Chapter 3 Nodal and Loop Analysis Techni

1
Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV
SOLUTION:
Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

2
SOLUTION:
In Mesh 1: –4 + 400i + 300i – 300i – 1 = 0

1 1 2
In Mesh 2: 1 + 500i – 300i +2 – 2 = 0
2
Solving two equations
i1 = 5.923 mA and i2 = -2.846 mA

3
SOLUTION:
a. Define a clockwise mesh current i in the left-most mesh; a clockwise mesh current i
1 2
in the central mesh, and note that i can be used as a mesh current for the remaining
y
mesh.
Mesh 1: -10 + 7i1– 2i = 0
2
Mesh 2: -2i1 + 5i2 = 0
Mesh y: -2i2+ 9i = 0
y
Solving the three equations
i1 1.613A, iy=143.4mA
b. The power supplied by the 10 V source is (10)(i ) = 10(1.613) = 16.13 W

1

4
SOLUTION:

5
SOLUTION:

6

7
SOLUTION:

8

9
SOLUTION:

10

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SOLUTION:

12

13
SOLUTION:
By inspection, no current flows through the 2 Ω resistor, so i1= 0

VA VA −VB
Node A: 2= +
3 1
VB VB VB −VA
Node B: -2 = + +
6 6 1
Solving, V = 0.8571 V and V = -0.8571 V
A B
Thus v1 = 1.714V

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:
(See Next Page)

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SOLUTION:
Two required nodal equations:

v1 V1 −v2
Node 1: 1= +
2 3
v2 v2 −v1
Node 2: -3 = +
1 1
Which modifies to 5v1-2v2 = 6
-v1+4v2=-9
Solving we find v1= 333.3mV

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SOLUTION:

20
SOLUTION:

21

22
SOLUTION:
Let us choose the bottom node as reference node, as then v will automatically become
x
a nodal voltage.
V V −V V −V
Node 1: 4 = 1 + 1 2 + 1 x
100 20 50
Vx −V1 Vx −V2
Node 2: 10 -4-(-2) = +
50 40
V V −V V −V
Node 3: -2 = 2 + 2 x + 2 1
25 40 20
Simplifying
4 = 0.0800v – 0.0500v – 0.0200v
1 2 x
8 = -0.0200v – 0.02500v + 0.04500v
1 2 x
-2 = -0.0500v + 0.1150v – 0.02500v
1 2 x
Solving
v = 397.4 V
x

23
SOLUTION:

24

25

26
SOLUTION:
The bottom node has the largest number of branch connections, so we choose that as
our reference node. This also makes v easier to find, as it will be a nodal voltage.
P
Working from left to right, we name our nodes 1, P, 2, and 3
V1 V1 −Vp
Node1: 10 = +
20 40
Vp −V1 V V −V
Node2: 0 = + p + p 2
40 100 50
V2 −Vp V2 −V3
Node 3: -2.5 + 2 = +
50 10
V3 V3 −V2
Node 4: 5 – 2 = +
200 10
Solving
60v - 20v = 8000 [1]
1 P
-50v + 110 v - 40v = 0 [2]
1 P 2
- v + 6v - 5v = -25 [3]
P 2 3
-200v + 210v = 6000
2 3
Thus, v = 171.6 V
P

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SOLUTION:

28

29

30
SOLUTION:

31

32

33
SOLUTION:
The supernode contains the 2-V source, nodes 1 and 2, and the 10-Ω resistor.Applying KCL to
the supernode as shown in the figure below gives,
2 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 7
Expressing 𝑖1 and𝑖2 in terms of the node voltages, we get,

𝑣1 − 0 𝑣2 − 0
2= + +7 => 8 = 2𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 28
2 4
Or, 𝑣2 = −20 − 2𝑣1 (i)
To get the relationship between 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 , we apply KVL to the circuit shown in figure below.
Going around the loop, we obtain,
−𝑣1 − 2 + 𝑣2 = 0 => 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 2 (ii)

34
From (i) and (ii), we get,

𝑣1 = −7.333 𝑉 And 𝑣2 = −5.333 𝑉.

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SOLUTION:

36
SOLUTION:

37

38
SOLUTION:
We need to concern ourselves with the bottom part of this circuit only. Writing a single
nodal equation.
-4 + 2 = v/50
v = 100V

39
SOLUTION:

40

41
SOLUTION:

42

43
SOLUTION:
(See Next Page)

44

45
SOLUTION:
Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode; so do nodes 3 and 4. We apply KCLto the two supernodes as
represented in figure below.
At supernode 1-2,
𝑖3 + 10 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2
Expressing this in terms of the node voltages,

𝑣3 − 𝑣2 𝑣1 − 𝑣4 𝑣1
+ 10 = + Or, 5 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣3 − 2𝑣4 = 60 (i)
6 5 2
At supernode 3-4,
𝑣1 − 𝑣4 𝑣3 − 𝑣2 𝑣4 𝑣3
𝑖1 = 𝑖3 + 𝑖4 + 𝑖5 => = + +
3 6 1 4

46
Or, 4𝑣1 + 2𝑣2 − 5𝑣3 − 16𝑣4 = 0 (ii)
We now apply KVL to the branches involving the voltage sources as shown in the figure below,
For loop 1,
−𝑣1 + 20 + 𝑣2 = 0 => 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 20 (iii)
For loop 2,
−𝑣3 + 3 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣4 = 0
But, 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣4 , so that,
3𝑣1 − 𝑣3 − 2𝑣4 = 0 (iv)
For loop 3,
𝑣𝑥 − 3𝑣𝑥 + 6𝑖3 − 20 = 0
But, 6𝑖3 = 𝑣3 − 𝑣2 and𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣4 . Hence,
−2𝑣1 − 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + 2𝑣4 = 20 (v)
We have four variables but 5 equations. Thus one extra equation can be used to check the results.
Solving equations from (i) to (v) using substitution and elimination method or using Cramer’s rule,
we get,𝑣1 = 26.67 𝑉 𝑣2 = 6.67 𝑉, 𝑣3 = 173.33 𝑉 𝑣4 = −46.67 𝑉

47
SOLUTION:

48

49
SOLUTION:

50

51
SOLUTION:

52
SOLUTION:

53

54
SOLUTION:
The circuit in this example has three non-reference nodes. We assign voltages to the three
nodes as shown in the figure below and label the currents.
At node 1,
𝑣1 − 𝑣3 𝑣1 − 𝑣2
3 = i1 + ix => 3= +
4 2
Multiplying by 4 and rearranging terms, we get
3 v1 – 2 v2 + v3 = 12 (i)
At node 2,
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 𝑣2 − 𝑣3 𝑣2 − 0
ix= i2 + i3 => = +
2 8 4
Multiplying by 8 and rearranging terms, we get,

55
-4v1 + 7 v2 – v3 = 0 (ii)
At node 3,
𝑣1 − 𝑣3 𝑣2 − 𝑣3 𝑣1 − 𝑣2
i1 + i2 = 2 ix => + = 2( )
4 8 2
Multiplying by 8, rearranging terms, and dividing by 3, we get,
2 v 1 – 3 v2 + v 3 = 0 (iii)
We have three simultaneous equations (i), (ii) and (iii) to solve to get the node voltages v1, v2
and v3. Thus, we find –
v1 = 4.8 V, v2 = 2.4 V and, v3 = -2.4 V

56
SOLUTION:

57

58

59
SOLUTION:

60

61
SOLUTION:
We begin by naming the top left node “1”, the top right node “2”, the bottom node of
the 6-V source “3” and the top node of the 2-Ω resistor “4.” The reference node has
already been selected, and designated using a ground symbol.
By inspection, v2 = 5V
Forming a supernode with nodes 1 and 3, we find
V V −5
At the supernode: -2 = 3 + 1
1 10
V4 V4 −5
At node 4: 2= +
2 4
Our supernode KVL equation, v1 − v3 = 6
Rearranging, simplifying and collecting terms,
v1 + 10v3 = −20 + 5 = −15
v1 − v3 = 6
Thus
v4 = 4.333V, v1 = 4.091V and v3 = −1.909V.

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SOLUTION:

63
SOLUTION:

64

65

66
SOLUTION:
𝑉𝑎 −𝑉𝑐
From the figure, 𝐼1 =
2
Assume that the currents are moving away from the node. Applying KCL at Node a,
𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎 −𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑎 −2−𝑉𝑏
+ + =4 (i)
1 2 2
Applying KCL at node b,

𝑉𝑏 +2−𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑏 −𝑉𝑐
+ = 2𝐼1 (ii)
2 3
Applying KCL at node c,

𝑉𝑐 −𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐 −𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑎 −𝑉𝑐
+ = 𝐼1 => + = (iii)
3 5 3 5 2
Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get,
𝑉𝑎 = 4.303 𝑉 𝑉𝑏 = 3.87 𝑉 𝑉𝑐 = 3.33 𝑉

67
SOLUTION:

68

69
SOLUTION:

70
SOLUTION:

71

72
SOLUTION:

73

74

75
SOLUTION:

76

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SOLUTION:
Let us define the nodes as
Sol:
V1 −1.3
Node 1: -2 x 10-3 =
1.8 ×103
2,4 supernode
v4 − 1.3 v2 − v5 v4 − v5 v4
2.3 × 103 = + + +
7.3 × 103 1 × 103 1.3 × 103 1.5 × 103
KVL equation: −v2 + v4 = 5.2
v5 −v2 v5 −v4 v5 −2.6
Node 5: 0 = + +
1×103 1.3×103 6.3×103
Simplifying and collecting terms,
14.235 v2 + 22.39 v4 – 25.185 v5 = 35.275 [1]

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-v + v4 = 5.2 [2]
2
-8.19 v – 6.3 v4 + 15.79 v5 = 3.38 [3]
2
Solving, we find the voltage at the central node is v = 3.460 V
4

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SOLUTION:
Define a voltage v at the top node of the current source I , and a clockwise mesh
x 2
current ib in the right-most mesh.
We want 6 W dissipated in the 6-Ω resistor, which leads to the requirement ib = 1 A.
Applying nodal analysis to the circuit,
vx − v1
I1 + I2 = =1
6
so our requirement is I + I = 1. There is no constraint on the value of v1 other than
1 2
we are told to select a nonzero value
Thus we choose I1 = I2 = 500mA and v1 = 3.1415 V.

80
SOLUTION:

81

82

83
SOLUTION:

84

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SOLUTION:
(See Next Page)

86

87

88
SOLUTION:

89

90

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SOLUTION:
(*See Next Page)

92

93
SOLUTION:

94

95
SOLUTION:
First, represent the resistor currents in terms of the node voltages as shown below,
Apply at KCL at node 1 to get,
𝑣1 𝑣1 −𝑣2 𝑣1 −60 1 1 1 1 60
+ + =0 => ( + + ) 𝑣1 − ( ) 𝑣2 =
50 65 80 50 65 80 65 80
Apply KCL at node 2 to get
𝑣2 −𝑣1 𝑣2 −60 1 1 1
+ = 0.1 => − 𝑣 +( + ) 𝑣2 = 0.1
65 75 65 1 65 75
Solving, we get, 𝑣1 = 30.81𝑉 and 𝑣2 = 47.990𝑉

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SOLUTION:
With the reference terminal already specified, we name the bottom terminal of the
3-mA source node “1,” the left terminal of the bottom 2.2-kΩ resistor node “2,” the
top terminal of the 3-mA source node “3,” the “+” reference terminal of the 9-V
source node “4,” and the “-” terminal of the 9-V source node “5.
Since we know that 1 mA flows through the top 2.2-kΩ resistor, v = -2.2 V.
5
Also, we see that v – v = 9, so that v = 9 – 2.2 = 6.8 V.
4 5 4
Proceeding with nodal analysis,
V1 V1 −V2
At node 1, −3 × 10−3 = +
10×103 2.2×103
v2 −v1 v2 −v3
At node 2, 0 = +
2.2 ×103 4.7 ×103
3 3 V3 V3 −V2
At node 3, 1 × 10 + 3 × 10 = +
3.3×103 4.7×103
Solving v1 = −8.614V, v2 = −3.909V, v3 = 6.143V

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SOLUTION:
If v = 0, the dependent source is a short circuit and we may redraw the circuit as
1
v1 v1 − 96 v1 −V2
At node 1: + +
40 20 10
Since v1 = 0
96 V2
-2 = − −
20 10
So that V2 = -28V

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SOLUTION:
Let𝑣𝑎 denote the node voltage at node a,𝑣𝑏 denotethe node voltage at node b, and 𝑣𝑐 denote
the nodevoltage at node c. Apply KCL at node a to obtain,
𝑣𝑎 −𝑣𝑏 𝑣𝑎 −𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑎 −𝑣𝑏

−( ) + 𝑖1 − ( ) + 𝑖2 − ( )=0
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅5
Separate the terms of this equation that involve 𝑣𝑎 from the terms that involve 𝑣𝑏 and the terms
that
Involve𝑣𝑐 to obtain,
1 1 1 1 1 1
( + + ) 𝑣𝑎 − ( ) 𝑣𝑏 − ( + ) 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅5 𝑅5 𝑅1 𝑅2
Apply KCL at node b to obtain,
𝑣𝑎 −𝑣𝑏 𝑣𝑏 −𝑣𝑐 𝑣
−𝑖1 + ( )−( ) − ( 𝑏 ) + 𝑖3 = 0
𝑅5 𝑅3 𝑅4
Separate the terms of this equation that involve𝑣𝑎 from the terms that involve𝑣𝑏 and the terms
that involve 𝑣𝑐 to obtain,
1 1 1 1 1
− ( ) 𝑣𝑎 + ( + + ) 𝑣𝑏 − ( ) 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑖3 − 𝑖2
𝑅5 𝑅3 𝑅4 𝑅5 𝑅3
Similarly, we can write the node equation at node c:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
−( + ) 𝑣𝑎 − ( ) 𝑣𝑏 + ( + + + ) 𝑣𝑐 = −𝑖1
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅6

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SOLUTION:
We apply KVL to the three meshes in turn. For mesh 1,
−24 + 10(𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) + 12 (𝑖1 − 𝑖3 ) = 0
=> 11𝑖1 − 5𝑖2 − 6𝑖3 = 12 (i)
For mesh 2,
24𝑖2 + 4(𝑖2 − 𝑖3 ) + 10 (𝑖2 − 𝑖1 ) = 0
Or, −5𝑖1 + 19𝑖2 − 2𝑖3 = 0

(ii)
For mesh 3,
4𝐼0 + 12(𝑖3 − 𝑖1 ) + 4(𝑖3 − 𝑖2 ) = 0
But at node A, 𝐼0 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 , so that
4(𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) + 12(𝑖3 − 𝑖1 ) + 4(𝑖3 − 𝑖2 ) = 0
Or, −𝑖1 − 𝑖2 + 2𝑖3 = 0

(iii)
Solving equations (i), (ii), and (iii) simultaneously, we get,
𝑖1 = 2.25 𝐴 𝑖2 = 0.75 𝐴 and, 𝑖3 = 1.5 𝐴

100
Thus, 𝐼0 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = 1.5 𝐴

101
SOLUTION:
The current through the 2 Ω resistor is i

1
Mesh 1: 5i – 3i = 0
1 2
Mesh 2: –212 +8i –3i = 0
2 1
Mesh 3: 8i – 5i + 122 = 0
3 2
Solving, i = 20.52 A, i = 34.19 A and i = 6.121 A
1 2 3
The current through the 5 Ω resistor is i , or 6.121 A.
3

102
SOLUTION:
(See Next Page)

103

104
SOLUTION:
Let us define four clockwise mesh currents. The top mesh current is labeled i . The
4
bottom left mesh current is labeled i , the bottom right mesh current is labeled i , and
1 3
the remaining mesh current is labeled i . Define a voltage “v ” across the 4-A current
2 4A
source with the “+” reference terminal on the left
Now i = 5 A and i = i4
3 a
MESH 1: -60 + 2i – 2i + 6i = 0
MESH 2: -6i + v + 4i – 4(5) = 0
4 4A 2
MESH 4: 2i – 2i + 5i + 3i – 3(5) – v = 0
4 1 4 4 4A
Also, i2– i4 = 4
Solving these four equations
i = 16.83 A, i = 10.58 A, i = 6.583 A and v = 17.17 V.
1 2 4 4A
Thus, the power dissipated by the 2-Ω resistor is (i1-i4)2.2 = 210W

105
SOLUTION:
We begin our analysis by defining three clockwise mesh currents. We will call the top
mesh current i3, the bottom left mesh current i1, and the bottom right mesh current i2
Now i =5A [1]
1
i = -0.01 v [2]
2 1
MESH 3: 50 i + 30 i – 30 i + 20 i – 20 i = 0 [3]
3 3 2 3 1
These three equations are insufficient, however, to solve for the unknowns. It would be
nice to be able to express the dependent source controlling variable v in terms of the
1
mesh currents. Returning to the diagram, it can be seen that KVL around mesh 1 will
yield
-v1 + 20i1 - 20i3 + 4v1=0
Or v = (20(5)/ 0.6 - 20 i3 / 0.6 [4]
1
Substituting Eq. [4] into Eq. [2] and then the modified Eq. [2] into Eq. [3], we find
20(5) – 30(-0.01)(20)(5)/0.6 + 30(-0.01)(20)i3/6 + 100i5 =0
Solving, we find that i3 = 555.6mA
Thus v = -1.481 A, i2 =1.481V and the power generated by the dependent voltage source
1
is
0.4 v (i – i ) = -383.9 W
1 2 1

106
SOLUTION:

107
SOLUTION:

108
SOLUTION:
Note that meshes 1 and 2 form a supermesh since they have anindependent current source in
common. Also, meshes 2 and 3 formanother supermesh because they have a dependent current
source in common. The two supermeshes intersect and form a larger supermesh as
shown.Applying KVL to the larger supermesh,
2𝑖1 + 4𝑖3 + 8(𝑖3 − 𝑖4 ) + 6𝑖2 = 0
Or, 𝑖1 + 3𝑖2 + 6𝑖3 − 4𝑖4 = 0

(i)
For the independent current source, we apply KCL to node P
𝑖2 = 𝑖1 + 5 (ii)
For the dependent current source, we apply KCL to node Q
𝑖2 = 𝑖3 + 3𝐼0
But 𝐼0 = −𝑖4, hence,
𝑖2 = 𝑖3 − 3𝑖4 (iii)
Applying KVL in mesh 4,
2𝑖4 + 8(𝑖4 − 𝑖3 ) + 10 = 0
Or, 5𝑖4 − 4𝑖3 = −5 (iv)

109
Solving equations (i) to (iv) simultaneously,
𝑖1 = −7.5 𝐴002, 𝑖2 = −2.5𝐴 𝑖3 = 3.93 𝐴, 𝑖4 = 2.1.43 𝐴

110
SOLUTION:
(See Next Page)

111

112
SOLUTION:
We define a clockwise mesh current i in the upper right mesh, a clockwise mesh
3
current i in the lower left mesh, and a clockwise mesh current i in the lower right mesh.
1 2
MESH 1: -6 + 6 i1 - 2 = 0 [1]
MESH 2: 2 + 15 i – 12 i – 1.5 = 0 [2]
2 3
MESH 3: i = 0.1 v [3]
3 x
Eq. [1] may be solved directly to obtain i = 1.333 A.
1
It would help in the solution of Eqs. [2] and [3] if we could express the dependent source
controlling variable v in terms of mesh currents. Referring to the circuit diagram, we see
x
that v = (1)( i1) = i1, so Eq. [3] reduces to
i = 0.1 v = 0.1 i = 133.3 mA
3 x
As a result, Eq. [1] reduces to
i = [-0.5 + 12(0.1333)]/ 15 = 73.31 mA
2

113
SOLUTION:

114

115
SOLUTION:
Let us define currents i1, i2, i3, i4 in the left lower, left upper, right upper and right lower
loop respectively.
MESH 1: –V + 9i – 2i – 7i = 0
z 1 2 4
MESH 2: –2i + 7i – 5i = 0
1 2 3
MESH 3: Vx - 5i2 + 8i – 3i = 0
3 4
MESH 4: V – 7i – 3i + 10i = 0
y 1 3 4
Rearranging and setting i – i = 0, i – i = 0, i – i = 0 and i – i = 0,
1 2 2 3 1 4 4 3
9i - 2i -7i = V
1 2 4 z
-2i + 7i - 5i = 0
1 2 3
-5i2 + 8i3 – 3i = - V
4 x
-7i -3i + 10i = - V
1 3 4 y
Since i1 = i2 = i3 = i4, these equations produce
Vz=0
0=0
-Vx=0
-Vy=0
This is a unique solution. Therefore, the request that nonzero values be found cannot be
satisfied

116
SOLUTION:
Starting with the left-most mesh and moving right, we define four clockwise mesh
currents i , i , i and i . We see that i = 2 mA.
1 2 3 4
MESH 2: -10 + 5000i + 4 + 1000i = 0 [1]
MESH 3: -1000i + 6 + 10,000 – 10,000i = 0 [2]
3 4
MESH 4: i = -0.5i [3]
4 2
Reorganising, we find
5000 i + 1000 i = 6 [1]
2 3
9000 i – 10,000 i = -6 [2]
3 4
0.5 i + i = 0 [3]
2 4
On solving we find
i = 2mA, i = 1.5mA, i = -1.5mA and i = -0.75mA
1
The power generated by each source is:
P = 5000(i – i )(i ) = 5mW
2mA 1 2 1
P = 4 (-i ) = -6mW
4V 2
P = 6 (-i ) = 9mW
6V 3
P = 1000 i (i – i ) = 4.5mW
depV 3 3 2
P = 10,000(i – i )(0.5 i) = -5.625mW
depI 3 4

117
SOLUTION:
The circuit in Fig. 3.27 has four non-reference nodes, so we need fournode equations. This
implies that the size of the conductance matrixG, is 4 by 4. The diagonal terms of G, in Siemens,
are
1 1 1
𝐺11 = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3, 𝐺22 = + + = 1.325
5 8 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐺33 = + + = 0.5 𝐺44 = + + = 1.625
8 8 4 8 2 1
The off-diagonal terms are,

1
𝐺12 = − = −0.2, 𝐺13 = 𝐺14 = 0
5
1 1
𝐺21 = −0.2 𝐺23 = − = −0.125 𝐺24 = − = 1
8 1
1 1
𝐺31 = 0 𝐺32 = − = −0.125 𝐺34 = − = −0.125
8 8
𝐺41 = 0 𝐺42 = −1 𝐺43 = −0.125
The input current vector i has the following terms, in amperes
𝑖1 = 3 𝑖2 = −1 − 2 = −3 𝑖3 = 0 𝑖4 = 2 + 4 = 6
Thus the node-voltage equations are,

118
0.3 −0.2 0 0 𝑣1 3
−0.2 1.325 −0.125 −1 𝑣2 −3
[ ][ ] = [ ]
0 −0.125 0.5 −0.125 𝑣3 0
0 −1 −0.125 1.625 𝑣4 6
Which can be solved to obtain 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 and 𝑣4

119
SOLUTION:
We have five meshes, so the resistance matrix is 5 by 5. The diagonalterms, in ohms, are:
𝑅11 = 5 + 2 + 2 = 9 𝑅22 = 2 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 2 = 10
𝑅33 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 𝑅44 = 1 + 3 + 4 = 8 𝑅55 = 1 + 3 = 4
The off-diagonal terms are:
𝑅12 = −2 𝑅13 = −2 𝑅14 = 0 = 𝑅15
𝑅21 = −2 𝑅23 = −4 𝑅24 = −1 𝑅25 = −1
𝑅31 = −2 𝑅32 = −4 𝑅34 = 0 = 𝑅35
𝑅41 = 0 𝑅42 = −1 𝑅43 = 0 𝑅45 = −3
𝑅51 = 0 𝑅52 = −1 𝑅53 = 0 𝑅54 = −3
The input voltage vector vhas the following terms in volts:
𝑣1 = 4 𝑣2 = 10 − 4 = 6
𝑣3 = −12 + 6 = −6 𝑣4 = 0 𝑣5 = −6
Thus, the mesh-current equations are:

120
9 −2 −2 0 0 𝑖1 4
−2 10 −4 −1 −1 𝑖2 6
−2 −4 9 0 0 𝑖3 = −6
0 −1 0 8 −3 𝑖4 0
[0 −1 0 −3 4 ] [𝑖5 ] [−6]

121
SOLUTION:

122

123
SOLUTION:

124
SOLUTION:

125

126
SOLUTION:

127

128
SOLUTION:
MESH 1: -7 + i1 – i2 = 0 [1]
MESH 2: i – i + 2i + 3i – 3i = 0 [2]
2 1 2 2 3
MESH 3: 3i – 3i + Xi3 +2i3 – 7 = 0 [3]
3 2
Grouping terms, we find that
i –i =7 [1]
1 2
-i1 + 6i2 -3i3 = 0 [2]
-3i + (5 + X)i = 7 [3]
2 3
Also i2 = 2.273A
Thus solving these equations
7−3i2 +5i3
x= = 4.498Ω
i3

129
SOLUTION:
We define a mesh current i in the left-hand mesh, a mesh current i in the top right
a 1
mesh, and a mesh current i in the bottom right mesh (all flowing clockwise).
The left-most mesh can be analysed separately to determine the controlling voltage va ,
as KCL assures us that no current flows through either the 1-Ω or 6-Ω resistor
Thus, -1.8 + 3ia – 1.5 + 2ia = 0, which may be solved to find ia = 0.66 A. Hence,
va = 3ia = 1.98 V
Forming one supermesh from the remaining two meshes, we may write:
-3 + 2.5 i + 3 i + 4 i = 0
1 2 2
And the supermesh KCL equation: i – i = 0.5 v = 0.5(1.98) = 0.99
2 1 a
Thus, we have two equations to solve:
2.5 i + 7 i = 3
1 2
-i1 + i2 = 0.99
Solving, we find that i = -413.7 mA and the voltage across the 2.5-Ω resistor
1
(Arbitrarily assuming the left terminal is the “+” reference) is 2.5 i1 = -1.034 V.

130
SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

138

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SOLUTION:

140
SOLUTION:

141
SOLUTION:
Assigning clockwise currents in three meshes, we get,
From the figure,
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼1 𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼2 − 𝐼3
But 𝐼3 = −1 𝐴, so
𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼2 + 1
Applying KVL to Mesh 1,
5 − 𝐼1 − 𝐼𝑦 − (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 ) = 0 => −𝐼1 − 𝐼2 − 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = −5 + 1
=> 𝐼1 = 2 𝐴
Applying KVL to Mesh 2,
−(𝐼2 − 𝐼1 ) + 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼2 − 𝐼𝑥 − (𝐼2 − 𝐼3 ) = 0

142
=> −𝐼2 + 𝐼1 + (𝐼2 + 1) − 𝐼2 − 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 = 0
=> −2𝐼2 + 1 − 1 = 0 => 𝐼2 = 0

143
SOLUTION:

144
SOLUTION:
Let us define three clockwise mesh currents: i1 in the bottom left mesh, i2 in the top
mesh, and i3 in the bottom right mesh.
In mesh 1:
I1 = 5mA
Supermesh : i – i = 0.4 i
1 2 10
i – i = 0.4(i – i )
1 2 3 2
i – 0.6 i – 0.4 i = 0
1 2 3
Mesh 3: -5000 i – 10000 i + 35000 i = 0
1 2 3
Simplify: 0.6 i + 0.4 i = 5×10-3
2
-10000i2 +35000i3 = 25
Solving, we find i = 6.6 mA and i = 2.6 mA. Since i = i – i , we find that
2 3 10 3 2
i = -4 mA
10

145
SOLUTION:
Let us define four clockwise mesh currents, starting with i1 in the left-most mesh, then
i2, i3 and i4 moving towards the right.
Mesh 1: -0.8ix + (2 + 5)i1 – 5i2 = 0 [1]
Mesh 2: i =1A [2]
2
Mesh 3: (3 + 4) i – 3(1) – 4(i4) = 0 [3]
3
Mesh 4: (4 + 3) i – 4 i – 5 = 0 [4]
4 3
Simplify and collect terms, noting that ix = i1 – i2 = i1 – 1
Thus, [3] and [4] become: 7i –4i =3
3 4
-4 i3 + 7i4 = 5
Solving, we find that i = 1.242 A and i = 1.424 A.
3 4

146
SOLUTION:
Let us define four clockwise mesh currents i , i , i and i starting with the left-most
1 2 3 4
mesh and moving towards the right of the circuit.
At the 1,2 supermesh: 2000 i + 6000 i – 3 + 5000 i = 0 [1]
1 2 2
-3
And i – i = 2×10 [2]
1 2
Also i4= -1mA
Solving, i1 = 1.923 mA and i2 = -76.92 μA
Thus, the voltage across the 2-mA source
v = -2000 i – 6000 (i – i ) = -15.85 V.
1 1 2

147
SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:
(See Next Page)

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SOLUTION:
(See Next Page)

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SOLUTION:
(See Next Page)

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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Chapter 3 Nodal and Loop Analysis Techni

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1

Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

In Mesh 1: –4 + 400i + 300i – 300i – 1 = 0

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

b. The power supplied by the 10 V source is (10)(i ) = 10(1.613) = 16.13 W

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

By inspection, no current flows through the 2 Ω resistor, so i1= 0

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

(See Next Page)

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Two required nodal equations:

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Expressing 𝑖1 and𝑖2 in terms of the node voltages, we get,

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

From (i) and (ii), we get,

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

(See Next Page)

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Expressing this in terms of the node voltages,

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Or, 4𝑣1 + 2𝑣2 − 5𝑣3 − 16𝑣4 = 0 (ii)

−𝑣1 + 20 + 𝑣2 = 0 => 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 20 (iii)

3𝑣1 − 𝑣3 − 2𝑣4 = 0 (iv)

But, 6𝑖3 = 𝑣3 − 𝑣2 and𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣4 . Hence,

−2𝑣1 − 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + 2𝑣4 = 20 (v)

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

Chapter 3: Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques