RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

The Product and Quotient Rules

d
 f ( x ) g ( x )  f ( x ) g ( x )  g ( x ) f ( x )
dx

d  f ( x )  g ( x ) f ( x )  f ( x ) g ( x )
   2
dx  g ( x )   
g ( x )

SHMIHAJAR
 Rule 5: The Product Rule

 The derivative of the product of two differentiable

functions is given by

d
 f ( x ) g ( x )  f ( x ) g ( x )  g ( x ) f ( x )
dx

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 Rule 5: The Product Rule

Example:
 Find the derivative of f ( x )   2 x 2  1 x 3  3

d 3 d
f ( x )   2 x 2  1  x  3    x 3
 3   2 x 2  1
dx dx

  2 x 2  1 3x 2    x 3  3  4 x 

 6 x 4  3x 2  4 x 4  12 x
 x 10 x 3  3x  12 

SHMIHAJAR
 Rule 5: The Product Rule

Example:
 Find the derivative of f ( x )  x
3
 
x 1

d 1/2 d 3
3
f ( x )  x
dx
 x  1   x  1 x
1/2

dx
 1 1/2 
 x  x    x1/2  1 3x 2
3

2 

1 5/2
 x  3x 5/2  3x 2
2
7 5/2
 x  3x 2
2
SHMIHAJAR
 Rule 6: The Quotient Rule

 The derivative of the quotient of two differentiable

functions is given by

d  f ( x)  g ( x) f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
   2  g  x   0
dx  g ( x)   
g ( x )

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 Rule 6: The Quotient Rule

Example:
x
 Find the derivative of f ( x) 
2x  4

d d
 2 x  4 ( x)  x  2 x  4
f ( x )  dx dx
2
 2 x  4 


 2 x  4 1  x  2 
2
 2 x  4 
2x  4  2x 4
 2
 2
 2 x  4 2 x  4
SHMIHAJAR
 Rule 6: The Quotient Rule

Example:
x2  1
 Find the derivative of f ( x)  2
x 1
d 2 d 2
 x  1 dx  x  1   x  1 dx  x  1
2 2

f ( x )  2
 x  1
2


 
x 2
 1  2 x     1  2 x 
x 2

2
x 2
 1

2 x3  2 x  2 x3  2 x 4x
 2
 2
x 2
 1 x 2
 1
SHMIHAJAR
 Higher-Order Derivatives
Example:
 Find the third derivative of the function f(x) = x2/3 and
determine its domain.
Solution
2 1/3 2  1  4/3 2 4/3
 f ( x )  x f ( x )     x   x
3 3  3 9
 So,
2  4  7/3 8 7/3 8

f ( x)      x  x 
9 3 27 27 x 7/3
 The domain of the third derivative is the set of all real
numbers except x = 0.

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 Higher-Order Derivatives
Practice Examples:
 Find the second derivative of the function f(x) = (2x2 +3)3/2

Solution
 Using the general power rule,

3 1/2 1/2
f ( x )   2 x  3  4 x   6 x  2 x  3
2 2

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 Higher-Order Derivatives
Example:
 Find the second derivative of the function f(x) = (2x2 +3)3/2
Solution
 Using the product rule,
d 1/2 1/2 d
f ( x )  6 x   2 x  3   2 x  3   6 x 
2 2

dx dx
1 1/2 1/2
 6 x     2 x  3  4 x    2 x  3  6
2 2

2
1/2 1/2
 12 x  2 x  3
2 2
 6  2 x  3
2

1/2
 6  2 x  3
2
 2 x 2   2 x 2  3 
 
6  4 x 2  3

2x2  3 SHMIHAJAR
The Chain Rule

d
h( x )  g  f ( x )   g   f ( x )  f ( x )
dx

dy dy du
 
dx du dx

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 Deriving Composite Functions
2
 Given h( x )   x  x  1
2

 To compute h′(x), we can first expand h(x)

2
h( x )   x  x  1   x 2  x  1 x 2  x  1
2

 x 4  2 x 3  3x 2  2 x  1
and then derive the resulting polynomial

h( x )  4 x 3  6 x 2  6 x  2

 But how should we derive a function like H(x)?

100
H ( x )   x  x  1
2

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 Deriving Composite Functions
100
Note that H ( x )   x  x  1
2
is a composite function:
 H(x) is composed of two simpler functions

f ( x)  x2  x  1 and g ( x )  x100
 So that
100 100
H ( x )  g  f ( x )   f ( x )   x  x  1
2

 We can use this to find the derivative of H(x).

SHMIHAJAR
 Deriving Composite Functions
To find the derivative of the composite function H(x):
 let u = f(x) = x2 + x + 1 and y = g(u) = u100.
 Find the derivatives of each of these functions
du dy
 f ( x )  2 x  1 and  g (u )  100u 99
dx du
 Hence,

dy dy du
   100u 99  2 x  1
dx du dx

 Substituting x2 + x + 1 for u,

dy 99
H ( x )   100  x  x  1  2 x  1
2

dx SHMIHAJAR
 Rule 7: The Chain Rule

 If h(x) = g[f(x)], then

d
h( x)  g  f ( x)   g   f ( x)  f ( x)
dx
 Equivalently, if we write y = h(x) = g(u),
where u = f(x), then
dy dy du
 
dx du dx

SHMIHAJAR
 The Chain Rule for Power Functions

 Many composite functions have the special form

h(x) = g[f(x)]
where g is defined by the rule
g(x) = xn (n, a real number)
so that
h(x) = [f(x)]n
 the function h is given by the power of a function f.
 Examples:

100 1
h( x )   x  x  1
2
H ( x)  G( x)  2 x 2  3
3 3
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5  x 
 The General Power Rule

 If the function f is differentiable and

h(x) = [f(x)]n (n, a real number),
then
d n n 1
h( x )   f ( x )  n  f ( x ) f ( x )
dx

SHMIHAJAR
 The General Power Rule
Example:
 Find the derivative of G ( x )  x 2  1
Solution
1/2
 Rewrite as a power function: G ( x )   x  1
2

 Apply the general power rule:

1 2 1/2 d
G( x )   x  1  x 2
 1
2 dx
1 2 1/2
  x  1  2 x 
2
x

x2  1
SHMIHAJAR
 The General Power Rule
Example:
2 5
 Find the derivative of f ( x )  x  2 x  3
Solution
 Apply the product rule and the general power rule:

d 5 5 d
f ( x )  x 2  2 x  3   2 x  3  x 2
dx dx
2 4 5
 x  5 2 x  3  2    2 x  3  2  x
4 5
 10 x 2  2 x  3  2 x  2 x  3
4
 2 x  2 x  3  5 x  2 x  3
4
 2 x  2 x  3  7 x  3
SHMIHAJAR
 The General Power Rule
Example:
1
 Find the derivative of f ( x )  2
4x 2
 7
Solution
2
 Rewrite as a power function: f ( x)   4 x  7  2

 Apply the general power rule:

3
f ( x )  2  4 x  7 
2
8 x 
16 x
 3
4x 2
 7

SHMIHAJAR
 The General Power Rule
Example: 3
 2x  1 
 Find the derivative of f ( x )   
 3 x  2 
Solution
 Apply the general power rule and the quotient rule:
2
 2x  1  d  2x  1 
f ( x)  3   
 3x  2  dx  3x  2 
2
 2x  1    3x  2 2   2 x  1 3 
 3   2 
 3x  2    3x  2 
2 2
 
 2 x  1  6 x  4  6 x  3 3 2 x  1
 3   2  4
 3x  2    3x  2   3 x  2 
SHMIHAJAR
Differentiation of the Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions

 1
2
,,ee1/2   1
2
, e 1/2 
22
f ( x)  e x
x
–1 1

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 Rule 8
Derivative of the Exponential Function

 The derivative of the exponential function with

base e is equal to the function itself:

d x
dx
 e   ex

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 Examples
2 x
 Find the derivative of the function f ( x )  x e
Solution
 Using the product rule gives

d 2 x 2 d x d
f ( x ) 
dx
 x e   x
dx
 e x
  e
dx
 x2 

 x 2e x  e x (2 x )
 xe x ( x  2)

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 Examples
3/2
 Find the derivative of the function g (t )  e  2  t

Solution
 Using the general power rule gives

3 t 1/2 d
g (t )   e  2   et  2 
2 dt
3 t 1/2 t
 e  2 e
2
3 t t 1/2
 e e  2
2

SHMIHAJAR
 Rule 9
Chain Rule for Exponential Functions

 If f(x) is a differentiable function, then

d f ( x)
dx
 e   e f ( x)
f ( x )

SHMIHAJAR
 Examples
2x
 Find the derivative of the function f ( x )  e
Solution
2x d
f ( x )  e 2x
dx
 e2 x (2)
 2e 2 x

SHMIHAJAR
 Examples
3x
 Find the derivative of the function y  e
Solution
dy 3 x d
e ( 3 x )
dx dx
 e 3 x ( 3)
 3e 3 x

SHMIHAJAR
 Examples
2 t 2 t
 Find the derivative of the function g (t )  e
Solution
2 t2 t d
g (t )  e   2t 2  t 
dt
2 t 2 t
 (4t  1)e

SHMIHAJAR
 Examples
 Find the derivative of the function y  xe 2 x
Solution
dy d 2 x 2 x d
 x e   e  x
dx dx dx
 d 
 x  e 2 x  2 x    e 2 x (1)
 dx 
 xe 2 x ( 2)  e 2 x
 2 xe 2 x  e 2 x
 e 2 x (1  2 x )

SHMIHAJAR
 Examples
et
 Find the derivative of the function g ( t )  t
e  e t
Solution
t d t d
 e t
 e  dt   dt 
e t
 e e t
 e t

g (t ) 
t 2
e  e 
t


 e t
 e  t  et  e t  e t  e  t 
t 2
e t
e 
e 2t  1  e2 t  1

t 2
e t
e 
2

t 2
e t
e 
SHMIHAJAR
 Rule 10
Derivative of the Natural Logarithm

 The derivative of ln x is

d 1
ln x  ( x  0)
dx x

SHMIHAJAR
 Examples
 Find the derivative of the function f ( x )  x ln x
Solution
d d
f ( x )  x  (ln x )  ln x  ( x )
dx dx
1
 x     ln x  (1)
x
 1  ln x

SHMIHAJAR
 Examples
ln x
 Find the derivative of the function g ( x ) 
x
Solution
d d
x  (ln x )  ln x  ( x )
g ( x )  dx dx
x2
1
x   ln x  (1)
 x
x2
1  ln x

x2

SHMIHAJAR
 Rule 11
Chain Rule for Logarithmic Functions

 If f(x) is a differentiable function, then

d f ( x )
ln f ( x )  [ f ( x )  0]
dx f ( x)

SHMIHAJAR
 Examples
2
 Find the derivative of the function f ( x )  ln( x  1)
Solution
d 2
 x  1
f ( x )  dx 2
x 1
2x
 2
x 1

SHMIHAJAR
 Examples
 Find the derivative of the function y  ln[( x 2  1)( x 3  2) 6 ]
Solution
y  ln[( x 2  1)( x 3  2)6 ]
 ln( x 2  1)  ln( x 3  2)6
 ln( x 2  1)  6ln( x 3  2)

d 2 d 3
( x  1) ( x  2)
dy dx dx
  6
dx x2  1 x3  2
2x 3x 2
 2 6 3
x 1 x 2
2x 18 x 2
 2  3
x 1 x  2
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