Matrix Representation of LT

Unit-5, Lecture-6

Lecture-1

1 Vector Space

Lecture-2

1.1 Subspace and Linear Span

1.2 Linearly Dependence and Linearly Independence

Lecture-3

1.3 Basis and Dimension

Lecture-6 Matrix Representation of LT

Lecture-4

2 Linear Transformation

Lecture-5

3 Matrix representation of linear transforma-

tion

We know that every matrix A of order m × n is a linear transformation from

Rn into Rm . In this section we will show that we may associate a matrix A

for a linear transformation T defined between two finite dimensional vector

space V to W , in particular T : Rn −→ Rm .

Let T : V −→ W be a linear transformation, where dim(V ) = n,

dim(W ) = m, and X = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } and Y = {w1 , w2 , . . . , wm } be

bases of V and W respectively. Then each T (vj ) can be expressed as a linear

combination of {w1 , w2 , ..., wm }, j = 1, 2, ..., n. Let,

T (v1 ) = α11 w1 + . . . + αm1 wm

.. .. .. ..
. . . .

T (vj ) = α1j w1 . . . + αmj wm

.. .. .. ..
. . . .

T (vn ) = α1n w1 + . . . + αmn wm .

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Lecture-6 Matrix Representation of LT

We can write,

T (vj ) = α1j w1 + . . . + αmj wm

= [w1 , w2 , ..., wm ][α1j , α2j , ..., αmj ]T , j = 1, 2, 3....n

Hence, we can write  

 α11 α12 . . . α1n 
 . .. .. .. 
T [v1 , v2 , . . . vn ] = [w1 , w2 , . . . wm ]  . .
 . . . . 
 
αm1 αm2 . . . αmn
Or, T X = Y A.

The matrix A = [aij ]m×n is called matrix representation of T with respect

to the basis X and Y , which is given by

 
 α11 α12 . . . α1n 
 . .. .. .. 
A= ..
 . . .
. 
 
αm1 αm2 . . . αmn
Thus, to find the matrix representation of any linear transformation T :

V −→ W , we express T (vj ), j = 1, 2, ..., n as a linear combination of the basis

vectors {w1 , w2 , ..., wm } of W . The coefficients of this linear representation

form the jth column of the corresponding matrix representation A of T .

Remark 3.1. Matrix representation of any linear transformation not only

depends on the definition of T but also on the bases of the vector spaces.

Remark 3.2. Note that the basis vectors of V and W are column vectors.

For the sake of simplicity sometime we express them as row vectors in the

examples.

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Lecture-6 Matrix Representation of LT

Example 3.1. Let the linear transformation T : R2 → R3 is defined by

T (x, y) = (x + y, x, x − y).

(i) Find the matrix representation of T with respect to the standard basis

of R2 and R3 .

(ii) Find matrix representation of T with respect to the basis X = {(1, 1), (1, −1)}

of R2 and Y = {(0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)(1, 1, 0)}.

Solution

(i) Here X = {(1, 0), (0, 1)} and Y = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}

By the definition of LT, we have

T (1, 0) = (1, 1, 1) = 1(1, 0, 0) + 1(0, 1, 0) + 1(0, 0, 1)

T (0, 1) = (1, 0, −1) = 1(1, 0, 0) + 0(0, 1, 0) − 1(0, 0, 1)

Thus the matrix representation

  of T with respect to the standard basis is
 1 1 
 
M atrix(T ) = A =  1 0 .

 
1 −1
(ii) Here, X = {(1, 1), (1, −1)} and Y = {(0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)(1, 1, 0)}

By the definition of LT, we have

T (1, 1) = (2, 1, 0) = − 12 (0, 1, 1) + 12 (1, 0, 1) + 32 (1, 1, 0)

T (0, 1) = (1, 0, −1) = −1(0, 1, 1) + 0(1, 0, 1) + 1(1, 1, 0)

Thus the matrix representation

 of T with respect to the given bases is
1
 − 2 −1 
 
M atrix(T ) = A =  1 .
 2 0 
 
3
2
1

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Lecture-6 Matrix Representation of LT

Example 3.2. Find the matrix representation of the linear transformation

T : R2 → R2 defined by T (x, y) = (x + 2y, 3x + 4y) with respect to the

standard basis of R2 .

Solution.

By the definition of LT, we have

T (1, 0) = (1, 3) = 1(1, 0) + 3(0, 1)

T (0, 1) = (2, 4) = 2(1, 0) + 4(0, 1)

Thus the matrix representation

  of T with respect to the standard basis is
 1 2 
M atrix(T ) = A =  
3 4

We have studied the method to find matrix representation of a linear

transformation T , we can also find the linear transformation T corresponding

to the given matrix representation. Let us do the following example.

Example 3.3. Let T : R2 −→ R3 , and the basis of R2 and R3 are X =

{(1, 2)T , (3, 4)T } and Y = {(−1, 1, 1)T , (1, −1, 1)T , (1, 1, −1)T } respectively.

Find the linear transformation T if the matrix representation of T is given

by  
 1 2 
 
A=  2 3 .

 
3 4
Solution-

We have

T [v1 , v2 ] = [w1 , w2 , w3 ]A

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Lecture-6 Matrix Representation of LT

    
 −1 1 1   1 2   4 5 
     
=
 1 −1 1


 2 3 = 2 3 
   
     
1 1 −1 3 4 0 1
Clearly T (v1 ) = (4, 2, 0)T and T (v2 ) = (5, 3, 1)T .

Now,
 any
 vector
 x x2 )T
= (x1 ,  ∈ R2 can be expressed as

 x1   1   3
 = α +β  ⇒ α = 12 (−4x1 + 3x2 ), β = 12 (2x1 − x2 )


x2 2 4
Hence, we have

T x =T (αv
1 + βv2 ) =
αT (v1 ) + βT (v2 )

 4   5 
   
= α 2  + β
 
 3 

   
0 1
 
 4α + 5β 
 
= 2α + 3β 

 
β
 
 −6x1 + 7x2 
 
= 21 
 −2x1 + 3x2
 (putting the value of α and β)

 
2x1 − x2

Note that, for the given matrix A, the corresponding linear transformation

T is given by T X = AX with respect to the standard basis. In the above

example, the linear transformation T is given by T (x, y)T = AX = (x +

2y, 2x + 3y, 3x + 4y)T (or T (x, y) = (x + 2y, 2x + 3y, 3x + 4y)) with respect

to the standard basis.

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Lecture-6 Matrix Representation of LT

Example
 3.4.Find the linear transformation T corresponding to the matrix
 1 2 
A=  with respect to the standard basis.
3 4
T T
Solution- Linear
 transformation
   T is defined  by T (x, y) = A(x, y) , i.e.,
 1 2   x   x + 2y 
T (x, y)T =    =  
3 4 y 3x + 4y
Thus, T (x, y) = (x + 2y, 3x + 4y).

Example 3.5. Find the matrix, rank and nullity of linear transformation T :

R3 −→ R2 defined by T (x, y, z) = (x + y, −x + z) with respect to the standard

basis.

Solution. Matrix representation of T with respect to the standard basis is

given by-
 
 1 1 0 
M atrix (T ) =  
−1 0 1

Ker(T ) = {(x, y, z)| T (x, y, z) = (0, 0)}

= {(x, y, z)| x + y = 0, −x + z = 0}

= {a(1, −1, 1)T | a ∈ F }.

Nullity= dim Ker(T ) = 1.

Range(T) ={T (v)|v ∈ V }

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Lecture-6 Matrix Representation of LT

 
 x 
   
 1 1 0    x+y 
= {T v =   y =
 }
−1 0 1   −x + z
z
     
 1   1   0 
= {x   + y   + z   : x, y, z ∈ F }.
−1 0 1
     
 1   1   0 
Since   =   −  .
−1 0 1
This implies dim[Range(T )] = Rank(T ) = 2.

By Rank-Nullity Theorem also we can determine the Rank(T ),

Rank(T ) + N ullilty(T ) = dim(R3 ) = 3.

Thus, Rank(T ) = 3 − 1 = 2

Example 3.6. Linear transformation T : P4 −→ P3 be defined by T (f (x)) =

d
(f (x)). Find the matrix representation, Kernel and Nullity of T .
dx

Solution- Consider the standard basis of P4 as X = {1, x, x2 , x3 , x4 } and the

standard basis of P3 as Y = {1, x, x2 , x3 }.

Now,

T (1) = 0 = 0 + 0x + 0x2 + 0x3

T (x) = 1 = 1 + 0x + 0x2 + 0x3

T (x2 ) = 2x = 0 + 2x + 0x2 + 0x3

T (x3 ) = 3x2 = 0 + 0x + 3x2 + 0x3

T (x4 ) = 4x3 = 0 + 0x + 0x2 + 4x3

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Lecture-6 Matrix Representation of LT

Thus, the matrix representation of T is given by

 
 0 0 0 0 
 

 1 0 0 0 

 
M atrix (T ) = 
 
 0 2 0 0 

 

 0 0 3 0 

 
0 0 0 4

Since T (constant polynomial) = 0. This implies null space Ker(T ) = F

(Field) and N ullity = dim(F ) = 1.

Exercises

1. Let linear transformation T : R2 −→ R3 be defined by T (x, y) = (x −

y, x + y, x + 3y). Find matrix of T with respect to standard basis.

2. Let linear transformation T : P1 −→ P2 be defined by T (a + bx) =

R
(a + bx) dx. Find matrix of T with respect to standard basis, where

P1 = {a + bx|a, b ∈ R} and P2 = {a + bx + cx2 | a, b, c ∈ R}.

3. Determine matrix of the linear transformation T : R3 −→ R2 defined

by T (x, y, z) = (y + z, y − z) with respect to (i) standard basis (ii) basis

of R3 = {(0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)} and basis of R2 = {(1, 1), (1, −1)}.

4. Find rank and nullity of linear transformation T : R2 −→ R3 defined

by T (x, y, z) = (2x + y, y − x, 3x − 4y).

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Lecture-6 Matrix Representation of LT

5. Find matrix, rank and nullity of linear transformation T : R3 −→ R3

defined by T (x, y, z) = (x + y, z, x − y).

6. Let T : R2 −→ P2 is defined by T (x, y) = x + yt + (x + y)t2 . Find the

matrix representation of T with respect to the standard bases.

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