρ is air density, A is turbine swept area, V ω is wind speed,
and Cp(λ, β) is the power coefficient, which is the function of tip
speed ratio λ and blade pitch angle β.
3 Control strategies
3.1 Control strategy of the PV array
The maximum power output of the PV system varies with
temperature and irradiation. In order to maximise the utilisation of
the PV array, the boost converter should be operated in MPPT. The
goal of MPPT is to use control algorithms to ensure that the PV
array operates at its maximum power point under various
conductance (IC) [15] method is one of the most used MPPT
methods because of its simplicity. The IC algorithm is depicted in
Fig. 4.
The IC method regulates the duty cycle of boost converter to
track the MPP of PV array is presented in Fig. 5. The DC/DC boost
converter with MPPT function is used to maximise the intermittent
energy generation from solar generators. In order to achieve this
function, the boost converter control process is as follows: first, by
detecting the present voltage V pv of the PV array, MPPT algorithm
can obtain the optimal reference voltage V m, and then, the error
signal between V pv and reference voltage V m is adjusted by the PI
regulator, which will make the error smaller. Finally, the PWM
generator generates the appropriate pulse signal to drive the switch
to achieve MPPT functionality.
3.2 Control strategy of the battery
The energy storage system plays a vital role in the islanded mode
and the PQ mode of grid-connected mode in this paper.
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Fig. 4  Flow-chart for IC method
Fig. 5  Strategy of PV array
Fig. 6  Control strategy of battery charge and discharge
Fig. 7  Control strategy of bidirectional AC/DC converter in grid-
connected mode
Generally, the battery connects to the DC bus via a bidirectional
DC/DC converter is presented in Fig. 6, which also mean that the
converter can operates in discharging or charging mode to stabilise
DC bus voltage. In order to achieve the control of the DC bus
voltage, the bidirectional DC/DC converter adopts a voltage and
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current double loop control. When the DC bus voltage V DC is
higher than the reference voltage V DC . ref , the insulated gate bipolar
transistor (IGBT) S1 is turned off and S2 is turned on, thus the
converter works as a buck circuit and the battery operates in
charging mode to absorb surplus power from hybrid microgrid.
Similarly, when the DC bus voltage V DC is lower than the reference
voltage V DC . ref , the IGBT S1 is turned on and S2 is turned off, the
converter works as a boost circuit and the battery operates in
discharging mode to release additional power to the loads.
3.3 Control strategy of the DFIG
The control of wind generation system consists of control for the
WT and control for the back to back AC/DC/AC converter of
DFIG. The back to back AC/DC/AC converter could be divided
into a rotor-side converter and a grid-side converter. The control
goal of rotor-side converter is to control the active and reactive
power of stator side, and the grid-side converter control is to
maintain the stability of the DC link voltage. The control scheme
of DFIG is described in [16].
3.4 Control strategy of the bidirectional AC/DC converter
In hybrid microgrid system, the bidirectional AC/DC converter
which also named main converter is the most important equipment.
It plays a key role in the stable system such as stability the AC and
DC bus voltage, guarantee power balance between AC microgrids
and DC microgrids.
3.4.1 Grid-connected mode: In grid-connected mode, with help
of the main grid, the AC side voltage and frequency can be keep
stable all the time. Therefore, the main job of the bidirectional
AC/DC converter in this case is to regulate the DC bus voltage and
guarantee the power balance between AC and DC microgrids.
Considering the rated capacity of AC/DC converter and protecting
the AC/DC converter, thus the bidirectional AC/DC converter
adopts PQ or U–Q control strategy according to the amount of
exchange power between AC and DC system. When the exchange
power from DC side injected into AC side is greater than the rated
capacity of the converter, the converter switches from U–Q control
mode to PQ control mode. In the PQ control mode, the DC
microgrid continuousl supplies constant power to AC microgrid,
and the battery play a vital role in absorbing or releasing power to
maintain the DC bus stable. When the exchange power from DC
side injected into AC side is lower than the rated power of
converter, U–Q or PQ control method can be adopted to guarantee
the power flow smoothly between DC and AC sub-grids. As shown
in Fig. 7, the U–Q and PQ control methods use the same inner
current loop while keeping the reactive power Q consistent. When
the d-axis is in mode 1, the U–Q control method is adopted. At this
time, the d-axis outer loop is the DC bus voltage, which can
stabilise the DC bus voltage. When the d-axis is switched to mode
2, PQ control method is adopted. At this time, the outer loop of the
d-axis is the active power, which can keep the constant power from
the DC microgrid to AC microgrid and protect the converter.
Meanwhile, the battery plays a vital role in stabilising the DC bus
voltage. In this paper, the reference active Pref is set to 80 KW, the
reference reactive Qref is set to 5 KVA, and the reference voltage
V DC . ref is set to 750 V.
3.4.2 Islanded mode: In islanded mode, due to lack of support by
utility grid the bidirectional AC/DC converter needs to provide a
stable voltage and frequency to the system. Therefore, this paper
adopts the V/F control strategy as shown in Fig. 8. Two-loop
controllers is used to regulate the frequency and voltage of system.
For the frequency outer loop, the error between the measurement
frequency and the reference frequency passes through the PI
controller to generate the reference current idref of the active
component. Similarly, for the voltage outer loop, the difference
between the measurement AC bus voltage and the reference
voltage passes through the PI controller to generate the reference
current iqref of the reactive component. After the current inner loop
3

Fig. 8  Control strategy of bidirectional AC/DC converter in islanded
mode
Fig. 9  PV output power versus 50*solar irradiation in grid-connected
mode
Fig. 10  DC bus voltage with the influence of solar irradiance variation
and transition mode
control, the control voltage Ud, Uq are generated, and then are
transformed into the three-phase voltage Ua, Ub, and Uc to the
SPWM generator, finally the six-pulse signal is generated to
control the on–off of IGBTs. In this paper, the reference voltage
V ref is set to 400 V, and the reference frequency f ref is set to 50 Hz.
4 System simulation results
A structure of compact hybrid AC/DC microgrid built with
MATLAB/Simulink is presented in Fig. 1. Further system
parameters for hybrid AC/DC microgrid are listed in Table 1 [17].
4 J. Eng.
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Table 1 Simulation parameter
Parameters Value
rated AC bus voltage, V 400
rated AC frequency, HZ 50
rated DC bus voltage, V 750
rated PV power, KW 100
rated active load, KW 90
rated reactive load, KVA 5
rated wind nominal power, KW 20
battery rated capacity, Ah 600
4.1 Grid-connected mode
In grid-connected mode, the bidirectional AC/DC converter
operates in PQ or U–Q modes according to the amount of exchange
power between AC and DC system. The rated capacity of
bidirectional AC/DC converter is set to 80 KW. When the
converter operates in U–Q mode, the DC bus voltage is maintained
by the converter, and the battery operates in the rest mode. When
operates in PQ mode, the DC bus voltage is maintained by the
battery, and the battery operates in the charging or discharging
mode. In order to protect the converter, we switch U–Q mode to
PQ mode when exchange power exceeds 80 KW. Meanwhile, the
battery starts to work and helps the system remains stable, and the
DC microgrid injects 80 KW power to the AC microgrid. When the
exchange power is lower than 80 KW, you can choose in PQ or U–
Q mode.
The PV output power with the different solar irradiances is
shown in Fig. 9. The solar irradiance level is set as 500 W/m2 from
0 to 0.3 s, and increase to 1000 W/m2 from 0.3 to 0.6 s and keeps
constant until 1 s, then decreases to 500 W/m2 from 1 s to 1.3 s,
and keeps the constant with the final. The MPPT of boost converter
is enabled at 0.1 s. After the MPPT is enabled, the PV output
power can track the maximum power point under different solar
irradiances with fast response.
Fig. 10 shows DC bus voltage with the influence of solar
irradiance variation and transition mode. After the MPPT is
working at t = 0.1 s, the DC bus voltage quickly enters into the
steady state and the value keeps at 750 V. The converter operates
from U–Q to PQ mode at t = 0.5 s because the PV output power
reaches 80 KW, the DC bus voltage drops at first but recovers to
750 V quickly with the help of the battery. When the converter
operates from PQ to U–Q mode at t = 1.4 s, the DC bus voltage
suddenly rises at the switch transient but fastly restores to the
steady state again with the help of converter. The voltage and
current curves of the AC bus is shown in Fig. 11, the voltage of AC
bus keeps 400 V all the time, and the current quickly recovers
stability during the transition mode.
The SOC of battery is shown in Fig. 12. When the converter
operates in U–Q mode during the period t = 0–0.5 s and t = 1.4–1.8 
s, and the battery operates in rest mode. When the bidirectional
AC/DC converter operates in PQ mode during the period t = 0.5–
1.4 s, the curve of SOC increases during the period t = 0.5–1.1 s,
because the PV output power is over 80 KW and the battery is
charging. However, during the period t = 1.1–1.4 s, the curve of
SOC decreases for the PV output power lower than 80 KW and the
battery is discharging.
Fig. 13 shows the power of battery, the power of the wind, and
the power of the DC microgrid injected into the AC microgrid.
During the period t = 0.5–1.4 s, since the converter operates in PQ
mode, the power from DC side to AC side is constant 80 KW
regardless of the PV output power. However, during the other
period, the rea- time PV output power is directly injected into the
AC side because of the converter operates in U–Q mode.
4.2 Islanded mode
In islanded mode, the bidirectional AC/DC converter used V/F
control strategy to support the AC bus voltage and frequency of
AC microgrid, and the DC bus voltage is maintained stable by the
battery. The battery plays an important role in islanded mode,
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Fig. 11  AC bus voltage and current of A phase in grid-connected mode
Fig. 12  SOC of the battery in grid-connected mode
Fig. 13  Power of wind, DC side power flowed into AC side and the output
of battery in grid-connected mode
Fig. 14  PV output power versus 50*solar irradiation in islanded mode
Fig. 15  DC bus voltage with the influence of solar irradiance variation
and pulse load
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Fig. 16  SOC of the battery in islanded mode
Fig. 17  AC bus voltage and current of A phase in islanded mode
which provides or absorbs system power and maintains system
power balance. Fig. 14 shows the PV output power under different
solar irradiances.
Fig. 15 shows the DC bus voltage with the influence of solar
irradiance variation and pulse load. The hybrid microgrid enters
into the steady state after 0.25 s. When the solar irradiance level
linearly increases from 500 to 1000 W/m2 during the period t = 
0.3–0.5 s and linearly decreases from 1000 to 500 W/m2 during the
period t = 0.9–1.2 s, however, the DC bus voltage has always been
maintained 750 V without influence by the irradiance. When the
AC load increases from 90 to 110 KW at 0.6 s, the DC bus drops at
this time covers to 750 V quickly. Similarly, when the AC load
decreases from 110 to 90 KW at 0.8 s, the DC bus rises at this time
recovers to 750 V quickly with the help of battery.
Fig. 16 shows the SOC of the battery. The total power generated
is greater than the total load during the period t = 0.36–1.1 s, and
the battery operates in charging mode. During the period t = 0.2–
0.36 s and t = 1.1–1.5 s, the battery operates in discharging for the
total power generated is less than the total load. We can also
observe that the charging speed of battery slows down during the
period t = 0.6–0.8 s, because of a sudden increase in AC loads.
Fig. 17 shows the AC bus voltage and current with the
influence of pulse load. We observe that the AC bus voltage stable
at 400 V all the time, but the current is affected by the pulse load.
Fig. 18 shows the power of battery, the power of the wind, and
the power of the DC microgrid injected into the AC microgrid.
5 Conclusion
In this paper, the coordination control strategies are proposed for
the hybrid AC/DC microgrid, operating in grid-connected mode
and islanded mode. The control strategies are verified with Matlab/
Simulink under various operations and load conditions. The
simulation results show that the control strategies of the hybrid
AC/DC microgrid system are efficient. In grid-connected mode,
both the bidirectional AC/DC converter and the batteries can keep
the DC bus voltage stable, and ensure the converter smoothly
operates in U–Q or PQ methods under the various solar irradiation
conditions. In islanded mode, the AC bus voltage and frequency
are provided by bidirectional AC/DC converter, the battery is to
maintain DC bus stability and system power balance under pulse
load and various solar irradiation conditions.
5
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