CHAPTER 1

LIMIT, CONTINUITY, &

DIFFERENTIABILITY
 Chapter Overview

➢ Function

➢ Limit

➢ Continuity

➢ Differentiability
FUNCTION
If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are two variables related to one another in such a way that each value of 𝑥 determines exactly one
value of 𝑦, then we say that 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥 and it is simply written as 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , where 𝑥 is an independent
variable and 𝑦 is a dependent variable. The value of 𝑦 or 𝑓(𝑥) is called functional value.

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is a function 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 𝑜𝑟, (𝑦 = ± 𝑥) is not a function

For 𝑥 = ±1, ±2, ±3, … … … For 𝑥 = 1, 4, 9, … … …
We get, 𝑦 = 1, 4, 9, … … … We get, 𝑦 = ±1, ±2, ±3, … … …

x y x y
1 1
1 1
-1 -1
2 2
4 4
-2 -2
3 3
9 9
-3 -3 3
 Basic Classification of Function

1. Algebraic Function

2.Transcendental Function
 Basic Classification of Function

1. Algebraic Function
n −1 n−2 n −3
➢ Polynomials. f ( x) = an x + an−1 x + an−2 x + an−3 x + a2 x + a1 x + a0
n 2

P( x)
➢ Rational functions. Where 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are both polynomials
Q( x)

1 k
➢ Reciprocal Function x
,
x
 Basic Classification of Function

1. Transcendental Function
x
➢ Exponential functions e

➢ Logarithmic functions. log( x)

➢ Inverse Functions sin−1 (𝑥)

Piecewise Function

 f1 (x) , x  a 0 , x  −1
 
y = f ( x) =  f 2 (x) , a  x  b f ( x) =  1 − x 2 , − 1  x  1
 f (x) , x  b x , x 1
 3 
Limit
y = f ( x) = x 2
y=f(x) If , x = 1, f (1) = 12 = 1
If , x = 1.5, f (1.5) = 2.25
y = f ( x) = x 2
If , x = 2, f (2) = 22 = 4
9
6.25
If , x = 2.5, f (2.5) = 6.25
4
2,25 If , x = 3, f (3) = 9
1

1 1.5 22.5 3 X
Limit y = f ( x)
f(b)

L lim f ( x ) = L
x→ P
f(a)

a P b
Limit
Limit
If 𝑓(𝑥)can be made arbitrarily close to the number 𝐿 by taking sufficiently close to 𝑥 but
different from the number 𝑎, from both the left and right sides of 𝑎, then the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥
approaches 𝑎 is 𝐿.

Two-sided limits

lim− f ( x ) = L lim+ f ( x ) = L
x→ x→

lim f ( x ) = L
x→
Limit Existence of Limit of a Function:
Example: Check the existence of the limit of the function at 𝑥 = 4 for the following function
f ( x ) = − x2 + 2x + 2

x → 4− 3.9 3.99 3.999

f ( x) −5.99400
−5.41000 −5.94010

x → 4+ 4.1 4.01 4.001

f ( x) −6.61000 −6.06010 −6.00600

Limit Existence of Limit of a Function:
Example: Check the existence of the limit of the function at 𝑥 = 4 for the following function
f ( x ) = − x2 + 2x + 2

𝑦
𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2

2
4

𝑥
0

−2

−4

−6
Limit Existence of Limit of a Function:
Example: Check the existence of the limit of the function at 𝑥 =2 for the following function
 x2 x2
f ( x) = 
− x + 6, x2

x → 2− 1.9 1.99 1.999

f ( x) 3.61000 3.99600
3.96010

x → 2+ 2.1 2.01 2.001

f ( x) 3.90000 3.99000 3.99900

Limit
Existence of Limit of a Function:
 x2 x2
f ( x) = 
− x + 6, x2

2
Limit Existence of Limit of a Function:
Example: Check the existence of the limit of the function at 𝑥 =5 for the following function
 x+2 x5
f ( x) = 
− x + 10 x5

x → 5− 4.9 4.99 4.999

f ( x) 6.90000 6.99900
6.99000

x → 5+ 5.1 5.01 5.001

f ( x) 4.90000 4.99000 4.99900

1.9( x )2−
xf →
1.999
1.99
3.99600
3.96010
3.61000

Limit Existence of Limit of a Function:

Example: Check the existence of the limit of the function at 𝑥 =4 for the following function
 x+2 x5
f ( x) = 
− x + 10 x5

5
Limit Existence of Limit of a Function:
 Fundamental Properties of Limit
Limit
Limit
Limit
Limit
Limit
CONTINUITY

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥

lim 𝑓 𝑥 does not 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 does not 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 is exist

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
exist and 𝑓 𝑎 exist and 𝑓 𝑎 Is exist and 𝑓 𝑎 and 𝑓 𝑎
is not defined. is defined. is not defined. is defined but
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑎) .
𝑥→𝑎
CONTINUITY
CONTINUITY
CONTINUITY
CONTINUITY

A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous at 𝑎 number a if the following conditions are satisfied:

1. 𝑓 𝑎 is defined

2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exist and

𝑥→𝑎

3. lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎) exist

𝑥→𝑎
CONTINUITY
CONTINUITY
DIFFERENTIABILITY

Change Position
Change Time

Change Position
Your Change =
Change Time

At 2pm
At 7am
DIFFERENTIABILITY
CONCEPT OF DERIVATIVE
Differentiation → Instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to one of
its variables
≈ to find the slope of the tangent line to the function at a point.

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Δ𝑥
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Δ𝑡
𝑥 𝑥

25 25

Position
Position

20 20
15 15
10 Δ𝑥 10
5 Δ𝑡 5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 𝑡 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 𝑡
Time Time
34
GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF DERIVATIVE
𝑦
change in 𝑦
Gradient/Slope =
Secant Line
change in 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
=
𝑥+ℎ−𝑥
𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
ℎ
=
h
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥+ℎ

35
GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF DERIVATIVE
𝑦 change in 𝑦
Gradient/Slope =
Secant Line
change in 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
=
Tangent Line 𝑥+ℎ−𝑥
𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥
=
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ′
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
∴ = 𝑓 𝑥 = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
First Principle: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at a point 𝑥 if
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
exists (is finite). 36
DIFFERENTIABILITY
DIFFERENTIABILITY
DIFFERENTIABILITY
DIFFERENTIABILITY
DIFFERENTIABILITY