CH 07

1
Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV
SOLUTION:
If i(0) = 10 A, v(0) = 10 V
𝑡 −𝑡⁄
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣(0)𝑒 − ⁄𝑅𝐶 = 10𝑒 2
−1
𝑎. At t = 1s v(1) = 10𝑒 ⁄2 = 6.065𝑉
𝑏. . At t = 2s v(2) = 10𝑒 −1 = 3.6795𝑉
Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

2
SOLUTION:

3

4
SOLUTION:
12
For 𝑡 = 0− , 𝑖(0) = 3 + = 6 and 𝑣(0) = 0
4
For 𝑡 > 0, we have a parallel RLC circuit with a step input,

1 1 1 1
𝛼= = = 2, 𝜔0 = = =2
2𝑅𝐶 2×5×0.05 √𝐿𝐶 √5×0.05
Since 𝛼 = 𝜔0 , we have a critically damped response.
𝑠1,2 = −2
Thus,
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑠 + [(𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡 ], 𝐼𝑠 = 3
𝑖(0) = 6 = 3 + 𝐴, Or, 𝐴=3

𝑑𝑖 𝑣 𝑑𝑖
𝑣=𝐿 , Or, = = 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑡 + [−2(𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡 ]
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
𝑣(0) 𝑑𝑖(0)
=0= = 𝐵 − 2 × 3, or B=6
𝐿 𝑑𝑡
Thus, 𝑖(𝑡) = 3 + (3 + 6𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐴

5
SOLUTION:

6

7
SOLUTION:

8

9

10
SOLUTION:
We can see that τ = RC = 4s

Thus
V(t) = v(0)e-t/RC = 5e-0.25tV
a. V(1ms) = 5e-0.25(0.001) = 4.999V
b. V(2ms) = 5e-0.25(0.002)= 4.998V
Therefore i(2ms) = 4.998/1000 = 4.998mA
c. V(4ms) = = 5e-0.25(0.004) = 4.995V
W = ½ C v2 = 49.9mJ

11
SOLUTION:

12

13
SOLUTION:

14

15
SOLUTION:

16
SOLUTION:
30
𝑣𝑐 (0) = 8(50||200) × = 192𝑉
50
3000𝑡⁄
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑣(0)𝑒 − 24 = 192𝑒 −125𝑡
0.1 = 𝑒 −125𝑡
Thus t = 18.421ms

17
SOLUTION:
For 𝑡 < 0, the switch is at position A. The capacitor acts like an opencircuit to dc, but 𝑣 is the same as
the voltage across the 5-kΩ resistor.Hence, the voltage across the capacitor just before 𝑡 = 0 is
obtainedby voltage division as
5
𝑣(0− ) = (24) = 15 𝑉
5+3
Using the fact that the capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously,
𝑣(0) = 𝑣(0− ) = 𝑣(0+ ) = 15 𝑉
For𝑡 > 0 the switch is in position B. The Thevenin resistanceconnected to the capacitor is 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 4 𝑘Ω
and the time constant is
𝜏 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ 𝐶 = 2𝑠
Since the capacitor acts like an open circuit to dc at steady state,𝑣(∞) = 30 𝑉. Thus,
𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣(∞) + [𝑣(0) − 𝑣(∞)]𝑒 −𝜏 = 30 + (15 − 30)𝑒 −0.5𝑡 𝑉
At 𝑡 = 1𝑠, 𝑣(1) = 30 − 15𝑒 −0.5 𝑉 = 20.9 𝑉
At𝑡 = 4𝑠 𝑣(4) = 30 − 15𝑒 −2 𝑉 = 27.97 𝑉

18
SOLUTION:

19

20

21
SOLUTION:
For 𝑡 < 0, switches S1 and S2 are open so that 𝑖 = 0. Since the inductor current cannot change instantly,
𝑖(0− ) = 𝑖(0) = 𝑖(0+ ) = 0
For 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4𝑠,S1is closed so that the 4-Ω and 6-Ω resistors arein series. Hence, assumingfor now that
S1is closed forever,
40
𝑖(∞) = = 4 𝐴, 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 4 + 6 = 10 Ω
4+6
𝑡
Thus, 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖(∞) + [𝑖(0) − 𝑖(∞)]𝑒 −𝜏 = 4(1 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ) 𝐴, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4𝑠
For𝑡 ≥ 4𝑠, S2 is closed; the 10-V voltage source is connected, andthe circuit changes. This sudden
change does not affect the inductorcurrent because the current cannot change abruptly. Thus, the
initialcurrent is,
𝑖(4) = 𝑖(4− ) = 4(1 − 𝑒 −8 ) ≈ 4 𝐴
To find 𝑖(∞), let 𝑣 be the voltage at node P. Using KCL,

40−𝑣 10−𝑣 𝑣 180
+ = => 𝑣= 𝑉
4 2 6 11
𝑣
𝑖(∞) = = 2.727 𝐴
6
The Thevenin resistance at the inductor terminals is

22
𝑅𝑇ℎ = 4| |2 + 6 = Ω
3

22
𝐿 15
And 𝜏= = 𝑠
𝑅𝑇ℎ 22
Hence,
𝑡−4
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖(∞) + [𝑖(4) − 𝑖(∞)]𝑒 − 𝜏 , 𝑡≥4
= 2.727 + 1.273 𝑒 −1.467(𝑡−4) , 𝑡≥4
At 𝑡 = 2𝑠, 𝑖(2) = 4(1 − 𝑒 −4 ) = 3.93 𝐴
At𝑡 = 5𝑠, 𝑖(5) = 2.727 + 1.273 𝑒 −1.467 = 3.02 𝐴

23
SOLUTION:
For the switch is closed; the capacitor is an open circuit to dc, as represented in figure (a) below,
9
Using voltage division, 𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) = (20) = 15 𝑉, 𝑡>0
9+3
Since the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously, the voltage across the capacitor at
t=0-- is same at t=0 or, 𝑣𝐶 (0) = 𝑉0 = 15 𝑉
For the switch is opened, and we have the RC circuit shown in figure (b) above. The 1-Ω and 9-Ω
resistors in series give, 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 1 + 9 = 10 Ω
The time constant is
𝜏 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝐶 = 10 × 20 × 10−3 = 0.2𝑠
Thus, the voltage across the capacitor for 𝑡 ≥ 0 is,

𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣𝐶 (0)𝑒 − 𝜏 = 15𝑒 − 𝑡/0.2 𝑉 = 15𝑒 − 5𝑡 𝑉
The initial energy stored in the capacitor is

24
1
𝜔𝐶 (0) = 𝐶𝑣𝐶2 (0) = 2.25 𝐽
2

25
SOLUTION:

26

27
SOLUTION:

28

29
SOLUTION:

30

31
SOLUTION:

32
SOLUTION:

33
SOLUTION:
𝑅⁄ 𝑡 9
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖(0)𝑒 − 𝐿 = 2𝑒 −4.7×10 𝑡 𝑚𝐴
9 (100×10−12 )
a. 𝑖(𝑡) = 2𝑒 −4.7×10 𝑚𝐴 = 1.25𝑚𝐴
b. 𝑣𝑅 = −𝑖𝑅
9 −12 )
𝑣𝑅 (75𝑝𝑠) = −2(4700)𝑒 −4.7×10 (75×10 = −6.608𝑉
c. 𝑣𝐿 (75𝑝𝑠) = 𝑣𝑅 (75𝑝𝑠) = −6.608𝑉

34
SOLUTION:
a. I1(0) = 20mA, i2(0) = 15mA

∴ 𝑣(𝑡) = 40𝑒 −50000𝑡 + 45𝑒 −100000𝑡 𝑉
𝑣(0) = 85𝑉
b. 𝑣(15µ𝑠) = 40𝑒 −0.75𝑡 + 45𝑒 −1.5𝑡 𝑉 = 28.94𝑉
85
c. = 40𝑒 −50000𝑡 + 45𝑒 −100000𝑡 𝑉
10
Let 𝑒 −100000𝑡 = 𝑥
45𝑥 2 + 40𝑥 − 8.5 = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 0.17718, < 0
∴ 𝑒 −100000𝑡 = 0.1778
∴ 𝑡 = 34.61µ𝑠

35
SOLUTION:
2𝑅1 𝑅2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0, 𝑣𝑅 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
2𝑅1
𝑖𝐿 (0) =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
2𝑅1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 0, 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −50𝑅2 𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
2𝑅1 𝑅2 −50𝑅 𝑡
∴ 𝑣𝑅 = 𝑒 2
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
2𝑅1 𝑅2
∴ 𝑣𝑅 (0+ ) = 10 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
∴ 𝑅1 ||𝑅2 = 5Ω
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑣𝑅 (1𝑚𝑠) = 5 = 10𝑒 −50𝑅2 ×0.001
∴ 0.05𝑅2 = 0.6931
∴ 𝑅2 = 13.863Ω
∴ 𝑅1 = 7.821Ω

36
SOLUTION:

37

38

39
SOLUTION:
At 𝑡 = 0− , the circuit has reached the steady state so that the inductors act like short circuits.
30 30 20
𝑖= = = 3, 𝑖1 = (3) = 2.4, 𝑖2 = 0.6
6+5| |20 10 25
𝑖1 (0) = 2.4 𝐴, 𝑖2 (0) = 0.6 𝐴
For 𝑡 > 0, the switch is closed so that the energies in L1and L2flow through the closed switch and
become dissipated in the 5 Ωand 20 Ωresistors.
𝑡
− 𝐿1 2.5 1
𝑖1 (𝑡) = 𝑖1 (0)𝑒 𝜏1 , 𝜏1 = = =
𝑅1 5 2
𝑖1 (𝑡) = 2.4𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 𝐴

𝑡
− 𝐿2 4 1
𝑖2 (𝑡) = 𝑖2 (0)𝑒 𝜏2 , 𝜏2 = = =
𝑅2 20 5
𝑖2 (𝑡) = 0.6𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 𝐴

40
SOLUTION:

41
SOLUTION:

42
SOLUTION:

43

44
SOLUTION:

45

46
SOLUTION:

47
SOLUTION:

48

49
SOLUTION:
For𝑡 < 0, the switch is closed. The capacitor acts like an open circuitwhile the inductor acts like a
shunted circuit. The equivalent circuit is shown below in figure (a).
Thus, at 𝑡 = 0
10
𝑖(0) = = 1 𝐴, 𝑣(0) = 6𝑖(0) = 6 𝑉
4+6
For 𝑡 > 0,the switch is opened and the voltage source is disconnected. The equivalent circuit is shown
above in figure (b). The 3-Ω and 6-Ω resistors are in series which give a combined resistance of R = 9Ω in
figure (b). The roots are calculated as:
𝑅 9 1
𝛼= = 1 = 9, 𝜔0 = = 10
2𝐿 2( ) √𝐿𝐶
2
𝑠1,2 = −𝛼 ± √𝛼 2 − 𝜔02 = −9 ± 𝑗4.359
Hence, the response is underdamped (𝛼 < 𝜔); that is,
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑒 −9𝑡 (𝐴1 cos 4.359𝑡 + 𝐴2 sin 4.359𝑡 (i)

50
At 𝑡 = 0,
𝑖(0) = 1 = 𝐴1 (ii)
𝑑𝑖 1
| = − [𝑅𝑖(0) + 𝑣(0)] = −6 𝐴/𝑠 (iii)
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=0 𝐿
𝑑𝑖
Now we can obtain 𝐴2 , by taking derivative of (i) and substituting in it the values of 𝐴1 and obtained
𝑑𝑡
from eqs. (ii) and (iii). Thus, we get 𝐴2 = 0.6882
Substituting values of 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 in (i), we get,
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑒 −9𝑡 (cos 4.359𝑡 + 0.6882 sin 4.359𝑡) 𝐴

51
SOLUTION:

52

53
SOLUTION:

54

55
SOLUTION:

56

57
SOLUTION:
1 8×106 8×106 ×13

𝛼= = = 1000, 𝜔02 = = 26 × 106
2𝑅𝐶 2×4×103 4
∴ 𝜔𝑑 = √26 − 1 × 103 = 5000, 𝑣𝐶 (0) = 8 𝑉
𝑖𝐿 (0) = 8𝑚𝐴, 𝑣𝑐,𝑓 = 0
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑒 −1000𝑡 (𝐴1 cos 1000𝑡 + 𝐴2 sin 5000𝑡)

1 8
∴ 𝐴1 = 8; 𝑣𝐶′ (0+ ) = 𝑖𝐶′ (0+ ) = 8 × 106 (0.01 − − 0.008) = 0
𝐶 4000
∴ 5000𝐴2 − 1000 × 8 = 0, 𝐴2 = 1.6
So, 𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −1000𝑡 (8 cos 100𝑡 + 1.6 sin 1000𝑡)𝑉, 𝑡>0

58
SOLUTION:
For 𝑡 < 0, the 4-A current flows through the inductor, so that𝑖(0) = 4 𝐴
The initial capacitorvoltage is,

20
𝑣(0) = (30) = 15 𝑉
20+20
For 𝑡 > 0 the switch is closed, and we have a parallel RLCcircuitwith a current source. The voltage
source is zero which means it acts like a short circuit. The two 20Ω resistors are now in parallel. They are
combined to give R=10Ω. The characteristic roots aredetermined as follows:
1 1
𝛼= = 6.25 𝜔0 = = 2.5
2𝑅𝐶 √𝐿𝐶
𝑠1,2 = −𝛼 ± √𝛼 2 − 𝜔02 = −6.25 ± 5.7282
Or, 𝑠1 = −11.978, and 𝑠2 = −0.5218
Since, 𝛼 > 𝜔0 , we have the over-damped case. Hence,
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑠 + 𝐴1 𝑒 −11.978𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −0.5218𝑡 (i)
Where, 𝐼𝑠 = 4. At 𝑡 = 0
𝑖(0) = 4 = 4 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 => 𝐴2 = −𝐴1 (ii)
Taking the derivative of eq. (i) at t=0,

𝑑𝑖
| = −11.978𝐴1 − 0.5218𝐴2 (iii)
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=0
But,

59
𝑑𝑖(0) 𝑑𝑖(0) 15
𝐿 = 𝑣(0) = 15 => = = 0.75
𝑑𝑡 𝑑(𝑡) 𝐿
Substituting this value in (iii) and solving we get,
𝐴1 = −0.0655, 𝐴2 = 0.0655
Thus, 𝑖(𝑡) = 4 − 0.0655𝑒 −11.978𝑡 + 0.0655𝑒 −0.5218𝑡
𝑑𝑖
From 𝑖(𝑡), we obtain 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐿 and
𝑑𝑡
𝑣(𝑡)
𝑖𝑅 (𝑡) = = 0.785𝑒 −11.978𝑡 − 0.0342𝑒 −0.5218𝑡 𝐴
20

60
SOLUTION:

61

62
SOLUTION:
a. Since the inductor current can’t change instantaneously, we simply need to find iL while
the switch is closed. The inductor is shorting out both of the resistors, so iL(0+) = 2 A.
b. The instant after the switch is thrown, we know that 2 A flows through the inductor. By
KCL, the simple circuit must have 2 A flowing through the 20-Ω resistor as well. Thus
v = 4(20) = 80 V

63
SOLUTION:
24
a. 𝑖𝑙 (0) = = 0.4𝐴
60
𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) = 0.4𝑒 −750𝑡 , 𝑡 > 0

5
b. 𝑣𝑥 = × 24 = 20𝑉, 𝑡 < 0
6
3
𝑣𝑥 (0+ ) = 50 × 0.4 × = 7.5𝑉
8
𝑣𝑥 (𝑡) = 7.5𝑒 −750𝑡 , 𝑡 > 0

64
SOLUTION:

65

66
SOLUTION:

67

68

69
SOLUTION:

70

71

72

73
SOLUTION:

74

75
SOLUTION:

76

77

78
SOLUTION:
a. iL(0- ) = ½ x 60 = 30 mA,
ix(0-) = 2/3 x 30 = 20mA
b. iL(0+ ) = ½ x 60 = 30 mA
ix(0+) = -30mA
c. iL (t) = 30e-250t/0.05=30e-5000tmA
iL(0.3ms) = 30e-1.5 = 6.69mA = -ix
Thus ix = 6.69mA

79
SOLUTION:

80

81

82
SOLUTION:

83

84
SOLUTION:
𝑅 250 1 106
𝛼= = = 25, 𝜔02 = = = 400
2𝐿 10 𝐿𝐶 4000
𝑠1,2 = −𝛼 ± √𝛼 2 − 𝜔02 = −25 ± 15 = −10, −40
∴ 𝑖𝐿 = 𝐴1 𝑒 −10𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −40𝑡 , 𝑖𝐿 (0) = 0.5, 𝑣𝐶 (0) = 100 𝑉
∴ 0.5 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 , (i)
1 ′ + 1
𝑖𝐿′ (0+ ) = 𝑣𝐿 (0 ) =
5 5
(100 − 25 − 100) = −5 𝐴/𝑠 = −10𝐴1 − 40𝐴2 (ii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get,
𝐴1 = 0.5, 𝐴2 = 0
∴ 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) = 0.5𝑒 −10𝑡 𝐴, 𝑡>0

85
SOLUTION:

86

87
SOLUTION:

88

89
SOLUTION:

90

91
SOLUTION:

92

93
SOLUTION:

94
SOLUTION:

95

96

97
SOLUTION:

98

99
SOLUTION:

100

101

102

103
SOLUTION:

104

105
SOLUTION:
For 𝑡 < 0, the switch is open. Since the inductor acts like a shortcircuit to dc, the 6Ω resistor is short-
circuited, so that we have the circuit shown in figure (a).
Hence, 𝑖0 = 0 and
10
𝑖(𝑡) = = 2 𝐴, 𝑡<0
2+3
𝑣0 (𝑡) = 3𝑖(𝑡) = 6 𝑉, 𝑡<0
Thus, 𝑖(0) = 2 𝐴
For 𝑡 > 0, the switch is closed, so that the voltage source is short-circuited. We now have a source-free
RL circuit as shown in figure (b). At the inductor terminals,
𝑅𝑇ℎ = 3 | |6 = 2 Ω
So that the time constant is

106
𝐿
𝜏= = 1𝑠
𝑅𝑇ℎ
𝑡
Hence, 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖(0)𝑒 −𝜏 = 2 𝑒 − 𝑡 𝐴, 𝑡>0
Since the inductor is in parallel with the and resistors,
𝑑𝑖
𝑣0 (𝑡) = −𝑣𝐿 = − = −2(−2𝑒 − 𝑡 ) = 4𝑒 − 𝑡 𝑉, 𝑡>0
𝑑𝑡
And
𝑣𝐿 2
𝑖0 (𝑡) = = − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐴, 𝑡>0
6 3

107
SOLUTION:

108

109
SOLUTION:
1 106 1 109
𝛼= = = 4000, 𝜔02 = = = 2 × 107
2𝑅𝐶 100×2.5 𝐿𝐶 50
𝜔𝑑 = √20 × 106 − 16 × 106 = 2000
=> 𝑖𝐶 (0) = 𝑒 −4000𝑡 (𝐵1 cos 200𝑡 + 𝐵2 sin 2000𝑡)
𝑖𝐿 (0) = 2𝐴, 𝑣𝐶 (0) = 0;
1 1 2×106
=> 𝑖𝐶′ (0+ ) = −𝑖𝐿′ (0+ ) − 𝑖𝑅′ (0+ ) = − 𝑣𝐶 (0) − 𝑣𝐶′ (0+ ) = = 16,000
𝐿 𝑅 125
=> 𝐵1 = −2 𝐴,
2000𝐵2 + (−2)(−4000) = 16000, => 𝐵2 = 4
∴ 𝑖𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −4000𝑡 (−2 cos 200𝑡 + 4 sin 2000𝑡), 𝑡>0

110
SOLUTION:

111

112

113
SOLUTION:

114

115
SOLUTION:

116

117
SOLUTION:
6
For 𝑡 = 0− , we obtain 𝑖(0) = − = −2, and 𝑣(0) = 2 × 1 = 2
1+2
For 𝑡 > 0, the voltage is short-circuited and we have a source-free parallel RLC circuit.
1 1 1 1
𝛼= = = 2, 𝜔0 = = =2
2𝑅𝐶 2×1×0.25 √𝐿𝐶 √1×0.25
Since 𝛼 = 𝜔0 ,we have a critically damped response.
𝑠1,2 = −2
Thus,
𝑖(𝑡) = [(𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡 ], 𝑖(0) = −2 = 𝐴

𝑑𝑖
𝑣=𝐿 = 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑡 + [−2(−2 + 𝐵𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡 ]
𝑑𝑡
𝑣0 (0) = 2 = 𝐵 + 4, Or 𝐵 = −2
Thus, 𝑖(𝑡) = −(2 + 2𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐴, and 𝑣(𝑡) = (2 + 4𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑉

118
SOLUTION:
The equivalent resistance is the same as Thevenin resistance at the inductor terminals. Because of the
dependent source, we insert a voltage source 𝑣0 = 1 𝑉 with at the inductor terminals a-b, as shown,
Applying KVL to the two loops results in,

1
2(𝑖1 − 𝑖2 ) + 1 = 0, => 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = − (i)
2
5
6𝑖2 − 2𝑖1 − 3𝑖1 = 0, => 𝑖2 = 𝑖1 (ii)
6
Substituting, (ii) into (i) gives,
𝑖1 = −3 𝐴, 𝑖0 = −𝑖1 = 3 𝐴
Hence,
𝑣0 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ = = Ω
𝑖0 3

1
𝐿 3
𝜏= = 2
1 = 𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑞 2
3
Thus, the current through the inductor is

119
𝑡 2
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖(0)𝑒 −𝜏 = 10 𝑒 − 3𝑡 𝐴, 𝑡>0
SOLUTION:

120

121

122

123
SOLUTION:

124

125
SOLUTION:

126

127

128

129
SOLUTION:

130

131

132

133
SOLUTION:

134

135
SOLUTION:

136

137

138
SOLUTION:
When 𝑡 < 0, the switch is closed, and the inductor acts as a short circuit to dc. The 16-Ω resistor is short-
circuited; the resulting circuit is shown in below in Fig. (a). To get𝑖1 , we combine the 4-Ω and 12Ω
resistors in parallel to get an equivalent resistance of 3-Ω.
40
Hence, 𝑖1 = =8𝐴
2+3
We obtain 𝑖(𝑡) from 𝑖1 using current division, bywriting

12
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖 = 6 𝐴, 𝑡<0
12+4 1
Since the current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously,
𝑖(0) = 𝑖(0− ) = 6 𝐴
When 𝑡 > 0, the switch is open and the voltage source isdisconnected. We now have the source-free
RL circuit shown in Fig. (b)above.Combining the resistors, we have,
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = (12 + 4)| | 16 = 8 Ω

𝐿 1
𝜏= = 𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑞 4

139
𝑡
Thus, 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖(0)𝑒 −𝜏 = 6 𝑒 − 4𝑡 𝐴,

140
SOLUTION:
At t<0
Ic(t) = 0,
10 = 5000𝑖𝑠 + 104 𝑖𝑠 , 𝑖𝑠 = 2/3 𝑚𝐴
20
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = = 6.67𝑉
3
At t > 0
Is =0
4 −6
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 6.67𝑒 −𝑡⁄2×10 ×2×10
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 6.67𝑒 −25𝑡 𝑉
∴ 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = 0.33333𝑒 −25𝑡 𝑚𝐴

141
SOLUTION:

142

143
SOLUTION:
(See Next Page)

144

145

146

147
SOLUTION:

148

149

150

151
SOLUTION:

152

153

154
SOLUTION:

155

156

157
SOLUTION:

158

159

160
SOLUTION:
Let 𝑖 = inductor current, 𝑣 = capacitor voltage 𝑖(0) = 0, 𝑣(0) = 4
𝑑𝑣(0) [𝑣(0)+𝑅𝑖(0)] 4+0

=− =− = −8 𝑉/𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 0.5
(b) For 𝑡 ≥ 0, the circuit is a source free parallel RLC circuit,

1 1 1 1
𝛼= = = 1, 𝜔0 = = =2
2𝑅𝐶 2×0.5×1 √𝐿𝐶 √0.25×1
𝜔𝑑 = √𝜔02 − 𝛼 2 = √4 − 1 = 1.732
Thus,
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝐴1 cos 1.732𝑡 + 𝐴2 sin 1.732𝑡)
𝑣(0) = 4 = 𝐴1
𝑑𝑣
= −𝑒 −𝑡 𝐴1 cos 1.732𝑡 − 1.732𝑒 −𝑡 𝐴1 sin 1.732𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐴2 sin 1.732𝑡 + 1.732𝑒 −𝑡 𝐴2 cos 1.732𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣(0)
= −8 = −𝐴1 + 1.732𝐴2 => 𝐴2 = −2.309
𝑑𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (4 cos 1.732𝑡 − 2.309 sin 1.732𝑡) 𝑉

161
SOLUTION:

162
SOLUTION:

163

164
SOLUTION:

165
SOLUTION:

166
SOLUTION:

167
SOLUTION:

168
SOLUTION:
The characteristic equation is,
𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 4 = 0,
−5±√25−16
Thus, 𝑠1,2 = = −4, −1
2
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 −4𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑡 ,
𝑣(0) = 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 => 𝐵 = −𝐴 (i)

𝑑𝑣
= −4𝐴𝑒 −4𝑡 − 𝐵𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣(0)
=> = 10 = −4𝐴 − 𝐵 => 4𝐴 + 𝐵 = −10 (ii)
𝑑𝑡
10 10
Solving, (i) and (ii) we get, 𝐴 = − and 𝐵 =
3 3
10 −4𝑡 10 −𝑡
=> 𝑣(𝑡) = − 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑉
3 3

169
SOLUTION:

170
SOLUTION:

171
SOLUTION:
4𝐿 0.6
Overdamped when 𝐶 > =4× = 6 × 10−3 , 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 > 6 𝑚𝐹
𝑅2 400
(b) Critically damped when 𝐶 = 6 𝑚𝐹
(c) Underdamped when 𝐶 < 6 𝑚𝐹

172
SOLUTION:
For critical damping

𝐿 = 4𝑅2 𝐶 = 4 × 1 × 2 × 10−3 = 8𝑚𝐻
1 1000
𝛼 = 𝜔𝑜 = = 250
2𝑅𝐶 2 × 1 × 2
∴ 𝑖𝐿 = 𝑒 −250𝑡 (𝐴1 𝑡 + 𝐴2 )
𝑖𝐿 (0) = 2𝐴, 𝑣𝑐 (0) = 2𝑉
∴ 𝑖𝐿 = 𝑒 −250𝑡 (𝐴1 𝑡 + 2)
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 8 × 10−3 𝑖𝐿′ (0+ ) = −2 = 8 × 10−3 (𝐴1 − 500) = 𝑒 −1.25 (1.25 + 2) = 0.9311𝐴
Now settling time,
𝑖𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (250𝑡𝑚 + 2) = 0,1 = 250𝑡𝑚 + 2
𝑡𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 0 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑚 = 0
𝑖𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝐴 ∴ 0.02 = 𝑒 −250𝑡 (250𝑡𝑠 + 2)
∴ 𝑡𝑠 = 23.96𝑚𝑠

173
SOLUTION:

174

175
SOLUTION:

176

177
SOLUTION:

178
SOLUTION:

179

180

181
SOLUTION:

182

183
SOLUTION:

184

185

186
SOLUTION:

187

188
SOLUTION:

189

190
SOLUTION:
For the switch is closed; the capacitor is an open circuit to dc, as represented in figure (a) below,
9
Using voltage division, 𝑣𝐶 (𝑡) = (20) = 15 𝑉, 𝑡>0
9+3
Since the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously, the voltage across the capacitor at
t=0-- is same at t=0 or, 𝑣𝐶 (0) = 𝑉0 = 15 𝑉
For the switch is opened, and we have the RC circuit shown in figure (b) above. The 1-Ω and 9-Ω
resistors in series give, 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 1 + 9 = 10 Ω
𝜏 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝐶 = 10 × 20 × 10−3 = 0.2𝑠
Thus, the voltage across the capacitor for 𝑡 ≥ 0 is,

𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣𝐶 (0)𝑒 − 𝜏 = 15𝑒 − 𝑡/0.2 𝑉 = 15𝑒 − 5𝑡 𝑉
The initial energy stored in the capacitor is

191
1
𝜔𝐶 (0) = 𝐶𝑣𝐶2 (0) = 2.25 𝐽
2

192
SOLUTION:

193

194

195
SOLUTION:

196

197

198

199

200

201
SOLUTION:
25𝑖𝑥
For t>0, = 1.25𝑖𝑥
20
∴ 34 = 100(1.25𝑖𝑥 − 0.8𝑖𝑥 + 𝑖𝑥 )
∴ 𝑖𝑥 = 0.2𝐴
a. 𝑖𝑠 (0− ) = (1.25 − 0.8 + 1)0.2 = 0.29𝐴

b. 𝑖𝑥 (0− ) = 0.2𝐴
c. 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 25 × 0.2𝑒 −𝑡 = 5𝑒 −𝑡
𝑖𝑥 (0+ ) = 0.05𝐴
d. 0.8𝑖𝑥 (0+ ) = 0.04𝐴
34 20 33.2
𝑖𝑠 (0+ ) = − 0.04 × = = 0.2767𝐴
120 120 120
1
e. 𝑖𝑥 (0.4) = × 5𝑒 −0.4 = 0.03352𝐴
100

202
SOLUTION:

203
SOLUTION:

204

205

206
SOLUTION:

207

208
SOLUTION:

209

210
SOLUTION:

211

212

CH 07

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1

Irwin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11e ISV

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

For 𝑡 > 0, we have a parallel RLC circuit with a step input,

Since 𝛼 = 𝜔0 , we have a critically damped response.

𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑠 + [(𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡 ], 𝐼𝑠 = 3

𝑖(0) = 6 = 3 + 𝐴, Or, 𝐴=3

Thus, 𝑖(𝑡) = 3 + (3 + 6𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐴

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

We can see that τ = RC = 4s

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

𝑣(0) = 𝑣(0− ) = 𝑣(0+ ) = 15 𝑉

At 𝑡 = 1𝑠, 𝑣(1) = 30 − 15𝑒 −0.5 𝑉 = 20.9 𝑉

At𝑡 = 4𝑠 𝑣(4) = 30 − 15𝑒 −2 𝑉 = 27.97 𝑉

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

𝑖(0− ) = 𝑖(0) = 𝑖(0+ ) = 0

𝑖(4) = 𝑖(4− ) = 4(1 − 𝑒 −8 ) ≈ 4 𝐴

To find 𝑖(∞), let 𝑣 be the voltage at node P. Using KCL,

The Thevenin resistance at the inductor terminals is

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

= 2.727 + 1.273 𝑒 −1.467(𝑡−4) , 𝑡≥4

At 𝑡 = 2𝑠, 𝑖(2) = 4(1 − 𝑒 −4 ) = 3.93 𝐴

At𝑡 = 5𝑠, 𝑖(5) = 2.727 + 1.273 𝑒 −1.467 = 3.02 𝐴

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

The time constant is

𝜏 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝐶 = 10 × 20 × 10−3 = 0.2𝑠

Thus, the voltage across the capacitor for 𝑡 ≥ 0 is,

The initial energy stored in the capacitor is

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

a. I1(0) = 20mA, i2(0) = 15mA

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

Chapter 7: First- and Second-Order Transient Circuits

𝑖1 (0) = 2.4 𝐴, 𝑖2 (0) = 0.6 𝐴