Microbiology
 Plasmodium vivax/ malariae/ ovale which causes Malaria.
Life Cycle
The malaria parasite life cycle involves
two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-
infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates
sporozoites into the human host  . Sporozoites
infect Liver cells  and mature into schizonts  female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by
, which rupture and release merozoites  . (Of
note, in P. vivax and P. ovale a dormant stage
[hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause
relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks, or
even years later.) After this initial replication in
the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony  ), the
parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the
erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony  ).
Merozoites infect red blood cells  . The ring
stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which
rupture releasing merozoites  . Some parasites
differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages
(gametocytes)  . Blood stage parasites are
responsible for the clinical manifestations of the
disease.
The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and
an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal  .
The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is
known as the sporogonic cycle  . While in the
mosquito’s stomach, the microgametes
penetrate the macrogametes generating
zygotes  . The zygotes in turn become motile
and elongated (ookinetes)   which invade the
midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop
into oocysts  . The oocysts grow, rupture, and
release sporozoites  , which make their way to
the mosquito’s salivary glands. Inoculation of the
sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates
the malaria life cycle.
  Trichus trichuria the causative agent of Trichuriasis or Human whipworm.
Life Cycle

The unembryonated eggs are passed with the stool  . In the soil, the
eggs develop into a 2-cell stage  , an advanced cleavage stage  , and
then they embryonate  ; eggs become infective in 15 to 30 days. After
ingestion (soil-contaminated hands or food), the eggs hatch in the small
intestine, and release larvae   that mature and establish themselves as
adults in the colon  . The adult worms (approximately 4 cm in length) live
in the cecum and ascending colon. The adult worms are fixed in that
location, with the anterior portions threaded into the mucosa. The females
begin to oviposit 60 to 70 days after infection. Female worms in the cecum
shed between 3,000 and 20,000 eggs per day. The life span of the adults is
about 1 year.
  Ascaris lumbricoides causes Ascariasis or roundworm infection.
Life Cycle

Adult worms  , live in the lumen of the small intestine. A female may
produce approximately 200,000 eggs per day, which are passed with the
feces  . Unfertilized eggs may be ingested but are not infective. Fertile
eggs embryonate and become infective after 18 days to several weeks  ,
depending on the environmental conditions (optimum: moist, warm,
shaded soil). After infective eggs are swallowed  , the larvae hatch  ,
invade the intestinal mucosa, and are carried via the portal, then systemic
circulation to the lungs  . The larvae mature further in the lungs (10 to 14
days), penetrate the alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial tree to the throat,
and are swallowed  . Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into
adult worms . Between 2 and 3 months are required from ingestion of the
infective eggs to oviposition by the adult female. Adult worms can live 1 to
2 years.