y

Relative Relative Absolute

maximum maximum maximum

Absolute
minimum

Relative
minimum
x
a x1 x2 x3 b

SHMIHAJAR
OPTIMIZATION 2
 When a curve is concave downwards – maxima
 When a curve is concave upwards - minima
 This is the second derivative test:

1. Compute f ′(x) and f ″(x).

2. Find all the critical numbers of f at which f ′(x) = 0.
3. Compute f ″(c), if it exists, for each critical number c.
a. If f ″(c) < 0, f has a relative maximum at c.
b. If f ″(c) > 0, f has a relative minimum at c.
c. If f ″(c) = 0, the test fails (it is inconclusive), use the first
derivative test

SHMIHAJAR
 Determine the relative extrema of the function

f ( x )  x 3  3x 2  24 x  32
Solution

2
Critical points:
f ( x )  3 x  6 x  24  3( x  4)( x  2)
f ′(x) = 0, x = –2 and x = 4.
f ( x )  6 x  6
Hence,
f ( 2)  6( 2)  6  12  6  18  0

f(–2) = 60 is a relative maximum of f.

f (4)  6(4)  6  24  6  18  0

f(4) = –48 is a relative minimum of f.

SHMIHAJAR
Determine the relative extrema of the function
f ( x)  x3  6 x2  9 x  2
Solution

Cari titik kritikal

Terbitan kedua

SHMIHAJAR
 Determine the inflection point of the function
f ( x)  x3  6 x2  9 x  2
Solution

Dapatkan titik f’’=0

supaya ujian terbitan
kedua gagal

Gunakan ujian terbitan

pertama utk buktikan
titik infleksi

SHMIHAJAR
 Graph of the function
f ( x)  x3  6 x2  9 x  2

y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
SHMIHAJAR OPTIMIZATION 2
 The absolute extrema of a function f

 If f(x)  f(c) for all x in the domain of f, then f(c) is

called the absolute maximum value of f.
 (highest value of y including its end points)

 If f(x)  f(c) for all x in the domain of f, then f(c) is

called the absolute minimum value of f.
 (lowest value of y including its end points)

SHMIHAJAR
OPTIMIZATION 2
 f has an absolute minimum at (0, 0):
y

4 f ( x)  x 2

x
–2 –1 1 2
Absolute minimum
SHMIHAJAR OPTIMIZATION 2
 f has an absolute maximum at (0, 4):
y
Absolute maximum
4

2 f ( x)  4  x 2

x
–2 –1 1 2

SHMIHAJAR OPTIMIZATION 2
 f has an absolute minimum at (  2 / 2, 1 / 2):
and an absolute maximum at ( 2 / 2,1 / 2):
y
1

Absolute maximum

1/2
f ( x)  x 1  x 2

x
–1 1

–1/2

Absolute minimum
–1
SHMIHAJAR OPTIMIZATION 2
 f has no absolute extrema:
 Why? Because the y values are increasing and decreasing
continously y
7
f ( x)  x 3  6 x 2  9 x  2
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6

SHMIHAJAR OPTIMIZATION 2
Absolute Extrema in a Closed Interval
 If a function f is continuous on a closed
interval [a, b], then f has both an
absolute maximum value and an
absolute minimum value on [a, b].

SHMIHAJAR OPTIMIZATION 2
 The relative minimum of f at x3 is also the
absolute minimum of f.
 The right endpoint b of the interval [a, b] gives
rise to the absolute maximum value f(b) of f.
y

Relative Relative Absolute

maximum maximum maximum

Absolute
minimum

Relative
minimum
x
a x1 x2 x3 b

SHMIHAJAR OPTIMIZATION 2
 The absolute extrema of the function F(x) = x2
defined on the interval [–1, 2].
y
4
Absolute
3 maximum

2
f ( x)  x 2
1

x
–2 –1 1 2
Absolute
minimum
SHMIHAJAR OPTIMIZATION 2
 The absolute extrema of the function
f ( x)  x3  2 x 2  4 x  4
defined on the interval [0, 3].

y
Absolute
4 maximum f ( x)  x3  2 x 2  4 x  4

x
–2 2 4

–2

–4 Absolute
minimum
SHMIHAJAR
OPTIMIZATION 2