Exercise 7C

1 x (  x ) 2 (  x )3
1 a  e  1  (  x )   
ex 2! 3!
x 2 x3
 1 x   K valid for all values of x
2 6

e 2 x  e3 x (4 x ) 2 (4 x ) 3
b  e 4x
 1  (4 x )   
ex 2! 3!
32 x 3
 1  4 x  8 x2  K valid for all values of x
3

 x2 x3 
c e1 x  e  e x  e 1  x    K valid for all values of x
 2 6 

( x ) 2 (  x )3 (  x ) 4
d ln(1  x )  ( x)     K [1   x 1]
2 3 4
 1  x 1
x2 x3 x 4
 x    K 1 x  1
2 3 4

     
3 5 7
x x x
e sin       2  2  2  K
x x
2 2 3! 5! 7!
x x3 x5 x7
    K valid for all values of x
2 48 3840 645 120

  3x   3x 
f ln(2  3 x)  ln  2  1     ln 2  ln  1  
  2   2 

3x  2   
2 3
3x 3x
 3x 
 ln2    2   1  2 1
2 2 3  
3x 9 x 2 9 x3 2 2
 ln2    K  x
2 8 8 3 3

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 x 2 x3 x4 x5
2 a ln(1  x)  x      K, 1  x 1
2 3 4 5
2 3 4
x x x x5
ln(1  x)   x      K , 1 x  1
2 3 4 5
1 x 
ln    ln(1  x )  ln(1  x )
 1 x 
x 2 x3 x 4 x 5  x 2 x 3 x 4 x5 
 x    K   x      K
2 3 4 5  2 3 4 5 
2 x 2 2 x5
 2x   K
3 5
 x3 x5 
 2 x    K
 3 5 

As x must be in both the intervals 1  x 1 and 1 x  1

this expansion requires x to be in the interval 1  x  1.
1
1 x  1 x 2 1  1 x 
b ln  ln  1  x   2 ln  1  x 
1 x    
1 x  x3 x5 
so ln x   K  ,  1  x  1.
1 x  3 5 

 1 x  2
c Solving    gives 3  3x  2  2x
 1 x  3
5 x  1
This is a valid value of x.
x   0.2
2  0.008 0.00032 
So an approximation to ln   is 2   0.2   
3  3 5 
 2( 0.2  0.0026666  0.000064)
  0.4055 (4 d.p.) This is accurate to 4 d.p.

1 x 3
d ln with x  gives ln 4  ln 2
1 x 5
(0.6)3 (0.6)5
so ln2  0.6   Use the result in b.
3 5
 0.687552K  0.69 (2 d.p.)

(2 x) 2 (2 x )3 4 x3
3 e2 x  1  2 x    K  1  2 x  2 x2  K
2! 3! 3
(  x ) 2 (  x )3 x2 x3
e x  1  x   K  1 x   K
2! 3! 2 6
3 3
So e 2 x  e  x  3 x  x 2 , if terms x and above may be neglected.
2

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  (2 x)3 
4 a 3x sin 2 x  3 x  (2 x)   K  6 x2  4 x 4  K
 3! 
 (3x)2 (3 x)4  9 27 4
cos 3 x  1   K  1  x2  x K
 2! 4!  2 8
 9 27 4 
So 3 x sin 2 x  cos 3 x  6 x 2  4 x 4  K   1  x 2  x K
 2 8 
21 59 4
 1  x 2  x K
2 8

3x sin 2x  cos3x  1 21 59 2
b   x  terms in higher powers of x
x2 2 8

3x sin 2x  cos3x  1 21
As x  0, so 2 tends to .
x 2

 
5 a ln 1  x  2 x  ln(1  x )(1  2 x)  ln(1  x )  ln(1  2 x )
2

x 2 x3 x 4
ln(1  x)   x     K, 1 x  1
2 3 4
(2 x )2 (2 x )3 (2 x )4 1 1
ln(1  2 x )  (2 x )    K,  x
2 3 4 2 2
3
8x
 2x  2x2   4 x4
3
 
So ln 1  x  2 x 2  ln(1  x)  ln(1  2 x)

5 x 2 7 x 3 17 x 4 1 1
 x    K,  x (smaller interval)
2 3 4 2 2

 x   x 
 
b ln 9  6 x  x 2  ln(3  x )2  2 ln(3  x)  2 ln 3 1    2 ln 3  ln 1   
 3  3 


 x  3 3 3

x 2 x 3 x 4
 x  x 
The expansion of ln  1   is        K ,  1  1
 3 3 2 3 4  3 
x x 2 x3 x 4
     K, 3  x 3
3 18 81 324

 x 
So ln 9  6 x  x 2  2  ln 3  ln  1   
 
  3 
2 x x2 2 x3 x4
 2 ln 3     K, 3  x 3
3 9 81 162

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  (2 x)2 (2 x)4 (2 x)6 (2 x)8 
6 a cos 2 x  1      K
 2! 4! 6! 8! 
2 x 4 4 x 6 2 x8
 1 2x2    K
3 45 315

b Using cos 2 x  1  2 sin 2 x,

2 x 4 4 x 6 2 x8
2sin 2 x  1  cos 2 x  2 x 2    K
3 45 315
x 4 2 x6 x8
So sin 2 x  x 2    K
3 45 315

[Alternative: write out expansion of sin x as far as term in x7, square it, and collect together
appropriate terms!]

x2 x3 x4
7 ln(1  x)  x     K
2 3 4
 x 2 x3 x 4 
( x  1)(e x  1)  ( x  1)  x     K 
 2 3! 4! 
x3 x 4  x 2 x3 x 4 
 x2   K   x     K
2 6  2 3! 4! 
x2 x3 x4
 x    K
2 3 8
 x 2 x3 x4   x 2 x3 x 4 
So ln(1  x)  ( x  1)(e x  1)   x    K   x    K
 2 3 4   2 3 8 
2 x3 x 4 2 1
  K  p ,q
3 8 3 8

8 a Only terms up to and including x4 in the product are required, so using

x3
sin x  x  K (next term is kx5)
3!
and the binomial expansion of (1  x )2 , with terms up to and including x3.
(It is not necessary to use the term in x4, because it will be multiplied by expansion of sin x.)
(  x) 2 (  x )3
(1  x) 2  1  ( 2)(  x )  ( 2)( 3)  ( 2)( 3)( 4) K
2! 3!
 1  2 x  3x2  4 x3  K
sin x  x3 
So 2
  x   K  (1  2 x  3x 2  4 x3  K)
(1  x )  6 
 x3 x 4 
 x  2 x 2  3x 3  4 x 4  K     K
 6 3 
17 x3 11x 4
2
 x  2x   K
6 3

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 sin x 17 x3 11x 4
8 b y  x  2 x 2
  K
(1  x)2 6 3
dy
So  1  4 x  higher powers of x  at the origin the gradient of tangent  1.
dx

 8 x3 
9 a (1  3x ) ln(1  2 x )  (1  3 x)  2  2 x 
2
 4 x4  K
 3 
 8x3 
  2x  2x 
2
 4 x 4  K   (6 x 2  6 x 3  8 x 4  K)
 3 
 2 x  8 x 2  263 x3  12 x 4  K

b  (2 x) 2 (2 x)3 (2 x)4   x3 
e2 x sin x  1  (2 x )     K  x   K [only terms up to x 4 ]
 2! 3! 4!   3! 
 4 x3 2 x 4  x3 
 1  2 x  2 x 2    K  x   K 
 3 3  6 
 4 x 4   x3 x 4 
  x  2 x2  2 x3        K
 3   6 3 
 x  2 x 2  116 x3  x 4  K

1  x 2 e  x  (1  x 2 ) 2 e x
1
c
 1 2 2
 1   1  (x )  x 2 x3 x 4 
 1  x 2        K  1  x     K 
 2  2   2  2! 
 2! 3! 4! 
 x2 x4  x 2 x3 x 4 
  1    K  1  x     K
 2 8  2 6 24 
 1 1  1 1  1 1 1 
 1  x     x 2      x 3      x 4  K
 2 2  2 6  24 4 8  
 1  x  x 2  23 x 3  16 x 4 K

       
2 2 3 4
x2 x2
 x2   2
x2 x
 2 2
10 a e 2 1    K
 2  2! 3! 4!
x 2 x 4 x6 x8
 1    K
2 8 48 384

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 x2 x2
1  1 
10 b Area under the curve   e 2 dx  2  e 2 dx
1 0
1
 x 3 x5 x7 x9 
 2 x      K Integrate the result from a.
 6 40 336 3456 0
 1 1 1 1 
 2 1     
 6 40 336 3456 
 1.711 (3d.p.)

 ( px)2 ( px)3   9 x3 
11 a e px sin 3 x  1  ( px)    K (3 x)   K
 2! 3!   2 
 p 2 x 2 p 3 x3  9 x3 
 1  px    K  3x   K
 2 6  2 
 3 p 2 x3   9 x3 
  3 x  3 px 2   K     K
 2   2 
3( p 2  3) x 3
 3x  3 px 2  K
2

 (qx ) 2 (qx)3 
b ln(1  qx )  (qx)    K
 2 3 
3( p 2  3) x 3 q 2 x 2 q 3 x3
So e px sin 3 x  ln(1  qx )  x  3 x  3 px 2   qx    x K
2 2 3
 q 2  2  3 p 2 q3 9  3
 (2  q ) x   3 p  x     x K
 2   2 3 2
Coefficient of x is zero, so q   2.
Coefficient of x2 is zero, so 3 p  2  0  p  23
Coefficient of x 3  23  83  92   132 , so k   132

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 1
12 a e x  ln x  e x  e  ln x  e x  e  ln x Using e a  b  e a  eb
 e x  x 1 using eln k  k
ex

x
e x sin x
e x  ln x sin x  , and so, using the expansions of ex and sin x,
x

f ( x)  e x  ln x sin x 
1  x  x2
2
 x3
6 
K x  x3
6
K ,x  0
x
 x 2 x3  x 2 
 1  x    K  1   K
 2 6  6 
 x 2 x3   x 2 x3 
 1  x       ignoring terms in x 4 and above.
 2 6   6 6
x2
 1 x  There is no term in x 3 .
3

e0.1 sin 0.1

b f (0.1)   1.103329K
0.1
The result in a gives an approximation for f (0.1) of 1  0.1  0.00333333  1.103333K
which is correct to 6 s.f.

13 a
y  sin 2 x  cos 2 x
y '  2 cos 2 x  2 sin 2 x
y ''  4 sin 2 x  4 cos 2 x   4 y
y '''  4 y '
y ''''   4 y ''  16 y

b
(2 x ) 3 (2 x ) 5
sin 2 x  (2 x )    ...
3! 5!
(2 x ) 2 (2 x ) 4
cos 2 x  1    ...
2! 4!
4 x 2 8 x 3 16 x 4
y  1  2 x     ...
2! 3! 4!
4 x3 2 x4
 1  2 x  2 x 2    ...
3 3

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Challenge
a
1
y  (1   2 ) 2
f ( x )  (1  x ) a
f '( x )  a (1  x ) a 1 , f ''( x )  a ( a  1)(1  x ) a  2
a ( a  1) 2
f ( x )  1  ax  x  ...
2!
 1
So y  1     (   2 ) 
  12    23  (   2 ) 2  ...
 2 2!
1 3
 1   2   4  ...
2 8

v 4.2 c
b    20  0.21
c c
1 3
  1  0.212  0.214  1.02278 (5 d.p.)
2 8
20
Observed journey time is  19.55 years


1
c    1.02281 (5 d.p.)
1  0.212

 1 3 4 1
 1  0.21  0.21  /  0.999973 (6 d.p.)
2

 2 8  1  0.212
Percentage error is
1.02281  0.999973
 100
1.02281
 2%

v
d The velocity will be larger and so  = will be larger making
c
the error in  larger. Hence the approximation would be less accurate.
if ship 3  faster

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