1.
Intestinal nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
 giant round worm
 Ascaris is a soil-transmitted
helminth (STH), along with
Trichuris trichiura and
hookworms, which means that the
soil plays a major role in the
development and transmission of
the parasite.
 It causes varying degrees of
pathology: (a) tissue reaction to
the invading larvae, (b) intestinal
irritation to the adult, and (c) other
complications due to heavy
infection and extraintestinal
migration.
 Parasite Biology
 “polymyarian type” of somatic
muscle arrangement in which cells
are numerous and project well into
the body cavity.
 Whitish or pinkish
 Female (22-35) Male (10-31 cm)
 Smooth straited cuticles.
 Ascaris has been shown to
produce pepsin inhibitor 3 (PI-3)
that protects worms from
digestion and phosphorylcholine
that suppresses lymphocyte
proliferation.
 size of 5.0 cm, present in site of host large
Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides
 Infective stage: embroyonated egg
 Fertilized egg containing
unsegmented ovum are passed
with the feces
 Rhabditiform larva is developed
from unsegmented ovum within
the egg shell within 10-40 days
depending on atmospherical
temperature and humidity
 Larva undergoes molting (1st
molting in soil, called
embryonated egg)
 Embryonated egg when ingested
with food passes down to the
duodenum where the digestive
juices (trypsin) weakens the egg
shell and stimulate enclosed larva.
 
 Egg shell splits and larva are
liberated in upper part of the small
intestine
 The newly hatched larva burrow
through mucus membrane of small
intestine and are carried to the
portal circulation to the liver
 They live in liver for 3-4 days and
pass out of liver to right side of
the heart to pulmonary circulation
 In lungs they grow bigger and
molt twice (2nd ,3rd)
 Breaking through the capillary
wall they reach the lung alveoli
(about 10-15 days)
 
Trichuris Trichiura
Trichuris trichiura is one of the intestinal
parasite, structure looks like whip, so it is
called whipworm, common name having
intestine with portal of entry mouth
ingestion. Infective stage is embryonated
egg and organism present in contaminated
food and water. It causes disease
trichuriasis (a type of helminthiasis which
is one of the neglected tropical diseases).
 
Morphology of Trichuris trichiura
Morphology of adult worm
 The worm is oviparous.
 Male:
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  It measure 3-4 cm in length.
 Its caudal extremity is coiled ventrally .
 Female :
 It measures 4—6 cm in length .
 The caudal extremity is either shaped
like a “comma” or an arc .
 
Morphology of egg
Size about 50μm in length by 25μm in breath .
color , brown (bile–stained ) , has a double shell,
the outer one is bile-stained. Barrel-shaped with
a mucous plug at each pole .
contains an unsegmented ovum when the egg
leaves the human host.
Floats in saturated solution of common salt. The
eggs when freshly passed are not infective to
man.
 
Life cycle of Trichuris trichiura
 Larva liberated from egg in man
intestine and each larva develops into
adult male or female
 Adult worms life span is 10 years
 Eggs escaping in stolls
 Development of eggs in soil
 Rhabditiform larva infective (3 to 4
weeks)
 Ingestion of rhabditiform larva and
again cycle repeats.
 
 
Necator Americanus
 
Hookworm is intestinal, blood-feeding,
roundworm parasite that causes types of
infection known as helminthiases and which is
common infection in countries with poor access
to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene. In
humans, hookworm infections are caused by two
main species of roundworm belonging to the
genera Ancylostoma and Necator.
Habitat
Lives in small intestine of man Jejunum (most)
but also in duodenum (less) and Ileum(rare).
 
Morphology of Hookworm
Adult hookworm
Male hookworm:
Size: Smaller ( 8-11 mm long ×0.45 mm)
Posterior end: Umbrella like expansion
Genital opening: Posteriorly opens with cloca.
Female hookworm
Size: Larger ( 10-13 mm long ×0.6 mm)
Posterior end: Tapering no umbrella like
expansion
Genital opening: At the junction of posterior and
middle third of the body
 
Egg
Shape: oval or elliptical with flattened poles( one
pole more often flattened than other), size: 65 X
40 um, color : colorless ( no bile stain), dark
brown as stained with iodine. Shell : very thin
transparent hyaline shell membrane, appears as
black line and contain: segmented ovum with 4
blastomeres, has a clear space between egg shell
and segmented ovum. Float in saturated NaCl.
Type: A( fresh stool) : 4 ,8, 16 grey granular cell
clear blastomeres. Type :B( few hour old): a
uniform mass of many grey granular cells. Type:
C( 12-48 hr): whole of egg is filled with larva,
embryonated.
 
Life cycle of Ancylostoma duodenale
 Definitive host: Man No intermediate
host
 Stage 1: Passage of eggs from the
infected host
 Stage 2: Development in soil
 From each egg a rhabditiform larva
(250um), feeding stage of larvae,
hatches out in the soil in 48 hr, molt
twice on 3rd and 5th day and develops
into filariform larva. Filariform larva
( extremely motile non feeding stage of
larvae ,5 00 to 600 um) is infective
stage. The time taken for the
development from eggs to filariform
larvae is average 8 to 10 days.
 Stage 3: Entrance into the new host:The
larva cast off their sheath and gain
entrance to the body by penetrating the
skin.
 Stage 4: Migration larva enter into
lymphatics or small venules, pass into
venous circulation and carried into right
heart into pulmonary capillaries where
they break through capillary wall and
enter into the alveolar spaces Migrate
into bronchi, trachea, and larynx, crawl
over the epiglottis to back of pharynx
and ultimately swallowed.On esophagus
third molting takes. Period for
migration: 10 days
 Stage 5 : Localization and laying of
eggs. Four molting in small intestine.
Buccal capsule with complete teeth is
formed in 3 to 4 weeks and they are
sexually matured and fertilized female
begin to lay eggs in the feces.
 
Mode of infection
Filariform larvae penetrate directly through the
skin with which they come in contact. Site of
entry: skin
Thin skin between toes
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 Dorsum of the feet
Inner side of the sole
Skin of hands
 
Stronglyloides stercoralis
 threadworm
 Characterized by free-living
rhabditiform and parasitic filariform
stages.
 Strongyloidiasis is infection with
Strongyloides stercoralis.
 Strongyloides stercoralis is a human
pathogenic parasitic roundworm causing  
the disease strongyloidiasis Enterobius vermicuralis
 Its common name in the US is Common names: Pinworm, seatworm.
threadworm. In the UK and Australia, Common associated disease and condition
however, the term threadworm can also names: Enterobiasis, pinworm infection
refer to nematodes of the genus  
Enterobius, otherwise known as Morphology
pinworms Eggs
  Size 48-60 µm long, 20-35 µm wide
Shape Oval, one-side flattened
Embryo Stage of development varies; may be
unembryonated, embryonated, mature
Shell Double-layered, thick, colorless
Adults
Length 7-14 mm 2-4 mm
Width Up to 0.5 mm ≤0.3 mm
Color Yellowish-white Yellowish-white
Tail Pointed; resembles pinhead

Parasite Biology
 The parasitic or filariform female is 2.2
mm by 0.04 mm, colorless, semi-
transparent, with a
 finely striated cuticle. It has a slender
tapering
 anterior end and a short conical pointed
tail.
 The short buccal cavity has four
indistinct lips.
 The long slender esophagus extends to
the anterior fourth of the body, and the  
intestine is continuous to the subterminal  
anus Capillaria philippinensis
 The free-living female (Plate 3.12)  This parasite, Capillaria philippinensis,
measures 1 mm by 0.06 mm and is produces an intestinal capillariasis
smaller than the parasitic female. characterized by abdominal pain and
 The free-living male, measuring 0.7 mm diarrhea.
by 0.04 mm, is smaller than the female,  This species is characterized by its small
and has a ventrally curved tail, two size, the male with caudal alae and long
copulatory spicules, a gubernaculum, but no spiny sheath, and the female with
no caudal alae. slightly salient vulva, and producing

3
 eggs that may be embryonated or
embryos without shells.
 Is a rare zoonotic intestinal parasite that
is endemic in Philippines and Thailand.
A few cases have been reported in
Japan, Iran, Egypt, and Taiwan. The
outcome of C. philippinensis may be
fatal if untreated in due time.
 
Morphology
 Capillaria philippinensis eggs are 35 to 45 µm
in length by 20-25 µm in width. They have
two flat polar prominences and a striated
shell. Eggs are unembryonated when passed
in feces. And thick-shelled eggs were barrel-  
shaped and had a yellowish-brown color.
 Capillaria philippinensis adult males are 2.0—
3.5 mm in length slightly shorter than
female.
 Adult females are 2.5—4.5 mm in length.
Females may contain embryonated or
unembryonated eggs in utero.
 

Mode of Transmission
 Transmission occurs primarily through
consumption of infected raw or improperly cooked
small freshwater fish.
 Another route of transmission is through the
decomposition of infected animals via eggs in the
liver being released into the soil.
 
Disease Produced
 Capillariasis (also known as Capillaria
Infection) is an intestinal parasitism caused by
smallest nematodes that infect humans called
Capillaria Philippinesis. The worms can be seen in
the small intestine of humans.