BASIC OF OPTICAL FIBER

Light Theory
1: Reflection 2: Refraction 3: Total Internal Reflection
1: Reflection
Reflection is the change in direction of wave at an interface between two different media so that the wave
returns into the medium from which it originated.
1) Reflection
The law of reflection says that the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at
which it is reflected. <i = <r ( <r Reflection)

1) Refraction
light enters from one medium into another medium it changes its direction .When light enters from dense to
rare medium it bends away from the normal. <i = <r ( <r Refraction)
2) Total Internal Reflection
When light enters from dense to rare medium with an incident angle greater than critical angle. (<i > <c )
3) Critical Angle
The angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction is 90º is called as Critical Angle. It is the angle of
incidence above which Total Internal Reflection occurs.

Optical Fiber:
Def: Fiber is a optical medium in which data travel in the form of light.
1) Construction parts of Optical Fiber
Three basic Construction parts of Optical Fiber are:
1:Core-9um 2: Cladding-125um 3: Buffer Coating-250um
Fiber Color Coding: Blue ,Orange , Green , Brown, Slate , White , Red , Black , Yellow , Violet ,Rose , Aqua.

Types of Optical Fiber:

Fiber Optic cables are usually classified into two types: There are 2 Types of Multi-Mode Fiber
1 Single Mode Fiber (g.652d) 2 .Multi Mode Fiber (g.650.1) 1. Step Index Fiber 2.Graded Index Fiber
Optical Powers
Wave Length 1310nm Rx -13 to -28db Tx +2 db Loss 0.33 db/km
1490nm -8 to -27db +3 db 0.24 db/km
1550nm +2 to - 8db +21 db 0.20 db/km

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Optical Cables Diameter: (ADSS , Armored) Armored Outer Dia Lose Tube
ADSS Cable Outer Dia Lose Tube
2F 7.5 2.2
2F 7.6 2.8 8F, 12F, 10 2.8 to 3.0
8F, 12F,48F 13.2 2.8
24F, 48F 14.5 2.4
144F 17.8 2.8 72F 16.5 2.6
96F 18.5 2.6
144F 20.9 2.6

1 VFL Visual Fault Locator 23 DC Distribution Frame

2 UPC Ultra Polished Connector 24 NAP Network Access Point
3 APC Angle Polished Connector 25 ONT Optical Network Terminal
4 BPR Branch Point Refebration 26 MFT Multifunction Tray
5 LC Lecent Connector 27 CSM Central Member Strength
6 SC Subscriber Connector 28 FRP(CSM) Fiber Reinforced Polymer
7 POP Point Of Presence 29 PBT Poly Butylene Terephthalate
8 PON Passive Optical Network 30 ADSS All Dielectric Self Support
9 GPON Gigabit Passive OPt Network 31 SFP Small Form Factor Pluggable
10 BPON Broad Band Passive Opt Network 32 SCM Supply Chain Management
11 HPON Huwaei Passive OPT Network 33 CRM Customer Relationship Mng
12 VOLT Video Optical Line Terminal 34 WWW World Wide Web
13 POLT Packet Optical Line Terminal 35 HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene
14 WDM Wave Length Division Multiplexer 36 LDPE Low Density P………
15 ODF Optical Distribution Frame 37 FTTH Fiber to the Home
16 EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier 38 FTTB Fiber to the Building
17 MODEM Modulation & Demodulation 39 FTTC Fiber to the Curb
18 CATV Cable Television 40 NIC Network Interference Card
19 CCTV Close Circuit Television 14 DNS Domain Name Server
20 SLA Service Level Agreement 42 DDNS Dynamic D N Server
21 TIR Total Internal Reflection 43 MAC Media Access Control
22 LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated 44 DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Portal
Emission Of Radiation

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Cleaver:
It is use to cut the fiber at 900 .”Total steps 3.” Total rotation 16” “ Total Cleaves 48000
(1 rotation cleaves 1000 than 16*1000 = 16000 than multiply by total steps 3*16000= 48000)
VFL: (Visual Fault Locator)
VFL is use to trace the fault & connectivity. 635nm to 650nm wave length is used. Range 5-7 km.
Types of Joints:
1. 4-9 joint 2. 7-22 joint 3. 9-18 joint 4. 9-28 joint
Joint Type In Dia Out Dia Input Output Tray Splice cap Branch Set Total
4-9 22mm 22mm 2 2 7 168 3/4 24*7=168

7-22 22mm 18mm 2 4 8 192 6/7 24*8=192

9-18 32mm 25mm 2 6 16 384 8/9 24*16=384

9-28 32mm 25mm 2 6 17 408 8/9 24*17=408

Spliter loss Caculation

Calculations Spliter Loss db

21 21=2 1*2 3.5
22 (3.5*2) 22 =4 1*4 7
23(3.5*3) 23=8 1*8 10.5
24(3.5*4) 24=16 1*16 14
25(3.5*5) 25=32 1*32 17.5
26(3.5*6) 26=64 1*64 21
27(3.5*7) 27=128 1*128 24.5
ODF Types

OMX600 OMX 800 L LA RA

Width 600mm Width 800
LB RB
Patch Panel 6 Patch Panel 6
Lc RC
Ports / Panel 96 Ports / Pane 144
1-2-2-2( Rack- Shelf – Card –Port)

ADSS: HDPE , Rip Cord, Binding Yarn, Water blocking tape(Kevlar) , Binding yarn ,ID Tape, loose tube , Kevlar , CSM.

Direct Buried Cable: HDPE , Corrugated steel tape , Flooding compound , LDPE , Rip Cord , Kevlar , Water Blocking Yarn,
Kevlar , Binding Yarn , Loose tube , ID Tape , CSM.

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 OTDR

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer Measure the time & intensity of light reflected in to the optical fiber. OTDR
emit high power pulse that hit the fiber & bounces back.
Uses: OTDR is use for trouble shooting of device to find , fault, Splice loss/break , Bends ,Testing , length.
Dynamic Range: (256km) Its depends upon of loss factor.(40db—45db loss manufacturer)
Working Principal:
1: Relay Scantling 2: Fresnel Reflection
Events: Two types of events
i. Reflective event : (Light fully back)
ii. Non Reflective event (Light not fully back)
Wave Length : Real time testing 1625nm wave length is used.
Attenuation Loss/km: (1310nm --0.33db, 1550nm—0.20db, 1490nm—0.24db, 1625nm—0.22db)
Dead Zone( Depends on pulse width)
In reflective events more light is back than screen is blank for few seconds . This is called dead zone in
reflective event.
Non reflective event have no dead zone.
Types of dead zone:(Two types)
1. Event Dead Zone: (Come Reflective Event after Reflective event)
Merge two events show one event.
2. Attenuation Dead Zone:(Come non-reflective event after reflective event)
Single Mode Fiber : Multi Mode Fiber
i. One way of light travel i. Many ways of light travel
ii. Core dia 9micrones ii. Core dia 50 or 62.5micrones
iii. Use for long distance iii. Use for short distance
iv. High data capacity iv. Low data capacity
v. Refractive index of core is greater than cladding v. Laser is used
APC UPC
i. Low return loss i. High return loss
ii. High insertion loss ii. Less insertion loss
iii. Green in colour iii. Blue in colour
iv. Angle cut at 8 Degree iv Angle cut at 90 Degree
v. Back Reflection is equal -55 to 65 v Back Reflection is equal -45 to -55
vi. Preferred for data & video Vi Preferred for only Data

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