Hiligaynon Orthography

Background:
The Hiligaynon language, also often referred colloquially simply as Ilonggo, is an Austronesian regional
language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, mainly in Western Visayas and SOCCSKSARGEN,
most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon people. It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and belongs
to the Bisayan languages, and is more distantly related to other Philippine languages.

Hiligaynon is mainly concentrated in the regions of Western Visayas (Iloilo, Capiz, Guimaras, and Negros
Occidental), as well as in South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato in SOCCSKSARGEN. It is also spoken in
other neighboring provinces, such as Antique and Aklan (also in Western Visayas), Negros Oriental in Central Visayas,
Masbate in Bicol Region, Romblon and Palawan in MIMAROPA. It is also spoken as a second language by Kinaray-a
speakers in Antique, Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan, Capiznon speakers in Capiz and Cebuano speakers in Negros
Oriental. There are approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of the Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon
and an additional 5,000,000 capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency.

The language is also often referred to as "Ilonggo" (also spelled Ilongo), particularly in Iloilo and Negros
Occidental. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, however, that this is an incorrect usage of the word "Ilonggo". In precise
usage, these people opine that "Ilonggo" should be used only in relation to the ethnolinguistic group of native inhabitants
of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers in that place, including their language. The
disagreement over the usage of "Ilonggo" to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native
laypeople.

It also has one of the largest native language-speaking populations of the Philippines, despite not being taught and
studied formally in schools and universities until 2012. Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code hil, but has no
ISO 639-1 two-letter code.

History:

Historical evidence from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago shows that the nomenclature
used to refer to this language had its origin among the people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod ("los [naturales] de la
playa"), whom Loarca called Yligueynes (or the more popular term Hiligaynon, also referred to by the Karay-a people as
"Siná"). In contrast, the "Kinaray-a" has been used by what the Spanish colonizers called Arayas, which may be a Spanish
misconception of the Hiligaynon words Iraya or taga-Iraya, or the current and more popular version Karay-a (highlanders
- people of Iraya/highlands).

Classification:

Similar to many languages in the Philippines, very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon.
Some of the widely recognized varieties of the language are Standard or Urban Hiligaynon (Iloilo provincial and Iloilo
City variant), simply called "Ilonggo", Bacolodnon Hiligaynon (Metro Bacolod variant), Negrense Hiligaynon (provincial
Negros Occidental variant that is composed of three sub-variants: Northern, Central and Southern Negrense Hiligaynon),
Guimaras Hiligaynon, and Mindanao Hiligaynon.

Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (also known as Hiniraya or Antiqueño) and Capiznon as dialects of
Hiligaynon; however, these have been classified by linguists as separate (Western) Bisayan languages.

Related Languages:

According H. Otley Beyer and other anthropologists, the term Visayan was first applied only to the people of
Panay and to their settlements eastward in the island of Negros (especially its western portion), and northward in the
smaller islands, which now compose the province of Romblon. In fact, at the early part of Spanish colonialization of the
Philippines, the Spaniards used the term Visayan only for these areas. While the people of Cebu, Bohol and Leyte were
for a long time known only as Pintados. The name Visayan was later extended to these other islands because, as several of
the early writers state, their languages are closely allied to the Visayan dialect of Panay.
Writing System:

Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written largely following Spanish orthography
consisting of 32 letters called ABECEDARIO:

A B C Ch D E F G H I J K L M N Ň Ňg/ Ňg/ Ňg O P Q R Rr S T U V W X Y Z

The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which
comes in an upper case and lower case variety.

The 1st to 10th letters

K H I L
Symbol Aa Bb Dd Ee Gg Mm
k h i l

Name a ba ka da e ga ha i la ma

The 11th to 20th letters

R T U
Symbol Nn Ng ng Oo Pp Ss Ww Yy
r t u

Name na nga o pa ra sa ta u wa ya

Additional Symbols:

The apostrophe ⟨'⟩ and hyphen ⟨-⟩ also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered separate letters.

The hyphen, in particular, is used medially to indicate the glottal stop san-o ‘when’ gab-e ‘evening; night’. It is
also used to in reduplicated words: adlaw-adlaw ‘daily, every day’, from adlaw ‘day, sun’. This marking is not used in
reduplicated words whose base is not also used independently, as in pispis ‘bird’.

In addition, some English letters may be used in borrowed words.

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiligaynon_language

Filipino Orthography

Background:
Filipino orthography (Filipino; Pilipino: Ortograpiyang Filipino) specifies the correct use of the writing
system of the Filipino language, the national and co-official language of the Philippines. It specifies the correct utilization
of the writing system of the Filipino language.

History:
 During the Pre-Hispanic Era, most of the languages of the Philippines were written in abugida, an ancient
segmental writing system. Examples of this ancient Philippine writing system which descended from the Brāhmī script are
the Kawi, Baybayin, Buhid, Hanunó'o, Tagbanwa, Butuan, Kapampangan and other Brahmic family of scripts known to
antiquity. A controversial and debatable script of the Philippines is the Eskayan script.

Baybayin script began to decline in the 17th century and became obsolete in the 18th century. The scripts that are
still in use today by the indigenous Mangyan groups of the Philippines are the Buhid and the Hanunó'o script.

Adoptation of the Latin Script:

When the Spaniards arrived in 1521 and began to colonize the islands of the Philippines in 1565, they introduced the Latin
script to the Catholicized Filipinos. When most of the Philippine languages were first written in the Latin script, they used
the Spanish alphabet. This alphabet was called the Abecedario, the original alphabet of the Catholicized Filipinos, which
variously had either 28, 29, 31, or 32 letters.

Writing System:

The writing system of the Muslim Filipinos in the different independent sultanates of Mindanao during the
Spanish colonization shifted from abugida script to Arabic alphabet while the writing system of most of the Catholicized
Chinese Filipinos shifted from Written Chinese to Abecedario alphabet.

Modern Filipino Alphabet (1987-present):

In 1987, the official language called Pilipino was renamed to Filipino. Article XIV Section 6 of the 1987
Constitution states that "the National language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed
and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages".

The Pilipino alphabet was reduced to 28 letters, with the Spanish Ch, Ll and Rr digraphs being dropped from
being considered as distinct letters (The Association of Spanish Language Academies itself abandoned the use of Ch and
Ll as separate listings in alphabetical collations in 1994. Since 2010, ch and ll are no longer considered distinct letters.
Each digraph is now treated as a sequence of two distinct characters, finding occasional use as conjoined pairs.).

Spanish Alphabet as individual letters, although they are still used as conjoined pairs.

The Modern Filipino alphabet is primarily English alphabet plus the Spanish Ñ and Tagalog Ng digraph; these are
alphabetized separately in theory. Today, the Modern Filipino alphabet is used, and may also serve as the alphabet for all
autochthonous Philippine languages.

Collation of the Modern Filipino Alphabet (28 letters):

Majuscule Forms

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Ñ Ng O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Minuscule Forms

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ ng o p q r s t u v w x y z

Virtually unutilized from the Abecedario were the letters K and W, which are both used extensively in most
Philippine languages today due to the imposition of the Abakada alphabet. Relics of this Abecedario alphabet can still be
seen in the way "Castilianized" indigenous and Chinese-origin surnames are written. Some examples of indigenous
Filipino surnames are Macasáquit, Guintô, Bañaga, Guipit, Abucajo, Abueg, Bangachon, Dagohoy, Valarao and
Dimaculañgan. Some examples of Chinese-origin surnames are Guanzón, Cojuangco, Siapuatco, Yapchulay, Locsín,
Quisumbing, Tuazon and Yuchengco. Many indigenous place names are also written using Spanish orthography, often
either coexisting or competing with their indigenized forms if they exist (Bulacán or Bulakán, Caloocan or Kalookan,
Taguig or Tagig, etc.). Parañaque would be written in the indigenized system as Paranyake, but the latter spelling is so far
unaccepted and not known in use. Marikina on the other hand gained acceptance over the older Mariquina.
Abakada Alphabet (1940-1976)

On November 13, 1936, the Institute of National Language (Filipino: Surian ng Wikang Pambansa) selected
Tagalog as the basis of the Tagalog-Based National Language 9Filipino: Wikang Pambansa na Batay sa Tagalog),
otherwise known as National Language (Filipino: Wikang Pambansa). The Abakada alphabet, which contains 20 letters,
was created by Lope K. Santos in 1940. The alphabet was officially adopted by the institute as an alphabet for the
Tagalog- Based National Language to "indigenized" the writing system. Filipino alphabet (1976-1987)

In 1959, the Institute of National Language renamed the Tagalog- based National Language into Pilipino. On
October 4, 1971 the Abakada alphabet was revised and expanded in order to accommodate words of Spanish and English
origin. It consisted of 31 letters-the 20 letters of the Abakada alphabet and the Spanish C, Ch, F, J, L, Ň, Q, Rr, V, X and
Z.

Pilipino was defined by the 1973 Philippine constitution as one of the official languages of the Philippines. On
July 30, 1976, the Department of Education Culture and Sports (DECS) issued Department Memo No. 194 starting the
adaptation of the Pilipino alphabet. In practice, Spanish digraphs were considered as their two constituent letters.

Collation of the Pilipino Alphabet (31 letters):

Majuscule Forms

A B C Ch D E F G H I J K L Ll M N Ñ Ng O P Q R Rr S T U V W X Y Z

Minuscule Forms

a b c ch d e f g h i j k l ll m n ñ ng o p q r rr s t u v w x y z

Orthographic styles (old and new)

Below is an example of the difference in orthography between the Old Tagalog (Spanish system) and
Modern Filipino system. The text used for comparison is the Filipino version of the Lord's Prayer. Phrases in
square brackets are either current yet uncommon or are archaic.

Old Tagalog System (taken from Doctrina Christiana, Modern Filipino orthography
1593)

Ama namin, nasa Lan͠gitca, Ama namin, sumasalangit Ka,

Ypasamba Mo ang N͠galanmo.
Mouisaamin ang pagcaharimo.
Ypasonor mo ang loob mo
Dito sa lupa para sa Lan͠git.
Bigya mo cami n͠gaion ng amin cacanin para nang sa arao-
arao.
At patauarin Mo ang amin casalanã,
Yaiang uinaualan bahala namĩ sa loob
Ang casalanan nang nagcacasala sa amin.
Houag Mo caming æwan nang dicami matalo ng tocso,
Datapouat yadia mo cami sa dilan masama.
Sapagcat iyo an caharian at capaniarihan
At caloualhatian, magpacailan man.
Amen Jesús.
Sambahín ang Ngalan Mo.
Mapasaamin ang kaharián Mo.
Sundin ang loób Mo
Dito sa lupà, para nang sa langit.
Bigyan Mo kami ngayón ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw.
At patawarin Mo kami sa aming mga salâ,
Para nang pagpapatawad namin
Sa mga nagkakasalâ sa amin.
At huwag Mo kaming ipahintulot sa tuksò,
At iadyâ Mo kami sa lahát ng masamâ.
[Sapagkat sa Iyó ang kaharián, at ang kapangyarihan,
At ang kaluwalhatían, magpakailanman.]
Amen [Hesús].
Sources:

http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Filipino/orthography/en-en/

http://everything.explained.today/Filipino_orthography/

English Orthography

Background:
English orthography is the system of writing conventions used to represent spoken English in written
form that allows readers to connect spelling to sound to meaning.

Like the orthography of most world languages, English orthography has a broad degree of standardization.
However, unlike with most languages, there are multiple ways to spell nearly every phoneme (sound), and most letters
also have multiple pronunciations depending on their position in a word and the context.

English orthography is the alphabetic spelling system used by the English language. English orthography uses a
set of rules that governs how speech is represented in writing.

History:

Historical evidence from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago shows that the nomenclature
used to refer to this language had its origin among the people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod ("los [naturales] de la
playa"), whom Loarca called Yligueynes (or the more popular term Hiligaynon, also referred to by the Karay-a people as
"Siná"). In contrast, the "Kinaray-a" has been used by what the Spanish colonizers called Arayas, which may be a Spanish
misconception of the Hiligaynon words Iraya or taga-Iraya, or the current and more popular version Karay-a (highlanders
- people of Iraya/highlands).

History:

Inconsistences and irregularities in English pronunciation and spelling have gradually increased in number
throughout the history of the English language. There are number of contributing factors. First gradual changes in
pronunciation, such as Great Vowel Shift, account for tremendous number of irregularities. Second relatively recent loan
words from other languages generally carry their original spellings, which are often not phonetic in English. The
Romanization of language (e.g., Chinese) using alphabets derived from the Latin alphabet has further complicated this
problem for example when pronouncing Chinese proper names.
 The regular spelling system of Old English was swept away by the Norman Conquest, and English itself was
supplanted in some spheres by Norman French for three centuries, eventually emerging with its spelling much influenced
by French. English had also borrowed large numbers of words from French, which naturally kept their French spellings as
there was no reason or mechanism to change them. The spelling of Middle English, such as in the writings of Geoffrey
Chaucer, is very irregular and inconsistent, with the same word being spelled in different ways, sometimes even in the
same sentence. However, these were generally much better guides to the then pronunciation than modern English spelling
is.

By the time dictionaries were introduced in the mid17th century, the spelling system of English had started to
stabilize. By the 19th century, most words had set spellings, though it took some time before they diffused throughout the
English-speaking world. In The Mill on the Floss (1860), English novelist George Eliot satirized the attitude of the
English rural gentry of the 1820s towards orthography:

Writing System:

The English language contains 24 to 27 (depending on dialect) separate consonant phonemes and between
fourteen to twenty vowels and diphthongs. However, English only uses the twenty-six letters of the Latin alphabet.

For this reason, a one to one correspondence between character and sound is not possible to denote for all the
complex sounds. This means that the letters have to multi-task!

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography

https://www.myenglishlanguage.com/linguistics-language-guide/english-orthography/