Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Amit Nevase
Lecturer,
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,
Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Polytechnic, Satara
PO 5. The engineer and society: Assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural
issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to practice in field of Electronics
and Telecommunication engineering.
Total
Cred Examination Scheme
Teaching
its
Scheme
(L+T Theory Marks Practical Marks
+P)
04 -- 02 06
3 70 28 30 00 100 40 25# 10 25 10 50 20
Total 64 18 22 30 70
Drawbacks of SR FF
of IC 7474, IC 7475.
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 15
Unit IV – Sequential Logic Circuit
0808/0809 specification
Memory: RAM and ROM basic building blocks, read and write
PLD: Basic building blocks and types of PLDs, PLA, PAL, GAL.
Example:
A digital thermostat in a room displays a temperature of 72. An analog
thermometer measures the room temperature at 72.482. The analog value is
continuous and more accurate, but the digital value is more than adequate for
the application and significantly easier to process electronically.
Digital
advantages:
Battery life
Programmability
Accuracy
We are analog.
For example,
– sounds are analog signals; they are continuous time and continuous
value.
– Our ears listen to analog signals and we speak with analog signals.
– Images, pictures, and video are all analog at the source and our eyes are
analog sensors.
0 volts
Period
(T)
Frequency:
Amplitude
(peak) 1
F Hz
Amplitude T
(peak-to-peak)
Disadvantages
Unwanted noise in recording.
If we transmit data at long distance then unwanted disturbance is
there.
Generation loss is also a big con of analog signals.
5.0 v
Logic High
Logic Level Voltage True/False On/Off 0/1
0 volts
Amplitude
The time it takes for a periodic signal to
repeat. (seconds) Time Time
High Low
Frequency: (tH) (tL)
A measure of the number of
occurrences of the signal per second.
(Hertz, Hz)
Rising Edge
Time High (tH):
Period (T)
The time the signal is at 5 v.
Time Low (tL):
The time the signal is at 0 v. Frequency:
Duty Cycle: 1 tH
The ratio of tH to the total period (T). F Hz DutyCycle 100%
T T
Rising Edge:
A 0-to-1 transition of the signal.
Falling Edge:
A 1-to-0 transition of the signal.
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 28
Pros and Cons Digital Signal
Advantages
Because of their digital nature they can travel faster
in over digital lines.
Disadvantages
Greater bandwidth is essential.
Noisy channel
Noisy channel
Analog system
The physical quantities or signals may vary
continuously over a specified range.
Digital system
The physical quantities or signals can assume only
discrete values.
Greater accuracy
X(t) X(t)
t t
Analog signal Digital signal
– Pits and lands on the CD surface reflect the light from the
laser differently, and that difference is encoded as binary data
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 34
Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.
represent quantity.
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9
Structure:
MSD LSD
Decimal Point
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 41
Decimal Number System
Examples
1214
1897
9875.54
system
fraction parts
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 46
Binary Number System
Structure:
MSB LSB
Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 10 1010
3 0011 11 1011
4 0100 12 1100
5 0101 13 1101
6 0110 14 1110
7 0111 15 1111
- Example 1
Examples, 1110
0000
1001
0101
b 7 b 6 b5 b 4 b3 b 2 b1 b 0
Higher order Lower order
nibble nibble
MSB LSB
MSB LSB
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 53
Terms related to Binary Numbers
Structure:
MSD LSD
Positional Weights 83
8 2
8 1
8 0
81 82
Structure:
MSD LSD
Radix Point
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 64
Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)
0 0000 0 8 1000 8
1 0001 1 9 1001 9
2 0010 2 10 1010 A
3 0011 3 11 1011 B
4 0100 4 12 1100 C
5 0101 5 13 1101 D
6 0110 6 14 1110 E
7 0111 7 15 1111 F
Possibilities
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Procedure:
1. Divide the decimal no by the base 2, noting the
remainder.
2. Continue to divide the quotient by 2 until there is
nothing left, keeping the track of the remainders
from each step.
3. List the remainder values in reverse order to find
the number’s binary equivalent
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 69
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.
2 105
2 105
2 52 1
2 105
2 52 1
2 26 0
2 105
2 52 1
2 26 0
2 13 0
2 105
2 52 1
2 26 0
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 105
2 52 1
2 26 0
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 105
2 52 1
2 26 0
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
2 105
2 52 1
2 26 0
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 78
Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.
2 105
2 1 LSB
52
2 26 0
2 13 0
2 6 1
(105)10 (1101001)2
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1 MSB
Procedure:
0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0
0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0
0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1
0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0
0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1
0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1
0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0
0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1
0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1
0.36 X 2 = 0.72 0
0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0
0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1
0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1
0.36 X 2 = 0.72 0
0.72 X 2 = 1.44 1
0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1
0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1
0.36 X 2 = 0.72 0
(0.42)10 (0.01101)2
0.72 X 2 = 1.44 1 LSB
2. (8957.75)10 = ( ? )2
3. (420.6)10 = ( ? )2
4. (8476.47)10 = ( ? )2
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
8 204
2 5
8 204
8 204
8 25 4 - 16
44
- 40
4
3
8 204
8 25
8 25 4 - 24
8 3 1 1
8 204
8 25 4
8 3 1
0 3
8 204
LSD
8 25 4
8 3 1
0 3 MSD
(204)10 (314)8
0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4
0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4
0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7
0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4
0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7
0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7
0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4
0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7
0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7
0.1808 X 8 = 1.4464 1
0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4
0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7
0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7
0.1808 X 8 = 1.4464 1
0.4464 X 8 = 3.5712 3
0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7
0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7
0.1808 X 8 = 1.4464 1
(0.6234)10 (0.47713)8
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 104
Exercise
2. (8957.75)10 = ( ? )8
3. (420.6)10 = ( ? )8
4. (8476.47)10 = ( ? )8
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
16 2003
1 2 5
16 2003
16 2003
16 125 3 3
- 16
40
- 32
83
- 80
3
7
16 2003
16 125
16 125 3 3
- 112
16 7 13 D 13
16 2003
16 125 3 3
16 7 13 D
0 7 7
16 2003
LSD
16 125 3 3
16 7 13 D
0 7 7 MSD
(2003)10 (7 D3)16
0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1
0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1
0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F
0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1
0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F
0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3
0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1
0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F
0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3
0.712 X 16 = 11.392 11 B
0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1
0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F
0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3
0.712 X 16 = 11.392 11 B
0.392 X 16 = 6.272 6 6
0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F
0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3
0.712 X 16 = 11.392 11 B
(0.122)10 (0.1F3B6)16
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 121
Exercise
2. (8957.75)10 = ( ? )16
3. (420.6)10 = ( ? )16
4. (8476.47)10 = ( ? )16
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Procedure:
1. Write down the binary number.
2. Write down the weights for different positions.
3. Multiply each bit in the binary number with the
corresponding weight to obtain product numbers
to get the decimal numbers.
4. Add all the product numbers to get the decimal
equivalent
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 124
Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.
Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1
Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1
Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1
Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1
Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1
Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 11.25
Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1
Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 11.25
(1011.01) 2 (11.25)10
1. (1101110.011)2 = ( ? )10
2. (1101.11)2 = ( ? )10
3. (10001.01)2 = ( ? )10
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Procedure:
1. Write down the octal number.
2. Write down the weights for different positions.
3. Multiply each bit in the binary number with the
corresponding weight to obtain product numbers
to get the decimal numbers.
4. Add all the product numbers to get the decimal
equivalent
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 134
Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.
Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4
Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4
Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4
Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4
Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4
= 245.3125
Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4
= 245.3125
(365.24)8 (245.3125)10
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 141
Exercise
1. (3006.05)8 = ( ? )10
2. (273.56)8 = ( ? )10
3. (6534.04)8 = ( ? )10
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Procedure:
Hex No. 5 8 2 6
Hex No. 5 8 2 6
Hex No. 5 8 2 6
Hex No. 5 8 2 6
Hex No. 5 8 2 6
= 22566
Hex No. 5 8 2 6
= 22566
(5826)16 (22566)10
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 151
Exercise
2. (6B7)16 = ( ? )10
3. (8E47.AB)16 = ( ? )10
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Procedure:
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
LSB
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 2 2
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 2 2
(11010010)2 (322)8
1. (1101110.011)2 = ( ? )8
2. (1101.11)2 = ( ? )8
3. (10001.01)2 = ( ? )8
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Procedure:
LSB
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
LSB
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
D 2
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
D 2
(11010010)2 (D 2)16
1. (1101110.011)2 = ( ? )16
2. (1101.11)2 = ( ? )16
3. (10001.01)2 = ( ? )16
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
3 6 4
3 6 4
3 6 4
3 6 4
(364)8 (011110100) 2
OR
(364)8 (11110100) 2
1. (3006.05)8 = ( ? )2
2. (273.56)8 = ( ? )2
3. (6534.04)8 = ( ? )2
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
A F B 2
A F B 2
A F B 2
(AFB2)16 (1010111110110010)2
1. (4056)16 = ( ? )2
2. (6B7)16 = ( ? )2
3. (8E47.AB)16 = ( ? )2
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
3 6 4 Octal Number
3 6 4 Octal Number
3 6 4 Octal Number
3 6 4 Octal Number
0 F 4 Hex Number
3 6 4 Octal Number
0 F 4 Hex Number
(364)8 (F 4)16
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 191
Exercise
2. (273.56)8 = ( ? )16
3. (6534.04)8 = ( ? )16
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
4 C A Hex Number
4 C A Hex Number
4 C A Hex Number
4 C A Hex Number
2 3 1 2 Octal Number
4 C A Hex Number
2 3 1 2 Octal Number
(4CA)16 (2312)8
1. (4056)16 = ( ? )8
2. (6B7)16 = ( ? )8
3. (8E47.AB)16 = ( ? )8
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
0 0
1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
0 0 0
1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 . 1 0 1
1 1 1 . 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 . 0 0 0
1. (11011)2+(1101)2
2. (1011)2+(1101)2+(1001)2+(1111)2
3. (1010.11)2+(1101.10)2+(1001.11)2+(1111.11)2
4. (10111.101)2+(110111.01)2
1 1 1 10
0 10 0 10 10 0 10
1 0 1 0 . 0 1 0
1 1 1 . 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 . 0 1 1
(1010.010)2 (111.111)
9/10/2018
2 (0010.011) 2
Amit Nevase 217
Exercise
1. (1011)2- (101)2
2. (1100.10)2- (111.01)2
3. (10110)2- (1011)2
4. (10001.01)2- (1111.11)2
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 x
0 0 0 0 x x
1 0 0 1 x x x
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1. (1101)2 X (101)2
2. (1101.11)2 X (101.1)2
3. (11001)2 X (10)2
4. (10110)2 X (10.1)2
101 1 1 0 1 1 0
-1 0 1
0 0 1 1
-0 0
1 1 1
-1 0 1
0 1 0 0
-0 0 0
9/10/2018
1 0 0 Amit Nevase 226
Exercise
1. (1010)2 by (11)2
2. (11110)2 by (101)2
3. (11011)2 by (10.1)2
4. (110111.1)2 by (101)2
result
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 229
1’s Complement
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
2 1001 0110
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
final carry Result
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 Result
final carry
1
0 1 0 1 Final Result
When the final carry is produced the answer is positive and is in its true
binary form
1. (52)10 - (17)10
2. (46)10 - (84)10
3. (63.75)10-(17.5)10
4. (73.5)10-(112.75)10
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 ---1’s complement
1
0 1 1 0 ----2’s complement
true form.
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1
final carry Final Result
Discard
If Carry is generated, discard carry. The result is positive and its true
binary form
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 243
Exercise
1. (46)10 - (19)10
2. (27)10 - (75)10
3. (125.3)10-(46.7)10
4. (36.75)10-(89.5)10
1101, 1110 and 1111 in this code i.e. they are not part
1 8 1000
2 47 0100 0111
4 99 1001 1001
5 10 0001 0000
Binary Number 1 0 1 1
Binary Number 1 0 1 1
Gray Code 1
Binary Number 1 0 1 1
Gray Code 1 1
Binary Number 1 0 1 1
Gray Code 1 1 1
Binary Number 1 0 1 1
Gray Code 1 1 1 0
Binary Number 1 0 1 1
Gray Code 1 1 1 0
Binary Number 1 0 0 1
Gray Code 1 1 0 1
Binary Number 1 1 1 1
Gray Code 1 0 0 0
Binary Number 1 0 1 0
Gray Code 1 1 1 1
1. (1011)2
2. (110110010)2
3. (101010110101)2
4. (100001)2
Bn Gn Bn 1 Bn Gn 1 Bn 2 Bn 1 Gn 2 ………… B1 B2 G1
Gray Code 1 1 1 0
Gray Code 1 1 1 0
Binary Number 1
Gray Code 1 1 1 0
Binary Number 1 0
Gray Code 1 1 1 0
Binary Number 1 0 1
Gray Code 1 1 1 0
Binary Number 1 0 1 1
Gray Code 1 1 1 0
Binary Number 1 0 1 1
Gray Code 1 1 0 1
Binary Number 1 0 0 1
Gray Code 1 1 0 0
Binary Number 1 0 0 0
1. (1111)GRAY
2. (101110) GRAY
3. (100010110) GRAY
4. (11100111) GRAY
This code derives its name from the fact that each
binary code word is the corresponding 8421 code
word plus 0011.
Excess-3 Code=
Decimal No. BCD Code
BCD + Excess-3
0 0000 0011
1 0001 0100
2 0010 0101
3 0011 0110
4 0100 0111
5 0101 1000
6 0110 1001
7 0111 1010
8 1000 1011
9 1001 1100
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 281
Excess-3 Code (XS-3)
4 2 8
1. (40)10
2. (88) 10
3. (64) 10
4. (23) 10
ASCII Codes B6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
B5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
B4 B3 B2 B1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ‘ p
0 0 0 1 1 SOH DC1 | 1 A Q a q
0 0 1 0 2 STX DC2 “ 2 B R b r
0 0 1 1 3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0 1 0 0 4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0 1 0 1 5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0 1 1 0 6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0 1 1 1 7 BEL ETB ‘ 7 G W g w
1 0 0 0 8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1 0 0 1 9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1 0 1 0 10 LF SUB “ : J Z j z
1 0 1 1 11 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1 1 0 0 12 FF FC , < L \ l !
1 1 0 1 13 CR GS = M ] m }
1 1 1 0 14 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1 1
9/10/2018 1 1 15 SI US Nevase /
Amit ? O _ o DEL
289
Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.
from LSD.
57 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
26 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
83 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
Add 0110 in
only invalid
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 code
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1. (275)10 +(493)10
2. (109)10 +(778)10
3. (88.7)10 +(265.8)10
4. (204.6)10 +(185.56)10
http://nptel.ac.in/video.
php?subjectId=1171060
86
http://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/binary/bin_
1.html
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 299
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 300