A-18

Appendix B  Mathematics Review

Now, in the second term, choose u 5 x, v 5 e x , which gives

3 x e dx 5 x e 2 2x e 1 23 e dx 1 c 1
2 x 2 x x x

or

3 x e dx 5 x e 2 2xe 1 2e 1 c 2
2 x 2 x x x

The Perfect Differential

Another useful method to remember is that of the perfect differential, in which
we look for a change of variable such that the differential of the function is the
­differential of the independent variable appearing in the integrand. For example,
consider the integral

I 1 x 2 5 3 cos2 x sin x dx

This integral becomes easy to evaluate if we rewrite the differential as d (cos x) 5

2sin x dx. The integral then becomes

3 cos x sin x dx 5 2 3 cos x d 1 cos x 2

2 2

If we now change variables, letting y 5 cos x, we obtain

3 cos x sin x dx 5 23 y dy 5 2
2 2
y3 cos 3 x
1c52 1c
3 3
Table B.5 lists some useful indefinite integrals. Table B.6 gives Gauss’s probabil-
ity integral and other definite integrals. A more complete list can be found in vari-
ous handbooks, such as The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press, published annually).

Table B.5 Some Indefinite Integrals (An arbitrary constant should be added to each of these integrals.)

3 x dx 5 3 ln ax dx 5 1 x ln ax 2 2 x
n11
x
n
1 provided n 2 1 2
n11

3 5 3 x 21 dx 5 ln x 3 xe dx 5
dx e ax
ax
1 ax 2 1 2
x a2

3 3
dx 1 dx x 1
5 ln 1 a 1 bx 2 5 2 ln 1 a 1 be cx 2
a 1 bx b a 1 be cx a ac

3 3 sin ax dx 5 2
x dx x a 1
5 2 2 ln 1 a 1 bx 2 cos ax
a 1 bx b b a

3 3 cos ax dx 5
dx 1 x1a 1
5 2 ln sin ax
x 1x 1 a2 a x a

3 3 tan ax dx 5 2 ln 1 cos ax 2 5
dx 1 1 1
52 ln 1 sec ax 2
1 a 1 bx 2 2 b 1 a 1 bx 2 a a

3 3 cot ax dx 5
dx 1 x 1
2 2
5 tan 21 ln 1 sin ax 2
a 1x a a a

3 3 sec ax dx 5
dx 1 a1x 2 1 1 ax p
2 2
5 ln 1a 2 x2 . 02 ln 1 sec ax 1 tan ax 2 5 ln c tan a 1 b d
a 2x 2a a2x a a 2 4

3 3 csc ax dx 5
dx 1 x2a 2 1 1 ax
5 ln 1x 2 a2 . 02 ln 1 csc ax 2 cot ax 2 5 ln atan b
x 2 2 a2 2a x 1 a a a 2
(Continued)
 Integral Calculus
B.7  A-19

Table B.5 Some Indefinite Integrals (continued)

3 3 sin ax dx 5
x dx x sin 2ax
5 612 ln 1 a 2 6 x 2 2 2
2
a2 6 x2 2 4a

3 3 cos ax dx 5
dx x x x sin 2ax
5 sin21 5 2cos21 1 a 2 2 x 2 . 0 2 2
1
2
"a 2 x 2 a a 2 4a

3 3
dx dx 1
5 ln 1 x 1 "x 2 6 a 2 2 5 2 cot ax
2
"x 6 a 2 sin2 ax a

3 3
x dx dx 1
5 2"a 2 2 x 2 2
5 tan ax
2
"a 2 x 2 cos ax a

3 3 tan ax dx 5
x dx 1
5 "x 2 6 a 2 2
1 tan ax 2 2 x
"x 2
6a 2 a

3 "a 2 x dx 5 3 cot ax dx 5 2
1 x 1
2 2
2 ax"a 2 2 x 2 1 a 2 sin21 b 2
1 cot ax 2 2 x
0a0 a

3 x "a 2 x dx 5 23 1 a 2 x 2 3 sin ax dx 5 x 1 sin ax 2 1

2 2 1 2 2 3/2 21 21 "1 2 a 2 x 2
a

3 "x 6 a dx 5 3 cos ax dx 5 x 1 cos ax 2 2

1 "1 2 a 2x 2
2 2
2 x"x 2 6 a 2 6 a 2 ln 1 x 1 "x 2 6 a 2 2 21 21
a

3 x 1 "x 6 a 2 dx 5 3
1 dx x
2 2
3 1 x 2 6 a 2 2 3/2 5
1 x 2 1 a 2 2 3/2
a "x 2 1 a 2
2

3 e dx 5 3
ax 1 ax x dx 1
e 5 2
a 1 x 2 1 a 2 2 3/2 "x 1 a 2
2

Table B.6 Gauss’s Probability Integral and Other Definite Integrals

3 x e
`
n 2ax n!
dx 5
0 a n11

I 0 5 3 e2ax dx 5
`
2 1 p
  (Gauss’s probability integral)
0 2 Åa

I 1 5 3 xe2ax dx 5
`
2 1
0 2a

I 2 5 3 x 2 e2ax dx 5 2
`
2 dI 0 1 p
5
0 da 4 Å a3

I 3 5 3 x 3 e2ax dx 5 2
`
2 dI 1 1
5 2
0 da 2a

I 4 5 3 x 4 e2ax dx 5
`
2 d 2 I0 3 p
2
5
0 da 8 Åa5

I 5 5 3 x 5 e2ax dx 5
`
2 d 2 I1 1
5
0 da 2 a3
f
dn
I 2n 5 1 21 2 n I
da n 0
dn
I2n 11 5 1 21 2 n I
da n 1