JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Conjugate Heat and Mass Transfer in a Vertical Porous Cylinder

Irfan Anjum Badruddin∗
King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
N. J. Salman Ahmed†
Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
and
Ali E. Anqi‡ and Sarfaraz Kamangar‡
King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
DOI: 10.2514/1.T5488
The present work is undertaken to investigate the conjugate heat and mass transfer in an annular vertical cylinder
having a solid wall at the inner surface. A finite element method is used to solve the governing partial differential
equations. The inner and outer surfaces are maintained at high and low temperatures, respectively. Emphasis is given
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in the current paper to investigate the effects of varying solid wall thicknesses and the thermal conductivity ratios
between solids on porous mediums. The results are reported for both aiding and opposing flows. The effects of the
buoyancy ratio, Lewis number, Rayleigh number, and the aspect ratio on the temperature and concentration profile
are discussed. It is found that the increased thermal conductivity ratio increases the heat transfer rate.

Nomenclature i = inner
Ar = aspect ratio; H∕L o = outer
C, C
= species concentrations (dimensional and nondimensional, p = porous
respectively) s = solid
D = wall thickness ratio;
rsp − ri ∕
ro − ri  sp = solid–porous interface
Dm = mass diffusivity, m2 ∕s ∞ = ambient conditions
g = gravitational acceleration, m∕s2
H = height of cylinder, m I. Introduction
K = permeability of the porous medium, m2
Kr
k
=
=
thermal conductivity ratio
thermal conductivity, W∕m °C H EAT transfer in a porous medium is one of those subjects that
have generated immense interest among the research
community due to its varied applications, ranging from engineering
L = ro − ri , m
Le = Lewis number to scientific fields such as geothermal heat extractions, heat removal
N = buoyancy ratio from nuclear reactors, heat exchangers, electronic components,
Nu = average Nusselt number solar energy storage technology, exothermic reactions in packed
Ra = Rayleigh number bed reactors, storage of grains, food processing, high-performance
Rr = radius ratio;
ro − ri ∕ri insulation for energy-efficient buildings, and the spread of
r, z = cylindrical coordinates, m underground pollutants, to name a few. The timely review about
r
, z
= nondimensional coordinates the subject, encompassing the various issues related to porous
Sh

= local and average Sherwood number mediums, has been well documented by well-known researchers,
T, T
= dimensional (°C) and nondimensional temperatures, such as in Refs. [1–3], giving state-of–the-art information about the
respectively problems and relevant solutions pertaining to porous mediums.
u, w = velocity in r and z directions, respectively, m∕s Convective heat transfer was analyzed numerically and theoretically
α = thermal diffusivity, m2 ∕s to study the thermal boundary characteristics in porous media by
β = coefficient of thermal expansion, 1∕°C Jiang and Lu [4]. Mathematical modeling of magnetohydrodynamic
v = coefficient of kinematic viscosity peristaltic propulsion of two-phase flow in a porous medium was
φ = porosity recently studied by Bhatti et al. [5]. Nanofluids have been used
Ψ = stream function successfully to enhance the heat transfer in many cases, and some of
ψ
= nondimensional stream function the studies related with porous mediums can be found in Refs. [6,7].
The Galerkin finite element method was adopted to investigate the
Subscripts effect of porosity on natural convective flow and heat transfer in a
fluid-saturated porous medium [8]. The work pertaining to the heat
h = high transfer analysis with different porous geometries has been reported
[9–13]. A similar methodology was adopted by Ahmed et al. [14] to
investigate the natural convection in a conical cylinder. Furthermore,
Received 9 March 2018; revision received 9 September 2018; accepted for the thermal nonequilibrium approach was adopted to study the mixed
publication 20 October 2018; published online 26 December 2018. Copyright convection in an annular cylinder [15]. Jiang and Ren [16] also used
© 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All the thermal nonequilibrium approach to study the forced convection
rights reserved. All requests for copying and permission to reprint should be heat transfer in the porous media. There are applications in which the
submitted to CCC at www.copyright.com; employ the ISSN 0887-8722 porous medium is fixed adjacent to a solid section. This kind of
(print) or 1533-6808 (online) to initiate your request. See also AIAA Rights situation produces different heat transfer behaviors than a situation
and Permissions www.aiaa.org/randp. having no solid region adjacent to the porous medium. This happens
*Associate Professor, College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, P.O. Box 394 (Corresponding Author). because of the fact that the boundary conditions are generally known
†
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, at both the solid and the porous walls, but no information is available
P.O. Box 33, Al-Khod. at the meeting point of the solid and the porous regions that can be
‡ termed as a solid–porous interface. Thus, the heat transfer in the
Assistant Professor, College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, P.O. Box 394. porous medium is dictated by the solid wall characteristics. This
Article in Advance / 1
 2 Article in Advance / BADRUDDIN ET AL.

phenomenon is generally termed as conjugate heat transfer.

Literature pertaining to the conjugate heat transfer in different
geometries (such as the vertical wall [17], cylindrical fin [18], sphere
[19], vertical circular pin, and vertical flat plate [20,21] embedded in
a porous medium), explicating various aspects, have been reported.
Conjugate-free convection from long vertical plate fins embedded
in a porous medium was investigated by Pop et al. [17]. A vertical,
cylindrical fin embedded in a porous medium was analyzed
analytically based on the conjugate convection–conduction theory to
evaluate mixed convection heat transfer by Liu et al. [18]. Conjugate
convection from a sphere in a porous medium was reported by
Kimura and Pop [19]. Cha’o-Kuang, and Chien-Hsin [20,21] studied
the effects of the conjugate convection–conduction parameter and the
surface curvature on the mixed convection heat transfer character-
istics of a vertical circular pin and conjugate mixed convection flow
about a vertical plate fin embedded in a variable-porosity medium in a
flat plate in a porous medium. A comparison between the conjugate
and nonconjugate heat transfers was presented by Shigeo and Pop Fig. 1 Schematic of the physical model.
[22]. A compact formula to provide useful information about the
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temperature distribution and the heat transfer from a cylinder in a

porous medium was presented. Two-dimensional and transient-free the outer surface is maintained at a constant temperature T ∞ such that
convection due to a vertical plate in a porous medium was analyzed to T h > T ∞ . The following assumptions are applied:
study the conjugate-free convection heat transfer by Vynnycky and 1) The fluid follows the Darcy law.
Kimura [23] and Vynnycky and Shigeo [24] The literature pertaining 2) The convective fluid and the porous medium are in local thermal
to the conjugate heat transfer gave substantial information that equilibrium.
assisted in understanding the phenomenon to a greater extent. 3) There is no phase change of the fluid in the medium.
However, the combined heat and mass transfer was a more realistic 4) The properties of the solid and the fluid, as well as those of the
phenomenon that found some key applications in many areas (such as porous medium, are homogeneous.
food preservation, transport of immiscible fluids through the 5) Fluid properties are constant, except the variation of the density
biological membranes, and transport of pollutants through the Earth) with temperature.
that have inspired the researchers to investigate the different aspects The governing equations for the problem under consideration can
related to it. A vertical cylindrical fin was analyzed to determine the be written as follows [14,35,36]:
conjugate natural convection with uniform lateral mass flux by
Jin-Yuan et al. [25]. A combined heat and mass transfer due to a ∂
ru ∂
w
r 0 (1)
permeable vertical cylinder was investigated by Hossain et al. [26]. ∂r ∂z
The effects of pertinent parameters such as the buoyancy number,
Sherwood number, Lewis number, transpiration parameter, and −K ∂p
u (2)
local Nusselt number on the velocity, temperature, and species μ ∂r
concentration were reported. The presence of a small block in a
square cavity was investigated by Azeem et al. [27]. The effects of

−K ∂p
concurrent counterflow and crossflow on the boundary conditions in w  ρg (3)
μ ∂z
a channel and the consequent Nusselt and Sherwood numbers in the
channels were evaluated by Zhang et al. [28]. The streamline, heat
Energy equation:
line, and mass line applications related to the conjugate heat and mass
transfer in a square enclosure were discussed by Zhao et al. [29].

 
∂T p ∂T p 1 ∂ ∂T p ∂2 T p
Juncu [30] studied the different aspects related to the conjugate heat u w α r  2 (4)
and mass transfer as related to ensembles of spherical particles and ∂r ∂z r ∂r ∂r ∂z
Newtonian fluid spheres. Some other work in this area included the
unsteady conjugate heat mass transfer in circular cylinders with an Concentration equation:
internal heat/mass source [31] and unsteady conjugate heat mass

 
transfer from a finite flat plate [32]. Cylindrical porous media with ∂C ∂C 1 ∂ ∂C ∂2 C
u w  Dm r  2 (5)
cylindrical dielectric cores in microwave freeze drying was reported ∂r ∂z r ∂r ∂r ∂z
by Tao et al. [33]. Conjugate heat transfer in a vertical annulus has
been reported [34,35], but the combined effect of heat and mass
transfer due to the presence of a solid wall in a porous annulus has not ρ  ρ∞ 1 − βT
T − T ∞  − βC
C − C∞  (6)
be investigated to the best of authors’ knowledge. This kind of
geometrical domain has relevance in applications such as devices The heat transfer in solid wall is described by the following:
used in gasification, heat exchangers, and vertically immersed

pipelines in the soil. 1 ∂ ∂T s ∂2 T
r  2s  0 (7)
r ∂r ∂r ∂z
II. Mathematical Model The relevant boundary conditions are at
The physical model of conjugate heat and mass transfer in a porous
annulus along with the coordinate system is depicted in Fig. 1. The r  ri ; T  Th; u0 (8a)
coordinate system is chosen in such a way that the r and z axes point
toward the radial and vertical directions of the annulus. The model and at
includes a solid wall having a finite thickness at the inner radius of the
annulus, which is followed by the porous region until the outer radius r  ro ; T  T ∞; C  C∞ ; u0
of the annulus. The solid wall thickness is defined as a fraction of the
total thickness of the annulus between the inner and outer radii. The Because this is a steady-state flow, the following condition at the
inner surface of the annulus is heated to constant temperature T h , and solid–porous interface has to be satisfied at
 Article in Advance / BADRUDDIN ET AL. 3

∂T s ∂T p The Nusselt number is calculated using following expressions:

r  rsp u  0 C  Ch ; ks  kp (8b)
∂r ∂r Z


z
Ar ∂T p

p  −1
Nu d
z (16a)
The continuity [Eq. (1)] can be satisfied by introducing the stream z
z
0 ∂
r r

rsp
function ψ as follows:
Z


1 ∂ψ
 −1
z
Ar ∂Cp
u− Sh d
z (16b)
r ∂z z
z
0 ∂r
r

rsp
1 ∂ψ
w (9)
r ∂r

where u and w are Darcy’s velocities in the r and z directions,

respectively, III. Numerical Scheme
The following parameters have been used for nondimensionaliza- The equations that govern the heat transfer in the solid region and
tion of the governing equations:. the heat and fluid flows within the porous medium are partial
differential equations. These are coupled equations [Eqs. (11–14)]
r z ψ
T − T ∞ 
C − C∞  having interdependency on each other. Any change in one equation
r
 ; z
 ; ψ
 ; T
 ; C

L L αL
T h − T ∞ 
Ch − C∞  affects the other equations, and vice versa, which makes them
gβ ΔTKL α βc
Ch − C∞  difficult to solve directly. Thus, these equations are to be solved
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Ra  T ; Le  ; N (10) simultaneously. The current numerical scheme is based on a finite

να Dm βT
T h − T ∞  element method in which Eqs. (11–14) are converted into algebraic
forms of equations with the help of the Galerkin method. A good
Making use of Eqs. (6), (9), and (10) into Eqs. (2–5) and (7), as well understanding of the finite element method as well as its applicability
as performing mathematical operations, yield can be found in Refs. [13,37–46]. The resultant set of algebraic

 
 equations is assembled into a global matrix for each of Eqs. (11–14).
∂2 ψ
∂ 1 ∂ψ
∂T p ∂C
It requires only one-half of the domain to be modeled due to the
 r

 rRa

 N (11)
∂
z2 ∂
r r
∂r
∂r
∂
r symmetric nature of the cylinder. A three-noded triangular element is
used to mesh the domain. The accuracy of the finite element method
 

  generally depends on the number of elements being chosen to mesh
1 ∂ψ
∂T
∂ψ
∂T
1 ∂ ∂T p ∂2 T p
−  r
 2 (12) the domain, and it increases with the increase in the number of
r
∂r
∂
z ∂
z ∂r
r
∂r
∂r
∂
z elements up to a point; thereafter, the dependency becomes irrelevant.
 


  The geometry is meshed with a sufficient number of elements to
1 ∂ψ
∂C
∂ψ
∂C
1 1 ∂ ∂C ∂2 C
make sure that the results are not affected due to mesh size.
−  r
 2 (13)
r
∂r
∂z
∂
z ∂r
Le r
∂
r ∂
r ∂
z Equations (11–14) are solved iteratively with tolerance levels for ψ,

T

and C
set as 10−9 , 10−6 , and 10−6 , respectively. The tolerance


1 ∂ ∂T
s ∂2 T
level indicates the difference in the value of the solution variable
r
 2s  0 (14) (ψ,

T
and C)

from its previous iteration for each of the nodes in the
r
∂r
∂r
∂z

domain. The present methodology is validated with the previously
The corresponding boundary conditions are at published data by setting the solid wall thickness to zero that
corresponds to the vertical annular porous medium. The comparison
r
 ri T
s  1 (15a) is shown in Table 1 to illustrate that the current method is accurate
enough to simulate the heat transfer behavior of the problem under
investigation [47,48].
at

r
 ro ψ
 0 C
 0 T
p  0 (15b) IV. Results and Discussion

The problem under investigation is discussed for the different
and at physical and geometric parameters involved. The results are
presented in terms of the temperature profile, the concentration
∂T
s ∂T
p profile, the fluid flow profile, the Nusselt number, and the Sherwood
r
 rsp ψ
 0; C
 1 Kr  (15c)
∂
r ∂
r number for conjugate heat and mass transfer. Emphasis is given to the

Table 1 Comparison of present method with available literature

Nuz ∕Ra1∕2
z Shz ∕Ra1∕2
z

N Le Yih [47] Nakayama and Hossain [48] Present Yih [47] Nakayama and Hossain [48] Present
0 1 0.4437 0.444 0.4325 0.4437 0.444 0.4325
0 2 —— 0.444 0.4325 —— 0.693 0.6912
0 4 —— 0.444 0.4325 —— 1.053 1.1093
0 6 —— 0.444 0.4325 —— 1.332 1.4075
0 8 —— 0.444 0.4325 —— 1.568 1.6357
0 10 0.4437 0.444 0.4325 1.6803 1.776 1.8268
0 100 0.4437 0.444 0.4325 5.5445 6.061 6.3780
1 1 0.6276 0.628 0.6551 0.6276 0.628 0.6551
1 2 —— 0.593 0.6307 —— 0.937 1.0420
1 4 —— 0.559 0.5944 —— 1.383 1.5808
1 6 —— 0.541 0.5687 —— 1.728 1.9535
1 8 —— 0.529 0.5496 —— 2.019 2.2471
1 10 0.5214 0.521 0.5347 2.2020 2.276 2.4967
1 100 0.4700 0.470 0.4386 7.1389 7.539 7.7022
 4 Article in Advance / BADRUDDIN ET AL.

thickness of the solid wall along with the conductivity ratio between assisting flow and negative for the thermally opposing flow. N  0
the solid and porous mediums. indicates the absence of concentration buoyant force, and flow is
driven by thermal buoyancy only. The temperature along the
A. Temperature and Concentration Profile interface increases with an increase in cylinder height for assisting
The thermal boundary conditions of the current problem are such
that the inner and outer surfaces are maintained at T h and T ∞ ,
respectively. This will force the heat to be transferred from the inner
surface through the solid section and then toward the outer radius
across the porous medium due to the temperature difference in the
radial direction. Similarly, the mass has to travel from the solid–
porous interface toward the outer radius due to the concentration
difference in the radial direction. The heat transfer from the solid wall
to the porous medium depends on the temperature profile at the solid–
porous interface. These profiles are, in turn, dependent on the solid
wall thickness and the physical properties of the walls. It is worth
knowing the temperature variations along the interface and the
medium to judge the heat transfer characteristics of the whole
domain.
Figure 2 illustrates the effect of the solid wall thickness on the
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temperature distribution at the solid–porous interface for Kr  0.1,

Le  1, Ra  100, Rr  1, and Ar  2. D indicates the fraction of
the solid thickness as compared to the total thickness of the domain
between the inner and outer radii. The figure is plotted for two values
of the buoyancy ratio: N  −0.5 and 0.5. The parameter N indicates
the relative importance of the concentration and the thermal Fig. 4 Temperature along radial direction.
buoyancy force. It may be noted that N is positive for the thermally

Fig. 2 Temperature at interface for Kr
0.1. Fig. 5 Concentration profile adjacent to solid–porous interface.

Fig. 3 Temperature at interface for Kr
1. Fig. 6 Concentration profile along the radial direction.
 Article in Advance / BADRUDDIN ET AL. 5

flow. It is seen that the temperature difference at the top and bottom of same as that of Fig. 2. It can be seen that the temperature at the
the cylinder along the interface decreases with the increase in the interface wall has increased as compared to that of Fig. 2. This is
solid thickness. At a high value of wall thickness, the temperature because the increase in the thermal conductivity ratio leads to better
along the height is almost constant. For opposing flow at N  −0.5, heat transfer in the solid wall, thus increasing the temperature of the
the temperature increases along the cylinder height for D  3.125%. solid wall. As in the previous case, the increase in the solid wall
However, the increase in the solid wall thickness leads to a decrease in thickness decreases the temperature of the solid–porous interface due
the temperature along the cylinder height. Figure 3 shows the effect of to the increase in the thermal resistance for heat transfer in the
increasing the thermal conductivity ratio between the solid and the domain. It is found that the temperature of the interface is almost
porous mediums, which is Kr  1, keeping all other parameters the equal for assisting and opposing flows for D  75%. Figure 4 shows

0.4
0.9
0.8
0.7

0.4
0.3
0.4

5
0.3
0.1

0.
0.9
0.8
1
4.5 4.5

0.6
0.2

0.7

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0.4
1

0.6

4 4
0.2
3.5 3.5
0.1
0.5

1
3 3 0.

0.3
0.7
0.9
0.8
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0.5
0.3
0.4

0.2

2.5 2.5

0.8
0.9

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1

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0.
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1.5 1.5
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4
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6

0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
a)
0.9 .8 7.6

0.1 0.20.3.4
0.

00.5
0.1 0 0. 0
00...657

3 0.2
00.0.8

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3
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0.
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2.5 2.5
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0. 5
0.2

2 2
0.4
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0.

3
1.5 0.
4

1.5 0.
0.9

0.6 5
0.2
0.03.04.50.6 0.7 .8

1 0.7 1
0

0.8 0.1
0.5 0.9 0.5
0.8 0.70.6
0.

2
00.2

0.9 0. 0.1
0.3
0.5
1
.4

0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
b)
0
-0.02 0 0.05
04 -0.04 0.05
-0 .020

-0. 0.1
-0. -0.0-0
8-0.06 02
-0 .08 .06

0. 05

0.1 0.15
0.1
-0

-0.12 .1 0.2
4.5 4.5
0.15

4 5
-0 0.06

-0.1 0.1
0.05
-0.1

.04
- 8

- -0
-0

-0.18 0.16 .14 0.2 0.25

.0

4 4
-0.16

0.2
-0
.1

-0.2
-0.1
2
-0.12

-0.02

0.25

3.5 3.5
0.1
-0.18

3 3
0 -0.04
-0.02

-0.
-0.06

0.25
0
-0.18
22

0.15
-0.14

0.05
-0.22

0.1
-0.2

2.5 2.5
-0.16
-0.14

-0.04

0.15
-0.06
-0.08

0.05

0.2
-0.1 8
-0.0

-0.2

-0.12

0.2

2 2
-0.16

25
0.
-0 .02
-0.12

1.5 1.5
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22
0.1
-0.16

-0
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-0.08

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1 8 1 0.2
-0.042
0

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.1 0. 0.1 0.1
-0

14
0
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05
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0.
6

8 -0.12
0.05

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06

-0 8 0.1
-0.04-0.06 -0.0.1 0.05
-0.

0 0 -0.02 0 -0.04
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1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
c)
Fig. 7 Representations of a) isotherms, b) isoconcentration, and c) streamlines for N
2 (left) and N
−2 (right) for Ar
5, Rr
1, D
25, Rd
0,
L
1, K
0.5, and Ra
100.
 6 Article in Advance / BADRUDDIN ET AL.

the temperature in the radial direction just beneath the top of the right for Kr  0.1 and right to left for Kr  1. It is obvious from
cylinder. The figure belongs to Le  1, Ra  100, Rr  1, and Fig. 4 that the temperature variation inside the solid wall is linear. The
Ar  2. The figure shows the temperature for two values of the temperature along the domain in the radial direction increases with an
thermal conductivity ratio (Kr  0.1 and 1) and the buoyancy ratio increase in the solid wall thickness. The temperature gradient at the
(N  0.5 and −0.5). It should be noted that the figure is plotted for inner surface decreases with the increase in the solid wall thickness,
r
 1 to 2, from left to right for Kr  0.1, and from right to left for which indicates that the heat transfer decreases with increases in the
Kr  1. It should be noted that the figure is plotted with from left to solid wall thickness. This happens because of the increase in thermal

10 0.6 10 0.6
0.5 0.3

0.1
0.4 0.3 .2 0.5

2
0.8
0.4

0.
0.9
0.5 0 .1
7

0
0.8
0.
1

0.6
0.9

9 0 .4 9

0.7
3

0.6
0.

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0.3

0.4
8 8

0.2
0.2
7 7

0.1
6 6
0.5

0.1

0.8
0.7

0.9
0.4
0.8

0.6
1

0.9

5 5

0.3
0.7
1

0.5
0.6
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0.3

0.4
4 4

0.2
0.2

3 3

0.1
2 2
0.1
0.5
0.4

0.8
0.7

0.9
0.
0.8

1 3
0.9

0.6
1

0. 1
0.2 0.2
1

0.7

0.5
0.4
0.6
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0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
a)
10 0.9 10 0.9
0.9 0.8 0.9
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.20.3 .5

9 7
0 0.6
. 9 0.7
0.7 0.7 0.6
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0.9
0.9

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0.6
7
0.8

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0.8

0.5 0.5
0.7

0.7

6 6
0.6

0.6

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5 0.
0.9

3
0.
0.9

0.1
0.5

0.2
0.4
0.2

4
0.4

4 0.3
0.3
3
0.8

3
0.1

0.60.70.8

0.2
0.5 0.6 0.7

0.2
2
2
0.1
1 0.1
0.1
0.9

1
.5
0...324
0.9

00
0.00..23
0.4

0
0
1

0 0 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
b)
10 0.01
0.03 0.02 0.01
0.03 0.02
0.04 10 0.01 0.03 0.02
0.04
0.01 0.030.02
0.
0.040.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.004
6 .07 0.08 0.07 0.006.07 0.00.06
8 0.07 5
00 0
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. 0.09 0.09
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9 9
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08
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1
8

9
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0.04

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0.11 0.
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0.05
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8 8 11
0.01

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0.03 0.04
0.11

7 7
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6 6
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0.11
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0.1

0.1

0.02

0.03 0.02

0.01
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5
0.01

5
0.1
0.05
0.06 0.07
1

0.07
0.08

0.09

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0.01 0.02

0.02
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0.04
9
0.08

0.05

4 4
0.0
0.05

1
0.
8
0.
0.01

0.0

0.06
0.04
0.03

0.03 0.04

3 3
0.0 9
9 0.0
0.0
0.06
0.0 .06

2 2
7
7

0.08 0.08
0

0.07 5 0.07
0.06 0.0
0.02

5
2

1 0.0
0.01

1 0.06
0.0
1

0.05 03.04
0.0

0. 0 0.05 0.04 0.0

2
02 0.04
0.01 0.03
0.0 0.0 .04 0.03
0
0.02
0.01 0.013 0.02 0.01
0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
c)
Fig. 8 Representations of a) isotherms, b) isoconcentration, c) streamlines for Le
1 (left) and Le
10 (right) for Ar
10, Rr
1, D
25, Rd
0,
K
0.5, Ra
100, and N
0.5.
 Article in Advance / BADRUDDIN ET AL. 7

resistance due to the increase in thickness. The temperature in the of the cylinder for assisting flow and decreases for opposing flow.
domain for opposing flow is higher as compared to the assisting flow. The increase in concentration for assisting flow is substantial until
Figure 5 illustrates the effect of the solid wall thickness on the 20% of the cylinder height, which is followed by a gradual increase. It
concentration profile along the cylinder height adjacent to the solid– is observed that the concentration is almost equal for assisting and
porous interface in the porous medium. This figure is obtained by opposing flow for D  75%. It is further seen that the concentration
setting the variables as Le  1, Ra  100, Rr  1, Ar  2, and increases with an increase in the solid wall thickness for assisting
Kr  0.1. It is seen that the concentration increases along the height flow and decreases for opposing flow. Figure 6 shows the

0. 0. 0.2

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4
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1

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0.
2

1
0.
0.8

4 3 4 0.
1
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0 .4
0.6

0.5

3.5 3.5

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3 3

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0.5
0.7

0.4

0.2
1

0.3
0.9

2.5 2.5
0.2

0.9

0.8
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0.3

0.1
1
0.8

2 2
0.7

0.4
0.6

0.5

1.5 1.5
0.1

1 1

0.5
0.7

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0.
0.9
1

0.3

2
0.5 0.5 0.
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0.3

0.9

0.8
0.8

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0.4
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0.7

0 0 1
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
a)
0. 0. 0.2
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6 5 0.1
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3
4 4
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3
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0
0 0.9 0.8 0.70.6 .5
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 0
b) 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
-0.005 -0.005
-0.0 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 -0.01
-0-0.01
.01 52 -0.
-0015
1 -0
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08
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01

2
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3
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3

-0
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.0
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3
-0.07
-0.02

3.5 3.5
-0.01

-0.05
-0.01

-0.08
025

-0.08

3 3
-0.07
-0.

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- 0 .0 1
-0.025

2.5 2.5
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-0.04
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2 2
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-0.02
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-0.02
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-0.06
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1.5 1.5
-0.05
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25
-0.01

.0 8
-0 .0
-0
1 1
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7

-0.02 5
-0.

0.5 01 0.5
-0. -0
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-0.0
04

-0.01 15 05
.0
3 -0-0.06 4 2
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-0.005
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--0
0 0 -0.01
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
c)
Fig. 9 Representations of a) isotherms, b) isoconcentration, and c) streamlines for D
6.25 (left) and D
50 (right) for Ar
5 and Rr
1.
 8 Article in Advance / BADRUDDIN ET AL.

concentration variation along the radial direction at just beneath the conductivity ratio. The increase in the solid wall thickness reduces
top surface of the cylinder. This figure corresponds to Le  1, the concentration gradient.
Ra  100, Rr  1, Ar  5, and Kr  0.1. It is seen that the Figure 7 shows the orientation of the isotherms, the
concentration profile is affected due to the change in the thermal isoconcentration, and the streamlines for N  2 and −2. The other
conductivity ratio of the solid and porous regions. The concentration constant parameters are set as Le  1, Ra  100, Rr  1, Ar  5,
gradient is higher at the top of the cylinder for the higher thermal and Kr  0.5. When the buoyancy ratio changes from 2 to −2, the

10 0.2 10 0.2
0.1 0.1

0.5
0.6
0.2
0.3

0.8
0.9

0.7
1

0.2
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.8

0.4

9 9

0.4
0.3
0.9
1
1 0.1
8 0. 8

7 7

6 6
0.2

0.5
0.6
0.3
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0.2
0.8
0.7
1

0.1
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

5 5

0.3
0.4
0.9
0.1

1
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4 4

3 3

2 2
0.2

0.1
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.3

0.7
0.9

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0.2
1

1 1
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0.4
0.6
0.8
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0.4
0.3
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1
0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
a)
10 10
.4

0.9 0.9
.2
00.3
0.5

.4
0.9

0.20.3
0.9 0.8 .7 .6 0.8 .7 .60.5
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0
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8 0.7 0.7
8
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4 7 0.5
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0.
0.9
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6
0.

0.3
6
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0.8
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0.6
0.5

4
4
0.

4
0.4

3
0. 3
3 0.
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0.9

2
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0.1
00..405.60.7 0.8
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1
3 .2 0.1 1
0. 0 3
00. .2 0.1
0 0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 0 0
b) 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
10 10 0.04 0.02
0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02
0.04 0.06
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.08
0.06

0.08
0.06
0.02

0 8 0.1 0.1
0.02

9 . 9
0.08

0
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0.02

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8 8
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0.06

4 4
0.1 7 0.1
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0.04

7
0.14
0.12
0.14
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0.08

6 6
0.08

0.12
0.02

5
0.02
0.06
0.06

5
2
0.1

0.1
0.08

0.1
0.02

0.08
0.04

0.1
0.02

0.04

4
0.1

4
0.06
0.06

0.
12 3 0.12
0.04

3
0.04

0.08

0.1 2 0.1
2
0.0

6
0.0
8 6 0.08 0.0
0.0
8

1 02
2

1 0.0
4 0.04 0.
0.0

0.06
0.06
0.0

0.0 0.04 0.02

0.04
2

2 0.02 0
0 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
c)
Fig. 10 Representations of a) isotherms, b) isoconcentration, and c) streamlines for Kr
0.1 (left) and Kr
10 (right) for Ar
10, Rr
1, Le
5,
D
25, Ra
100, and N
−1.
 Article in Advance
orientation of the isotherms, the isoconcentration lines, and the
streamlines changes completely, demonstrating the effect of assisting
and opposing the nature of the buoyancy forces. The isotherms
indicate that the heat transfer is higher at the upper and lower sections
of the cylinder for assisting and opposing flows, respectively. Similar
behavior is observed for isoconcentration lines, creating the higher-
concentration gradient in the upper and lower regions of the cylinder,
which in turn leads to a greater mass transfer at those sections of the
cylinder. The fluid flows from the lower right to the upper left corner,
and vice versa, for assisting and opposing flows, respectively.
Figure 8 demonstrates the effect of the Lewis number on isotherms,
the isoconcentration, and streamlines, with the rest of the constant
parameters set as Ar  10, Rr  1, D  25, Kr  0.5 Ra  100,
and N  0.5. The isotherms and isoconcentration lines move toward
the hot surface with an increase in the Lewis number. The effect of
changing the solid wall thickness is depicted in Fig. 9, which is
obtained for Ar  5, Rr  1, Le  1, Kr  0.5, and Ra  100.
The solid wall thickness is increased from 6.25 to 50%. The
isotherms are distorted at a low wall thickness as compared to that of a
Downloaded by IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY on January 1, 2019 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/1.T5488
high wall thickness, which indicates that the convection is higher at a
low wall thickness. The heat transfer in the upper part of the cylinder
is high for the smaller wall thickness. This is because of the fact that
the fluid circulates more vigorously at the upper section of the
cylinder, as shown by the streamlines. The increase in wall thickness
brings in the smoothness of fluid flow. The mass transfer is higher
at the upper part of the cylinder for the small wall thickness, and
the increase in the wall thickness leads to straightening the
isoconcentration lines.
Figure 10 indicates the influence of the thermal conductivity ratio
between the solid wall and the porous medium for the parameters of
Ar  5, Rr  1, Le  1, Kr  0.5, and Ra  100. It is seen that
the isotherms and isoconcentration lines move toward the hot surface
due to an increase in the thermal conductivity ratio. This means that
the heat and mass transfer increases with the increase in the thermal
conductivity ratio between the solid and porous mediums. This can
be attributed to the reason that the increase in Kr leads to a reduction
of thermal resistance in the medium, which in turn enhances the heat
transfer.
B. Heat and Mass Transfer
The heat and mass transfer in the porous medium is represented in
terms of the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, respectively. Figure 11
shows the Nusselt number variation with respect to the solid wall
thickness. This figure corresponds to Le  5, Ra  50, and Rr  1.
It is found that the heat transfer rate increases with an increase in the
thermal conductivity ratio between the solid wall and the porous
medium. This could be related to an increased solid–porous interface
temperature due to the increase in Kr, which in turn sets a high-
temperature gradient, thus increasing the Nusselt number. It is
Fig. 11 Nusselt number variation with respect to D and N.
/ BADRUDDIN ET AL. 9
observed that the Nusselt number deceases with an increase in the
solid wall thickness. The increased solid wall reduces the temperature
gradient at the interface, leading to reduction in the Nusselt number. It
is observed that, at a low conductivity ratio, the Nusselt number
decreases with an increase in the solid wall thickness; however, at a
high conductivity ratio, the Nusselt number increases with an
increase in the thickness of the wall. The Nusselt number is high for
assisting flow as compared to that of opposing flow. As expected, the
heat transfer is high for Ar  5 as compared to that of Ar  10. The
effect of the aspect ratio is negligible when the conductivity ratio is
low. It is further seen that the Nusselt number decreases due to the
increase in the Lewis number. The influence of the solid wall
thickness and the thermal conductivity ratio, along with the Lewis
number, is depicted in Fig. 12, which corresponds to N  5,
Ra  50, and Rr  1. It is seen that the increase in the Lewis number
reduces the heat transfer rate for all values of Kr. It is found that the
effect of the buoyancy ratio, the Lewis number, the thermal
conductivity ratio, and the aspect ratio diminishes as the solid wall
thickness increases. This could be related to the fact that the increase
in the solid wall thickness reduces the temperature at the solid–
porous interface, at which the effect of the aforementioned
parameters is minimal.
The mass transfer from the hot surface to the porous medium is
represented in terms of the Sherwood number. Figure 13 illustrates
the effect of the solid wall thickness on the mass transfer for Le  5,
Ra  50, and Rr  1. It is found that the average Sherwood number
initially decreases with an increase in the solid wall thickness until a
Fig. 12 Nusselt number variation with respect to D and the Lewis
number Le.
Fig. 13 Effect of D and N on the Sherwood number.
 10 Article in Advance
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Fig. 14 Effect of D and the Lewis number Le on the Sherwood number.
certain thickness, and then it increases with a further increase in D.
This trend is seen for higher values of the Lewis number. However,
for Le  1, the Sherwood number increases with an increase in the
solid wall thickness for all values of the aspect ratio, the buoyancy
ratio, the thermal conductivity ratio, etc., as indicated in Fig. 14,
which belongs to N  1, Ra  50, and Rr  1. For a given value of
solid wall thickness, the effect of Kr is higher at a higher Lewis
number.
V. Conclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn from this work. It is found
that the temperature along the solid–porous interface increases with
an increase in the cylinder height for assisting flow. The temperature
along the domain in the radial direction increases with an increase in
the solid wall thickness. The concentration gradient is higher at the
top of the cylinder for a higher thermal conductivity ratio. The
temperature gradient at the inner surface decreases with an increase in
the solid wall thickness. It is seen that the concentration increases
along the height of the cylinder for assisting flow and decreases for
opposing flow. However, the concentration is almost equal for
assisting and opposing flows for D  75%. It is further observed that,
at a low conductivity ratio, the Nusselt number decreases with an
increase in the solid wall thickness; however, at a high conductivity
ratio, the Nusselt number increases with an increase in the thickness
of the wall. It is found that the average Sherwood number initially
decreases with an increase in the solid wall thickness until a certain
thickness, and then it increases with a further increase in D.
Acknowledgment
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific
Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through a
research groups program under grant number R.G.P.1/29/38.
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