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org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

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Important Limits
xn  an
I. lim  na n1 , where n is integer and a  0.
x a x  a

xa  a 1
II. lim  .
x 0 x 2 a
n
 1
III. lim 1    e .
n0
 n
1
IV. lim 1  x   e .
x
x 

ax 1
V. lim  ln a , where a  0 .
x 0 x
ex  1
VI. lim  ln e  1.
x0 x
sin 
VII. If  is measured in radian, then lim  1.
 0 
Question # 1
(i) lim(2 x  4)  lim(2 x)  lim(4)  2lim( x)  4  2(3)  4  10 .
x3 x3 x3 x3

(ii)
x1

lim 3x 2  2 x  4   3(1)  2(1)  4
2
 3  2  4  5.

(iii) lim x 2  x  4  (3)2  (3)  4  9  3  4  16  4 .

x3

(iv) lim x x 2  4  2 22  4 = 0.
x 2

(v) lim
x2
 x3  1  x 2  5   lim
x2
 
x3  1  lim
x2
 x2  5 
  (2)3  1    (2)2  5 
 8 1  4  5  9  9  0 .
2 x  5x
3
2(2)  5( 2) 16  10
3
26 13
(vi) lim     .
x 2 3 x  2 3(2)  2 6  2 8 4

Question # 2
x3  x x( x 2  1) x( x  1)( x  1)
(i) lim  lim  lim
x 1 x  1 x 1 x 1 x1 x 1
 lim x( x  1)  (1)(1  1)  2
x1

 3x  4 x 
3
x(3x 2  4) 3x 2  4 3(0)  4
(ii) lim  2  = lim  lim   4.
x 0 x ( x  1)
x 0
 x x  x 0 x  1 0 1
FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 2

x3  8
(iii) lim
x 2 x 2  x  6

x3  (2)3 ( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)
 lim 2  lim
x 2 x  3 x  2 x  6 x 2 x( x  3)  2( x  3)

( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4) ( x 2  2 x  4)
 lim  lim
x 2 ( x  3)( x  2) x 2 ( x  3)
(2) 2  2(2)  4) 12
 
(2  3) 5
x3  3x 2  3x  1
(iv) lim
x1 x3  x
 x  1  x  1
3 3

 lim  lim
x 1 x ( x 2  1) x 1 x ( x  1)( x  1)

 x  1 1  1
2 2

 lim  lim 0
x 1 x( x  1) x1 (1)(1  1)
 x3  x 2  x 2  x  1 x2
(v) lim  2   lim  lim
x 1
 x 1  x 1 ( x  1)( x  1) x 1 ( x  1)

 1
2
1
 
(1  1) 2
2 x 2  32 2( x 2  16)
(vi) lim 3  lim 2
x 4 x  4 x 2 x 4 x ( x  4)

2( x  4)  x  4  2( x  4)
 lim  lim
x 4 x 2 ( x  4) x 4 x2
2(4  4) 16
 2
  1.
4 16
x 2 x 2  x 2
(vii) lim  lim  
x 2 x2 x 2 x2  x  2 

 x  2
2 2
x2
 lim  lim
x 2
 x  2  x  2  x 2
 x  2  x 2 
1 1 1
 lim 
x 2 x 2 2 2 2 2
xh  x xh  x xh  x
(viii) lim  lim 
h0 h h0 h xh  x
   x
2 2
xh xhx
 lim  lim
h0
h x  h  x  h0
h  xh  x 
 FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 3

h 1
 lim  lim
h0
h  xh  x  h0 xh  x
1 1
 
x0  x 2 x
xn  an
(ix) lim
x a x m  a m

 lim

 x  a  x n1  x n2a  x n3a 2  ....  a n1 

x a x  a

 x m1  x m2a  x m3a 2  ....  a m1 
 lim
x n 1
 x n2a  x n3a 2  ....  a n1 
x a
x m1
x m2
ax m 3 2
a  ....  a m1

a n1  a n2a  a n3a 2  ....  a n1

a m1  a m2a  a m3a 2  ....  a m1
a n1  a n1  a n1  ....  a n1 (n terms)
 m1
a  a m1  a m1  ....  a m1 (m terms)
n a n1 n n1m1 n nm
  a  a
m a m1 m m

Law of Sine
sin 
If  is measured in radian, then lim 1
  0

See proof on book at page 25

Question # 3
sin 7 x
(i) lim
x 0 x
t
Put t  7x  x
7
When x  0 then t  0 , so
sin 7 x sin t
lim  lim
x 0 x t 0 t
7
sin t
 7lim  7(1)  7 By law of sine.
t 0 t
sin x
(ii) lim
x 0 x
 x
Since 180   rad  1  rad  x  rad
180 180
sin x sin  x
So lim  lim 180
x 0 x x 0 x
FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 4

x 180t
Now put t i.e. x
180 
When x  0 then t  0 , so
sin  x
lim 180  lim sin t
x 0 x x 0 180t

 sin t  
 lim  (1)  by law of sine
180 x0 t 180 180
1  cos 1  cos 1  cos
(iii) lim  lim 
 0 sin   0 sin  1  cos
1  cos 2  sin 2 
 lim  lim
 0 sin  1  cos    0 sin  1  cos  

sin  sin(0) 0
 lim   0
 0 1  cos   1  cos(0) 11
sin x
(iv) lim
x    x

Put t    x  x  t
When x   then t  0 , so
sin x sin(  t )
lim  lim
x   x t 0 t
sin t   
 lim sin   t   sin  2   t   sint
t 0 t  2 
 1 By law of sine.
sin ax 1
(v) lim  limsin ax 
x 0 sin bx x0 sin bx
 ax  1 sin ax 1
 limsin ax     lim  ax
x 0  ax  sin bx   bx  x 0 ax sin bx
 bx
 
 bx  bx
a sin ax 1 a 1 a
 lim    (1)   by law of sine
b x0 ax lim sin bx b (1) b
x 0 bx

x x x
(vi) lim  lim  lim  cos x
x 0 tan x x 0 sin x x0 sin x

cos x
1 1 1
 lim  cos x   limcos x   1  1
x 0 sin x sin x x0 1
lim
x x 0 x
1  cos 2 x
(vii) lim
x0 x2 1  cos 2 x
sin x 
2
2
2sin x
 lim 2
2
x 0 x  2sin x  1  cos 2 x
2
 FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 5

2 2
 sin x   sin x 
 2lim    2  lim   2(1)2  2
x 0  x   x0 x 
(vii) Do yourself by rationalizing
sin 2  sin 
(viii) lim  lim  sin 
 0   0 
sin 
 lim  limsin   (1)  (0)  0
 0   0

sec x  cos x
(x) lim
x 0 x
1 1  cos 2 x
 cos x
 lim cos x  lim cos x
x 0 x x 0 x
1  cos x2 2
sin x sin x sin x
 lim  lim  lim 
x 0 x cos x x 0 x cos x x 0 x cos x
sin x sin x sin(0) 0
 lim  lim  1  1   0
x 0 x x 0 cos x cos(0) 1
1  cos p
(xi) lim
x0 1  cos q

p
2sin 2 x 1  cos x
 lim 2 sin 2 
x 0 q 2 2
2sin 2
2
 
p 2

p 1 p 2 1
 lim sin 2   lim sin 2  
2 sin 2 q
2
p
 
q
x 0 x 0 2 2
2
2 q 2
sin 2 .
2 q
2
2

p p
2
2   p 2 2
   sin
sin  sin 
2  p
2
1 2 1 4
 lim  lim    
p 2
2 2 q p q
2
  sin q
2 2 2
x 0 x 0
 
2 . q
    
2
 2 2
4

2
q 2  q 
2
 
 2 
p 
2

 sin

p2 2   1

p2 2 1
(1)  2 
p2
 lim p 

2
q2 
x 0
  q  q2 (1) q2
2   sin
 2 
 lim
x 0 q 
 
 2 
FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 6

tan   sin 
(xii) lim
 0 sin 3 
sin  sin   sin  cos
 sin 
 lim cos 3  lim cos
 0 sin    0 sin 3 
sin   sin  cos sin  1  cos 
 lim  lim
 0 sin  cos
3  0 sin 3  cos
1  cos 1  cos 1  cos 
 lim 2  lim 2 
 0 sin  cos   0 sin  cos  1  cos 

1  cos 2  sin 2 
 lim 2  lim 2
 0 sin  cos  1  cos    0 sin  cos  1  cos  

1 1
 lim  lim
 0 cos 1  cos   x 0 cos  1  cos  

1 1 1
  
cos(1) 1  cos(1)  1  1  1 2

Note:
n
 1
a) lim 1    e
n  n
1
b) lim 1  x   e
x where e  2.718281...
x0
See proof of (a) and (b) on book at page 23
ax 1
c) lim  log e a or ln a
x0 x
Proof:
Put y  a x  1 …….. (i)
When x  0 then y  0
Also from (i) 1  y  ax
Taking log on both sides
ln 1  y   ln a x  ln(1  y)  x ln a ln x m  m ln x
ln 1  y 
 x
ln a
a 1
x
y
Now lim  lim
x 0 x y 0 ln 1  y 

ln a
y ln a ln a
 lim  lim
y 0 ln 1  y  y 0 1
ln 1  y 
y
 FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 7

ln a ln a
 lim 1
 1
ln x m  m ln x
y 0
ln 1  y  y limln 1  y  y
y 0
1
ln a ln a
  lim 1  x  x  e
 1
 ln  e  x0
ln  lim 1  y  y 
 y0 
ln a
  ln a ln e  1
1

Question # 4
2
 1
2n
  1 
n

(i) lim 1     lim 1     e2

n   n n   n  

n 1

 1 2   1 
n 2 1
(ii) lim 1     lim 1     e 2  e
n   n n   n  

1
 1
n
  1 
n
1
(iii) lim 1     lim 1     e1 
n   n  n   n   e
n
 1 
(iv) lim 1  
n  3n 
3n 1

 1    1  3
3n

3 1
 lim 1     lim 1     e3
n  3n   n  3n  
4
n
4n
 n

 4  4  4 
  lim 1     e4 .
4 4
(v) lim 1    lim 1  
n  n n  n  n  n  
 
2
(vi) lim 1  3x  x
x 0
6
 6 1

 lim 1  3 x   lim 1  3 x  x   e6
3x 3
x0
 x0 
2
1 2
 1


(vii) lim 1  2 x 2 x2
 lim 1  2 x 2 2 x2
 
 lim 1  2 x 2   2 x2
  e2
x0 x0
 x0 
2
1 2
 1
 1
(viii) lim 1  2h   lim 1  2h 
h 2 h  lim 1  2h  h   e2  2
2
h0 h0
 h0  e
x
 x 
(ix) lim  
x   1  x 
x x x
1 x  1 x 1 
 lim    lim     lim   1
x   x  x   x x x   x 
FSc-II / Ex- 1.3 - 8

1
  1 x  1
  lim 1     e1 
 x  x   e
1
e x
1
(x) lim 1
; x0
x 0
e 1 x

Put x  t where t  0
When x  0 then t  0 , so
1 1 1
e x
1 e t
1 e 0
1
lim 1
 lim 1
 1
x 0 t 0
e x
1 e t 1 e 0
1

e 1 0 1 1 1
   e    0
e 1 0 1 e 
 1
1
e x
1
(xi) lim 1
; x0
x 0
e x
1
1  1   1 
e x 1  1  1  1 
= lim  e x  = lim  e x 
x 0 1  1  x 0 
1 
e x 1  1   1  1 
 e x  e x
1
1 1 1 
1
1 
1
= e 0 = e 
=  = 1 0  1
1 1
1
1 
1
1
1 1 0
e 0 e 

Error Analyst

Ali Tahir 2012-14 KIPS College

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Book: Exercise 1.3 (Page 27)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
Edition: May 2013.

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (Atiq@MathCity.org)

Available online at http://www.MathCity.org in PDF Format (Picture format to view
online).
Page Setup used A4.
Printed: December 19, 2014.