International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2530–2538

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Magneto-double diffusive convection in an electrically conducting-fluid-saturated

porous medium with temperature modulation of the boundaries
B.S. Bhadauria *, Atul K. Srivastava
DST-Centre for Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Thermal instability in an electrically conducting two component fluid-saturated-porous medium has
Received 9 September 2008 been investigated, considering temperature modulation of the boundaries. The porous medium is con-
Received in revised form 11 May 2009 fined between two horizontal surfaces subjected to a vertical magnetic field; flow in the porous medium
Accepted 10 November 2009
is characterized by Brinkman–Darcy model. Making linear stability analysis and applying perturbation
Available online 13 February 2010
procedure, the correction in the critical Darcy Rayleigh number is calculated. It is found that the correc-
tion in the critical Darcy Rayleigh number is a function of frequency of modulation, solute Rayleigh num-
Keywords:
ber, diffusivities ratio, Darcy number, Darcy Chandrasekhar number, magnetic Prandtl number and the
Temperature modulation
Darcy Rayleigh number
non-dimensional group number v. Also the effects of various parameters on thermal instability have been
Darcy Chandrasekhar number studied; we found that these parameters may have stabilizing or destabilizing effects, thus may advance
Thermohaline convection or delay the onset of convection. A comparison between the results from the present model has been
Porous medium made with that of Darcy model.
Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction ered the problem of thermosolutal convection in a ferromagnetic

The study of double diffusive convection in a porous medium
under the influence of an imposed vertical magnetic field has rel-
evance and importance in many fields of science, engineering and
technology. It is useful in commercial production of the magnetic
fluids, in chemical engineering and in the performance of petro-
leum reservoirs, where the geothermal areas are influenced by
the magnetic field of the earth [1]. The investigation is also useful
in geophysics; to study the earth’s core, where the molting fluid is
conducting, which can become convectively unstable as a result
of differential diffusion. Some of the researchers who have stud-
ied the problem of magneto-convection in a porous medium
are; Patil and Rudraiah [2], Rudraiah and Vortmeyer [3], Rudraiah
[4], Alchaar et al. [5,6], Bian et al. [7,8], Oldenburg et al. [9] and
Borglin et al. [10]. They studied the magneto-convection in a
porous medium for different physical models and boundary con-
ditions. Sekar et al. [11,12] and Desaive et al. [13] studied convec-
tive instability in a magnetized ferrofluid saturating a porous
medium and discussed the effect of rotation on it. Using linear
stability analysis Saravanan and Yamaguchi [14] have studied
the influence of magnetic field on the onset of centrifugal convec-
tion in a magnetic fluid filled porous layer and established the
criterion for the onset of convection. Sunil et al. [15,16] consid-
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: drbsbhadauria@yahoo.com (B.S. Bhadauria).
fluid saturating porous medium and investigated the effects of
rotation and magnetic fields using linear stability analysis and
normal mode technique.
In all of the above studies uniform temperature and solute gra-
dients have been considered, however it may not be so in many
practically important situations, therefore one can consider the
temperature gradient as a function of both space and time. For
example, in crystal growth during solidification of metallic alloys,
one can consider time-dependent temperature gradient to influ-
ence the transport process, thus to control the quality and struc-
ture of the resulting solid. Therefore in the present study we
assume that the temperature gradient is a function of both space
and time. This temperature gradient can be used to study the effect
of temperature modulation on the onset of thermal instability. It
was Venezian [17] who first studied the effect of temperature
modulation on the onset of thermal instability in a horizontal fluid
layer, considering free-free surfaces. Some other researchers who
studied the effect of temperature modulation of convective flow
in an ordinary fluid layer are; Rosenblat and Tanaka [18], Roppo
et al. [19], Bhadauria [20]. Also some studies related to the effect
of temperature modulation on thermal instability in a porous med-
ium are; Catlagirone [21], Chhuon and Caltagirone [22], Rudraiah
and Malashetty [23], Malashetty and Basavaraja [24], and Bhadau-
ria [25–27]. However to the best of authors’ knowledge no study is
available in which effect of temperature modulation has been
investigated on magneto double diffusive convection in a porous
medium.

0017-9310/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.01.025
 B.S. Bhadauria, A.K. Srivastava / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2530–2538 2531

Nomenclature
 1=2
a horizontal wave number a2x þ a2y lm magnetic permeability
d depth of the porous layer c heat capacity ratio, ðqcp Þm =ðqcp Þf
k permeability of the porous medium jSO thermal conductivity of the solid
p pressure le effective viscosity of the medium
S solute concentration m kinematic viscosity, lf/qR
h perturbed temperature x modulation frequency
hz perturbed magnetic field along z-axis r growth rate (a complex number)
DT temperature difference between the walls e amplitude of modulation
ac critical wave number r electrical conductivity
g gravitational acceleration g magnetic viscosity, 1/lmr
V mean filter velocity, (u, v, w) jf thermal conductivity of the fluid
T temperature jm djf + (1  d)jSO, effective thermal conductivity of por-
DS salinity difference between the walls ous media
H magnetic field (H1, H2, H3) lf fluid viscosity
Rc critical Rayleigh number jT effective thermal diffusivity jm =ðqcp Þf
Da Darcy number, k2 / phase angle
d
Pr Prandtl number, m/jT ^
k vertical unit vector
Ra Darcy Rayleigh number, agmj DTkd
T
Da f l Other symbols
v non-dimensional number, dP r le @2 @2
s diffusivity ratio jS/jT r21 @x2
þ @y2
2
q density r2 r21 þ @z
@
2

(qcp)SO heat capacity of the solid D @

@z
Pm magnetic Prandtl number m/g
l H2 k
Q Darcy Chandersekhar number, qm mkg Superscripts
R

RS solute Rayleigh number bgmj DSkd s stationary convection

S
x, y, z space co-ordinates / perturbed variables
(qcp)f heat capacity of the fluid * dimensionless variables
ðqcp Þm ¼ dðqcp Þf þ ð1  dÞðqcp ÞSO is relative heat capacity of the
porous medium Subscripts
b basic state
Greek symbols c critical
a coefficient of thermal expansion f fluid
d porosity R reference value

Therefore the aim of the present study is to study the combined 1 @V 1 l 1 qf lf 1 l

þ V:rV  m H:rH ¼  rp þ g V þ e r2 V;ð1Þ
effect of temperature modulation and magnetic field on the d @t d2 qR qR qR qR k qR
thermohaline convection in a porous medium considering free-free @T
ðqC p Þm þ ðqC p Þf V:rT ¼ jm r2 T; ð2Þ
boundaries. Sinusoidal function has been chosen to modulate the @t
surfaces’ temperature, while fluid flow through the porous med- @S 1
þ ðV:rÞS ¼ jS r2 S; ð3Þ
ium is characterized by Brinkman–Darcy model. We consider the @t d
following three cases of temperature modulation: (a) when the @H
þ V:rH  H:rV ¼ gr2 H; ð4Þ
surfaces’ temperatures are modulated in phase, (b) when the mod- @t
ulation is out of phase, and (c) when only the lower wall temper- r:V ¼ 0; ð5Þ
ature is modulated. r:H ¼ 0; ð6Þ
q ¼ qR ½1  aðT  T R Þ þ bðS  SR Þ; ð7Þ
2. Governing equations

We consider an electrically conducting two component fluid where V = (u, v, w) is the velocity, H = (H1, H2, H3) is the intensity of
saturating a porous medium, confined between two free surfaces. the magnetic field, p is the pressure, T is the temperature, S is the
Cartesian co-ordinates have been taken with the origin at the bot- solute concentration. Other parameters have their usual meanings,
tom of the porous medium, and the z-axis vertically upwards, so and are given in the nomenclature.
that the porous medium lies between the planes z = 0 and z = d, a
distance d apart. The surfaces are extended infinitely in x and y 2.1. Solute and thermal boundary conditions
directions, and are maintained at solute concentrations SR + DS
and SR, respectively. Also an adverse temperature gradient is ap- Since an stabilizing uniform concentration gradient DS/d, has
plied across the porous medium by heating from below, and a con- been maintained between the walls of the porous layer, therefore
stant vertical magnetic field of magnitude Hb is maintained. the boundary conditions on S are
Further the Soret and Dufour effects are assumed to be negligible.
Then the governing equations, for the study of magneto-double S ¼ SR þ DS at z ¼ 0
diffusive convection in an electrically conducting-fluid-saturated ð8Þ
¼ SR at z ¼ d:
porous medium, under Boussinesq approximation are
2532 B.S. Bhadauria, A.K. Srivastava / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2530–2538

2
Also the externally imposed surface temperature conditions are: d
ðx0 ; y0 ; z0 Þ ¼ dðx ; y ; z Þ; t0 ¼ t ; T b ¼ DT  T b ;
DT jT
TðtÞ ¼ T R þ ½1 þ e cos xt at z ¼ 0 ð9aÞ jT qRjT m
2 h0 ¼ DT:h ; V0 ¼ V ; p0 ¼ p ;
d 2
DT d
¼ TR  ½1  e cosðxt þ /Þ at z ¼ d: ð9bÞ jT
2 0
h ¼ Hb h ;

x¼ x : ð19Þ
2
d
Here e represents the amplitude of modulation, which is very small,
DT is the temperature difference, x is the modulation frequency, Then after dropping the asterisks, the non-dimensional, linear gov-
and / is phase angle. erning equations for the vertical component of the velocity w, the
temperature h, the solute concentration S and the vertical compo-
2.2. Basic state nent of the magnetic field hz are:
   
@ @hz
The basic state of an electrically conducting two component v  Da r2 þ 1 r2 w ¼ Ra r21 h  RS r21 S þ QPm r2 ð20Þ
@t @z
fluid-saturated-porous medium is quiescent, and in this state the    
@ @T b
basic concentration field Sb(z), the temperature field Tb(z, t), the c  r2 h ¼ w ð21Þ
@t @z
pressure pb(z, t), and the density qb(z, t) is given by the following    
equations: @ dSb
 sr2 S ¼ w ð22Þ
@t dz
2
d Sb    
¼ 0; ð10Þ @ @w
2  Pm r2 hz ¼ ; ð23Þ
dz @t @z
@T @2T
c b ¼ jT 2b ; ð11Þ where Ra ¼ agmj
DTkd
is the Darcy Rayleigh number, RS ¼ agmj
DSkd
is the sol-
@t @z T S

@pb lm H2k k
¼ qb g ð12Þ ute Rayleigh number, Q ¼ qR mg is the Darcy Chandrasekhar number,
@z s ¼ jjTS is the diffusivity ratio, Pm ¼ gm is the magnetic Prandtl number.
^
Hb ¼ H b k ð13Þ
Pr ¼ jmT is the Prandtl number and Da ¼ dk2  lle is the Darcy number.
f

and qb ¼ qR ½1  aðT b  T R Þ þ bðSb  SR Þ: ð14Þ Further we define a non-dimensional group parameter v as
Da lf
In the above equations c = (qcp)m/(qcp)f is the heat capacity ratio v¼ : ; ð24Þ
dPr le
and jT = jm/(qcp)f is the effective thermal diffusivity. The solution
of Eq. (10) subject to the boundary conditions (8) is given by which is nothing but the reciprocal of the modified Vadasz number.
Sb ¼ SR þ DSð1  z=dÞ: ð15Þ Vadasz [28] discussed in his paper that there are many real situa-
tions where value of Va can be taken as very large i.e. v very small,
Also Eq. (11) has been solved subjected to the boundary conditions thus one can neglect the time-derivative term in the Darcy equa-
(9), we write tion. However there are some modern porous medium applications,
such as mushy layer in solidification of binary alloys and fractured
T b ðz; tÞ ¼ T S ðzÞþ 2 RefT O ðz; tÞg; ð16Þ
porous medium, where the value of Va and so v may be considered
where of the order unity, therefore we can retain the time-derivative term
  in Eq. (20). Now we combine the Eqs. (20)–(23) and we obtain
DT 2z     
T S ðzÞ ¼ T R þ 1 ; ð17aÞ @ @ @ @
2 d v  Da r2 þ 1 c  r2  sr 2  Pm r2 r2 w
T O ðz; tÞ ¼ baðkÞekz=d þ aðkÞekz=d ceixt ; ð17bÞ @t @t @t @t
   
@ @ @T b
2 DT ei/  ek ¼ Ra  sr 2  P m r2 r2 w
k2 ¼ icxd =jT and aðkÞ ¼ : ð17cÞ @t @t @z 1
2 ek  ek    
@ @ dSb 2
TS(z) is the steady temperature field, and TO is its oscillating part, þ RS s c  r 2  Pm r2 r1 w
@t @t dz
while Re stands for the real part.    !
@ @ @2w
þ QP m c  r2  sr 2 r 2 :
3. Linear stability analysis @t @t @z2
ð25Þ
A constant magnetic field H = |Hb| is maintained, externally, in
the vertical direction. Let the basic state be slightly perturbed, then The temperature gradient oTb/oz which appears in the above Eq.
to examine the behaviour of infinitesimal disturbances, we write (25) can be obtained from the non-dimensional form of (16) as

V ¼ V0 ¼ ðu0 ; v 0 ; w0 Þ; T ¼ T b ðz; tÞ þ h0 ; S ¼ Sb ðzÞ þ S0 ; @T b

¼ 1 þ ef ; ð26Þ
0 @z
p ¼ pb ðz; tÞ þ p0 ; qf ¼ qb ðz; tÞ þ q0 ; H ¼ Hb þ h ð18Þ
ei/ ek
where f ¼ RebAðkÞekz þ AðkÞekz ceixt , AðkÞ ¼ 2k ek ek
and k2 ¼
where h0 is the perturbation in the magnetic field caused due to the icx.
motions and the induced currents in the field. Further V0 , h0 , S0 , p0 Also from (15), we write
and q0 are the perturbed quantities which are considered to be
dSb
infinitesimal. Here we assume that the magnetic permeability and ¼ 1: ð27Þ
thermal conductivity of the fluid are constants and do not vary with dz
the operating conditions e.g. with temperature and pressure. We The boundaries of a porous medium can be considered as either free
substitute (18) into (1)–(7) and linearize with respect to the quan- or rigid. Although free–free surfaces are artificial as they cannot be
tities V0 , h0 , S0 , h0 . The reduced equations are then non-dimensional- realized in a laboratory, but in real situations like geothermal re-
ized using the following scaling: gions one cannot avoid the penetration of the fluid into porous
 B.S. Bhadauria, A.K. Srivastava / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2530–2538 2533

medium; therefore it is appropriate to take free–free surfaces. Fur- The solution of Eq. (32) posses a problem due to the presence of
ther using free–free surfaces one can simplify the solution consider- resonance term, therefore for its solution to exist its right-hand
able, and also the solution can be obtained in closed form. Therefore side must be orthogonal to the null space of the operator L. This
in this problem free–free surfaces have been considered. The solubility condition requires that the time-independent part on
boundary conditions for the free–free and perfect heat conducting the right-hand side of (32) should be orthogonal to sin pz, there-
surfaces are fore we get R1 = 0. In fact all odd coefficients R1, R3, R5,. . . are zero.
Eq. (32) reduces to
@2w @4w
w¼ ¼ 4 ¼ . . . ¼ 0 at z ¼ 0; 1 ð28Þ
@z2 @z or Lw1 ¼ a2 R0 Re½C 1 fw0 þ C 2 ðDf ÞðDw0 Þ; ð40Þ
@hz 2
where C 1 ¼ x ðs  1Þð1  Pm Þ þ sPm ðp þ a Þ 2 2 2
and h ¼ S ¼ ¼ 0 at z ¼ 0; 1: ð29Þ
@z
þ ix½ðp2 þ a2 Þðs þ Pm Þ þ 2sPm ð3p2 þ a2 Þ ð41Þ
2 2
and C 2 ¼ 4sPm ðp þ a Þ þ 2ix½s þ Pm  2sPm : ð42Þ
4. Method of solution
Now to solve Eq. (32) we write
By using the perturbation method, we solve the system (25) for X
1
eigenvalues Ra and eigenfunctions w, for the basic temperature ekz sin mpz ¼ g nm ðkÞ sin npz ð43aÞ
gradient (26) that departs from the linear profile @T
@z
b
¼ 1 by quan- n¼1

tities of order e, which is considered to be very small. We write X1

ekz cos mpz ¼ fnm ðkÞ cos npz ð43bÞ
(Nayfeh, [29])
n¼1

ðw; Ra Þ ¼ ðw0 ; R0 Þ þ eðw1 ; R1 Þ þ e2 ðw2 ; R2 Þ þ    ð30Þ Z 1

Here w0 and R0 correspond with the unmodulated system, while wi where g nm ðkÞ ¼ 2 ekz sin mpz sin npz dz ð44aÞ
0
and Ri (i P 1) are the corrections due to temperature modulation. Z 1
Further each of wi must satisfy the boundary conditions (28). We and f nm ðkÞ ¼ 2 ekz cos mpz cos npz dz: ð44bÞ
substitute (30) into (25) and equate the terms of different powers 0

of e on both sides, we get The integrals (44) can be evaluated in their closed forms. We write
from (43),
Lw0 ¼ 0; ð31Þ " #
    X1
ixt
Lw1 ¼ R0 L3 L4 f r21 w0 þ R1 L3 L4 r21 w0 ; ð32Þ f sin pz ¼ Re An ðkÞ sin npze ð45Þ
    n¼1
" #
Lw2 ¼ R2 L3 L4 r21 w0  R0 L3 L4 f r21 w1 X1
    ðDf Þ sin pz ¼ Re kC n ðkÞ sin npzeixt ð46Þ
 R1 L3 L4 f r21 w0 þ R1 L3 L4 r21 w1 ; ð33Þ n¼1

where L  L1 L2 L3 L4 r2  R0 L3 L4 r21 þ RS sL2 L4 r21  QP m L2 L3 D2 r2 ; ð34Þ

where An ðkÞ ¼ AðkÞg n1 ðkÞ þ AðkÞg n1 ðkÞ; ð47Þ
    and C n ðkÞ ¼ AðkÞg n1 ðkÞ  AðkÞg n1 ðkÞ: ð48Þ
@ @
L1  v  D a r 2 þ 1 ; L2  c  r 2 ;
@t @t Also Lfsin npz:eixt g ¼ Lðx; nÞ sin npz:eixt ð49Þ
   
L3 
@ 2
 s r ; L4 
@
 P m r2 ð35Þ Lfcos npz  eixt g ¼ Lðx; nÞ cos npz:eixt ð50Þ
@t @t
where
For the solutions of (31)–(33), we use normal mode technique, and
write
Lðx; nÞ ¼ B2  x2 ðB1 þ vcQ n x2 Þ þ ixB3 ; ð51Þ
2 2 2
B1 ¼ P m Q n B4 þ B5 þ a ðR0  scRS Þ  QPm ðn p ÞQ n c; ð52Þ
wðx; y; z; tÞ ¼ wðzÞ exp½iðax x þ ay yÞ þ rt etc: ð36Þ
B2 ¼ P m Q n B6  QPm ðn2 p2 ÞsQ 3n ; ð53Þ
where ax and ay are the component-wave numbers in x and y direc- B3 ¼ Pm Q n ½vc Q 2n 2
x  þ B5 þ a ðR0  scRS Þ 2

tions, and r is the frequency of perturbation which may be com- þ x B4  B6 þ QP m ðn2 p2 ÞQ 2n ðcs þ 1Þ;
2
ð54Þ
plex. Solving Eq. (31), we obtain the eigenfunction w0 for the
B4 ¼ Q n ½vðcs þ 1ÞQ n þ cð1 þ Da Q n Þ; ð55Þ
unmodulated case (e = 0). Further the marginally stable solutions
for this problem are B5 ¼ Q n ½vsQ 2n þ Q n ð1 þ Da Q n Þðcs þ 1Þ; ð56Þ

ðnÞ B6 ¼ Q n ½sð1 þ Da Q n ÞQ 2n  a2 sðR0  RS Þ ð57Þ

w0 ¼ sinðnpzÞ: ð37Þ
and Q n ¼ n2 p2 þ a2 : ð58Þ
The corresponding eigenvalues are
We invert the operator L term by term and obtain the solution of
"
ðnÞ ðn 2
p þa Þ
2 2 (40) as
R0 ¼ fvr þ Da ðn2 p2 þ a2 Þ þ 1gðcr þ n2 p2 þ a2 Þ "
a2 X1
An ðkÞ
# 2
w1 ¼ a R0 Re C1 sin npzeixt
p2 QPm ðcr þ n2 p2 þ a2 Þ RS sðcr þ n2 p2 þ a2 Þ n¼1
Lð x; nÞ
þ þ :ð38Þ #
½r þ Pm ðn p þ a Þ
2 2 2 ½r þ sðn2 p2 þ a2 Þ X1
Bn ðkÞ ixt
þpkC 2 cos npze ð59Þ
n = 1 gives the least value of R0, for fixed values of other parameters, n¼1
Lðx; nÞ
and corresponds to Bn ðkÞ ¼ AðkÞfn1 ðkÞ  AðkÞfn1 ðkÞ: ð60Þ
w0 ¼ sinðpzÞ: ð39Þ Eq. (33) reduces to

w0 and R0 serve as the starting solutions of the problem. Lw2 ¼ a2 R2 L3 L4 ðw0 Þ þ a2 R0 L3 L4 ðfw1 Þ ð61Þ
2534 B.S. Bhadauria, A.K. Srivastava / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2530–2538

or increasing Q, thus showing that the effect of magnetic field is to

2 2 2 2
inhibit the convective flow in a porous medium. Further we find
Lw2 ¼ a R2 sP m ðp þ a Þ sin pz
that even for small change in the value of Darcy Chandrasekhar
þ a2 R0 Re½C 1n fw1 þ C 2n ðDf ÞðDw1 Þ ð62Þ ðsÞ
number there is relative large change in the value of R0c which is
where C 1n ¼ x2 ðs þ Pm  sP m  4Þ þ sP m ðn2 p2 þ a2 Þ2 not so in case of magneto-convection in an ordinary fluid layer
(Chandrasekhar, [30] p. 170). When the value of Da is large we ob-
þ ix½2ðn2 p2 þ a2 Þðs þ Pm Þ þ 2sP m ð3n2 p2 þ a2 Þ: ð63Þ
tain the magneto-double diffusive convection results in an ordin-
and C 2n ¼ 4sP m ðn2 p2 þ a2 Þ þ 4ix½s þ Pm  sP m : ð64Þ ary fluid layer, while at small values of Da we recover Darcy
results [The Darcy model can be obtained by deleting the Brinkman
Again for the solution of Eq. (62) to exist, its right-hand side must be
viscous term (last term) from Eq. (1)].
orthogonal to sin pz, therefore we get
 Z 1
2a2 R0 5.2. Oscillatory convection
R2 ¼ 2
Re C 1n fw1 sin pzdz
sPm ðp þ 2 a2 Þ 0
Z 1  The oscillatory convection is possible only when some addi-
þ C 2n ðDf ÞðDw1 Þ sin pzdz ; ð65Þ tional constraints like magnetic field, salinity gradient or rotation
0
are present. Further for the oscillatory behavior of the motion at
where bar denotes a time average. We use (45) and (46) in (65) to marginally stable state, we put r = iri(rr = 0) in (69), where ri is
get the expression for R2 as given below: real. It is found that for assigned values of a, Q, RS, s, Pm, v, c and
" ri, the Rayleigh number consists of real and imaginary parts as gi-
a2 R20 X
1
jAn ðkÞj2 C 1n L ðx; nÞ
R2 ¼ Re C 1 ven below:
2sPm ðp2 þ a2 Þ2 jLðx; nÞj2
n¼1 "
# ðp2 þ a2 Þ
X
1
nC 2 C 2n Bn ðkÞC n ðkÞL ðx; nÞ R0 ¼ vr2i þ ðp2 þ a2 Þ½1 þ Da ðp2 þ a2 Þ
2 a2
 xp ð66Þ
n¼1 jLðx; nÞj2 #
p2 QPm fcr2i þ Pm ðp2 þ a2 Þ2 g RS sfcr2i þ sðp2 þ a2 Þ2 g
þ þ þ iri X ð71Þ
where ½r2i þ P 2m ðp2 þ a2 Þ2  ½r2i þ s2 ðp2 þ a2 Þ2 
4n2 p4 x2 C
jAn ðkÞj2 ¼ ; ð67Þ
½x2 þ ðn  1Þ4 p4 ½x2 þ ðn þ 1Þ4 p4  where
"
and ‘*’ denotes the complex conjugate. The constant C takes the val- ðp2 þ a2 Þ
X¼ ½vðp2 þ a2 Þ þ cf1 þ Da ðp2 þ a2 Þg
ues 4, 4 and 1, respectively for cases (a), (b) and (c). In case (a), the a2
summation in the first and second terms of (66) runs over respec- #
tively even and odd values of n. For case (b) the summation in the p2 QPm ðcPm  1Þðp2 þ a2 Þ a2 RS sðcs  1Þ
þ 2
þ : ð72Þ
two terms runs over odd and even values of n; and for case (c),
2
ri þ Pm ðp þ a Þ
2 2 2 ri þ s2 ðp2 þ a2 Þ2
2

the summation runs over all values of n. Up to order e2, the critical
value of the Darcy Rayleigh number is calculated by the expression
Rc ¼ R0c þ e2 R2c ;
where R0c is the minimum value of R0 at some value of the wave-
number a = a0c, while R2c is the correction in Rc due to modulation.
But since the imaginary part of R0 has to be zero, therefore we find
that either ri = 0 or X = 0. Now for oscillatory convection ri – 0,
ð68Þ therefore X = 0. Also in the absence of magnetic field and solute gra-
dient we get ri = 0, which shows that oscillatory convection is not
possible. From (72) we write

D1 ðr2i Þ2 þ D2 r2i þ D3 ¼ 0; ð73Þ

5. Marginally stable state

The marginally stable solution corresponding to n = 1, is given where

by
" D1 ¼ c þ ðcDa þ vÞðp2 þ a2 Þ; ð74Þ
ðp2 þ a2 Þ
R0 ¼ fvr þ Da ðp2 þ a2 Þ þ 1gðcr þ p2 þ a2 Þ
a2
# D2 ¼ ½c þ ðcDa þ vÞðp2 þ a2 Þðp2 þ a2 Þ2 ðs2 þ P2m Þ
p2 QPm ðcr þ p2 þ a2 Þ RS sðcr þ p2 þ a2 Þ þ p2 ðp2 þ a2 ÞQPm ðcPm  1Þ þ a2 RS sðcs  1Þ; ð75Þ
þ þ ð69Þ
½r þ Pm ðp2 þ a2 Þ ½r þ sðp2 þ a2 Þ
D3 ¼ P2m s2 ðp2 þ a2 Þ4 ½c þ ðcDa þ vÞðp2 þ a2 Þ þ ðp2 þ a2 Þ2
5.1. Stationary convection  ½s2 p2 ðp2 þ a2 ÞQPm ðcPm  1Þ þ P2m a2 RS sðcs  1Þ: ð76Þ

The marginally stable state of the stationary convection is char- For oscillatory convection we must have r2i > 0. Eq. (73) is qua-
acterized by r = 0, therefore from (38) we obtain dratic in r2i , therefore it can give two positive real roots. If Eq.
ðsÞ ðp2 þ a2 Þ 2 (73) has two positive real roots, then there exist two oscillatory
R0c ¼ ½ðp þ a2 Þf1 þ Da ðp2 þ a2 Þg þ Q p2  þ RS : ð70Þ solutions, and so the neutral oscillatory Rayleigh number is given
a2
by the minimum of R0 with r2i given by (73). From Descartes’ rule
If the fluid is solute concentration free (i.e. RS = 0) and no magnetic
of signs we find that in order for (73) to have two positive real roots,
field is applied (i.e. Q = 0) then for Darcy model we obtain it is necessary that D2 < 0 and D3 > 0. This problem of oscillatory
2 2 2
R0c ¼ ðp þa
ðsÞ Þ ðsÞ ðsÞ
a2
or R0c ¼ 4p2 and ac ¼ p which are exactly same convection will be investigated separately, along with the non-lin-
as obtained by Lapwood [31]. ear analysis. Here the objective is to find the effect of temperature
ðsÞ ðsÞ
On calculating the values of R0c and ac for different values of modulation on the onset of magneto-double diffusive convection.
ðsÞ
Darcy Chandrasekhar number Q, we find that R0c increases on For simplification, we consider c = 1.0 in our further calculations.
 B.S. Bhadauria, A.K. Srivastava / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2530–2538 2535

6. Results and discussion In Phase Temperature Modulation

2000
Here we calculate the value of R2c as a function of the modula-
tion frequency, solute Rayleigh number, diffusivities ratio, Darcy 1500

R2C
Rs=0.0
number, Darcy Chandrasekhar number, magnetic Prandtl number Rs=100.0
1000 Rs=200.0
and the non-dimensional group number v, for different cases of Rs=300.0
Rs=500.0
modulation. The results have been depicted in Figs. 1–10. From 500
the figures we find that R2c is either positive or negative. Positive
value of R2c corresponds to the stabilizing effect of modulation as 0
in this case the critical value of the Darcy Rayleigh number Eq. 0 50 ω 100 150 200 250 300
(68) will be greater than that in unmodulated case i.e. R0c. Further -500

-1000

In Phase Temperature Modulation -1500

4000

Fig. 4. Variation of R2c with x. Q = 25.0, s = 0.05, v = 1.0, Da = 0.1, Pm = 1.0.

3000 Q=5.0
R2C

Q=25.0
Q=50.0
2000 Q=75.0
Q=100.0 In Phase Temperature Modulation
8000
1000
6400
ω

R2C
0 τ=0.005
4800
τ=0.01
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
τ=0.02
-1000 3200 τ=0.05
τ=0.1
1600
-2000 ω
0
-3000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-1600
Fig. 1. Variation of R2c with x. RS = 100.0, s = 0.05, v = 1.0, Da = 0.1, Pm = 1.0. -3200

-4800

In Phase Temperature Modulation -6400

1600
Fig. 5. Variation of R2c with x. Q = 25.0, RS = 100.0, v = 1.0, Da = 0.1, Pm = 1.0.
1200
Da=0.01
Da=0.1
R2C

800 Da=0.5
Da=1.0
400
Out of Phase Temperature Modulation
16000
ω
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 12000
R2C

-400 Q=5.0
Q=25.0
8000 Q=50.0
-800 Q=75.0
Q=100.0
-1200
4000

-1600 ω
0
Fig. 2. Variation of R2c with x. Q = 25.0, RS = 100.0, s = 0.05, v = 1.0, Pm = 1.0. 0 50 100 150 200

-4000

In Phase Temperature Modulation

2500 -8000

2000 Fig. 6. Variation of R2c with x. RS = 100.0, s = 0.05, v = 1.0, Da = 0.1, Pm = 1.0.
χ=0.05
R2C

1500 χ=0.1
χ=0.25
1000 χ=0.5
χ=1.0 when R2c is negative it shows the destabilizing effect of tempera-
500
ω ture modulation as here the value of Rc will be less than R0c
0 (unmodulated value). Also we observe some special types of mod-
0 100 200 300 400 500 ulation frequencies in the figures. Let x* is one such frequency,
-500
where R2c changes its sign from positive to negative. This fre-
-1000
quency will determine whether the effect of temperature modula-
-1500 tion on the onset of magneto-thermohaline convection is
-2000 stabilizing or destabilizing as compared to the unmodulated case.
-2500
Thus when x < x*, the effect of modulation will be stabilizing,
while for x > x*, the effect will be destabilizing. Further we ob-
Fig. 3. Variation of R2c with x. Q = 25.0, RS = 100.0, s = 0.05, Da = 0.1, Pm = 1.0. served two critical frequencies; xp, corresponding to the highest
2536 B.S. Bhadauria, A.K. Srivastava / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2530–2538

Out of Phase Temperature Modulation Out of Phase Temperature Modulation

12000 4250

R2C
8000 ω
0
0 50 100 150 200
4000
R2C

-4250
0
0 50 100 150 200
ω χ=0.05
-4000 χ=0.1
-8500
χ=0.25
Da=0.01 χ=0.5
-8000 Da=0.1 χ=1.0
Da=0.5 -12750
-12000 Da=1.0

-16000 -17000

Fig. 7. Variation of R2c with x. Q = 25.0, RS = 100.0, s = 0.05, v = 1.0, Pm = 1.0. Fig. 10. Variation of R2c with x. Q = 25.0, RS = 100.0, s = 0.05, Da = 0.1, Pm = 1.0.

Out of Phase Temperature Modulation respectively. From the figures we observe that initially when x is
30000
small, the effect of modulation is negligible, since R2c is almost
zero. The modulation effect becomes stabilizing as x increases.
τ=0.005 The stabilizing effect increases on further increasing the value of
20000 τ=0.01
τ=0.02 x. It becomes most stabilizing when x = xp and then decreases
τ=0.05 for x > xp. The effect becomes zero when x = x* and then destabi-
10000 τ=0.1
lizing on further increasing the value of the frequency. The modu-
ω lation effect becomes most destabilizing at x = xn and then less
R2C

0 destabilizing when x > xn. The effect disappears altogether when

0 50 100 150 200
the value of modulation frequency x becomes very large. On com-
-10000 paring the different graphs in the corresponding figures it is found

-20000
Table 1
In phase modulation.
-30000
x Q = 25.0, RS = 100.0, s = 0.05, v = 1.0, Pm = 1.0
Fig. 8. Variation of R2c with x. Q = 25.0, RS = 100.0, v = 1.0, Da = 0.1, Pm = 1.0.
Brinkman model Darcy model
R2c
Da = 103 Da = 104 Da = 106 Da = 108
Out of Phase Temperature Modulation 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.000
4800 5 1.505 8.766 90.639 90.359 90.353
10 91.398 5.451 76.486 76.374 76.369
3200 15 195.457 33.640 33.704 33.733 33.728
20 237.507 19.737 33.802 33.889 33.885
1600 25 223.455 30.904 72.301 72.397 72.391
30 173.363 100.825 131.427 131.503 131.497
R2C

35 103.817 176.052 197.133 197.176 197.169

0
40 26.778 247.486 260.369 260.377 260.368
0 ω 50 100 150 200
50 119.977 361.122 361.601 361.544 361.534
-1600 60 233.208 428.821 421.546 421.445 421.435
Rs=0.0 70 307.227 457.603 445.952 445.825 445.816
-3200 Rs=100.0 80 348.782 459.503 445.650 445.511 445.502
Rs=200.0 90 367.480 445.230 430.480 430.337 430.330
Rs=300.0
Rs=500.0 100 371.559 422.476 407.585 407.443 407.437
-4800
125 351.149 355.875 342.108 341.979 341.974
150 316.373 295.731 283.729 283.618 283.615
-6400 200 247.279 209.370 200.656 200.576 200.573
225 217.923 179.327 171.910 171.843 171.841
Fig. 9. Variation of R2c with x. Q = 25.0, s = 0.05, v = 1.0, Da = 0.1, Pm = 1.0. 250 192.516 155.325 148.980 148.922 148.921
275 170.749 135.906 130.443 130.394 130.392
300 152.164 120.003 115.265 115.222 115.221
positive value of R2c, thus maximum stabilizing effect, and xn, cor- 325 136.287 106.826 102.689 102.651 102.650
350 122.684 95.792 92.154 92.121 92.120
responding to the lowest negative value of R2c, thus maximum
375 110.980 86.460 83.241 83.212 83.211
destabilizing effect. However the values of these frequencies will 400 100.860 78.496 75.631 75.606 75.605
depend on the values of other parameters. Further when x ? 1, 450 84.381 65.702 63.396 63.376 63.375
the effect of modulation is negligible as it is confined only to nar- 500 71.683 55.958 54.067 54.051 54.050
row boundary layer of the surface boundary. 600 53.742 42.292 40.962 40.951 40.950
700 41.956 33.330 32.348 32.339 32.339
First we consider in phase temperature modulation between
800 33.795 27.100 26.348 26.341 26.341
the surfaces’ of the porous medium. Figs. 1–3 show the variation 900 27.900 22.574 21.980 21.975 21.975
of R2c with respect to x, for different values of the Darcy Chandra- 1000 23.496 19.168 18.689 18.684 18.684
sekhar number Q, group parameter v and Darcy number Da,
 B.S. Bhadauria, A.K. Srivastava / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2530–2538 2537

that the numerical value of R2c increases on increasing the values
of the Darcy Chandrasekhar number Q and the Darcy number Da
and on decreasing the value of v. Further we find that the frequen-
cies x*, xp and xn shift from left to right as the values of Q and Da
increase while that of v decrease.
In Figs. 4 and 5, we display the variation of R2c with respect to x
for different values of RS and s, respectively. We find from the fig-
ures that the peak positive values of R2c increases while peak neg-
ative value of R2c decreases on increasing RS and decreasing s.
Further the values of xp and xn are found to be 23 and 68, respec-
tively, corresponding to all values of RS and s. The peaks corre-
sponding to the most stabilizing and destabilizing effects become
sharper when the value of RS is increased while that of s is de-
creased. Further R2c is zero when the value of x is either zero or
very large.
Now we consider the case of out of phase modulation of the sur-
faces’ temperature, and depict the results in Figs. 6–10. In Fig. 6 we
consider the graphs for different values of Q. For small values of Q,
we observe two modulating frequencies xp and xn, corresponding
to peak positive and negative values of R2c, however on increasing
the value of Q, the peak corresponding to the positive value of R2c
disappears. This may due to the dominating effect of the magnetic
field over the temperature modulation. Further we find that the
modulation effect becomes more stabilizing (for x < x*) and more
destabilizing (for x > x*) on increasing the value of Q. In Fig. 7, we
show the variation of R2c with respect to x for different values of
Da. It is observed that initially when x is small, the effect of mod-
ulation is stabilizing, however for moderate values of x it becomes
destabilizing. Further, we noticed that on increasing the value of Da
the magnitude of R2c increases. In Fig. 8, where we have depicted
the variation of R2c with x for different values of s, we find almost
similar results as in Fig. 7. However here we observed two frequen-
cies instead of one as in Fig. 7.
In Figs. 9 and 10 we depict the variation of R2c for different val-
ues of RS and v, respectively. From the figures it is observed that for
small values of x the modulation effect is stabilizing. It becomes
destabilizing for moderate and large values of x, and finally be-
comes zero when x ? 1. Also we observe that on increasing RS
or decreasing v the effect of modulation becomes destabilizing
for the whole range of x. Further at small value of x we recover
frequency xp, corresponding to the peak positive of R2c.
The results corresponding to the case where only the lower sur-
face’s temperature is modulated are also obtained, but it is found
that the graphs are similar to those obtained in Figs. 6–10,
although the numerical values of R2c are less than that in Figs. 6–
10. Therefore we do not think it appropriate to present them again.
In the last, we compare the present results of Brinkman’s model
with that of Darcy model and depict them in Tables 1–3. The values
of R2c have been calculated for Da = 103, Da = 104, Da = 106 and
Da = 108 at Q = 25.0, RS = 100.0, s = 0.05, v = 1.0, Pm = 1.0. On com-
paring the values of R2c, for both the models, we find that there is a
very good agreement between the two models at Da = 108 in all
the three cases of modulation.
7. Conclusion
In this paper we present the effect of modulation of the bound-
aries’ temperature on the onset of stationary convection in a

Table 2 Table 3
Out of Phase Modulation. Upper Surface at constant temperature.

x Q = 25.0, RS = 100.0, s = 0.05, v = 1.0, Pm = 1.0 x Q = 25.0, RS = 100.0, s = 0.05, v = 1.0, Pm = 1.0
Brinkman model Darcy model Brinkman Model Darcy Model
R2c R2c
Da = 103 Da = 104 Da = 106 Da = 108 Da = 103 Da = 104 Da = 106 Da = 108
0 3187.589 2624.752 2564.131 2564.090 2564.009 0 796.897 656.188 641.033 641.025 641.002
5 1036.875 965.616 956.697 956.666 956.656 5 259.594 239.212 216.514 216.577 216.576
10 752.737 704.408 690.519 690.346 690.338 10 211.033 177.484 153.509 153.493 153.492
15 525.750 489.744 466.473 466.174 466.169 15 180.306 130.915 108.194 108.110 108.110
20 308.829 272.326 242.498 242.153 242.153 20 136.606 73.144 52.176 52.066 52.067
25 120.710 70.974 39.238 38.903 38.906 25 86.097 10.190 8.264 8.373 8.371
30 27.150 98.750 128.681 128.976 128.970 30 36.663 49.699 65.026 65.120 65.117
35 134.360 231.145 257.027 257.269 257.261 35 7.454 101.603 113.539 113.611 113.607
40 207.336 327.961 348.743 348.929 348.919 40 44.870 143.678 152.277 152.326 152.322
50 284.987 437.925 448.190 448.272 448.262 50 100.773 199.626 202.447 202.454 202.449
60 317.169 476.657 478.124 478.124 478.115 60 136.942 226.285 224.918 224.892 224.887
70 333.566 478.875 473.956 473.900 473.891 70 159.416 234.079 229.977 229.931 229.927
80 344.211 463.752 454.642 454.549 454.542 80 172.408 230.805 225.073 225.015 225.011
90 350.868 440.883 429.290 429.178 429.171 90 178.754 221.542 214.943 214.879 214.875
100 353.267 414.981 402.125 402.003 401.997 100 180.428 209.392 202.428 202.362 202.358
125 341.328 349.836 336.770 336.649 336.644 125 172.567 176.470 169.720 169.657 169.655
150 312.742 292.759 281.114 281.007 281.003 150 156.945 147.165 141.211 141.156 141.154
175 278.924 246.049 236.068 235.976 235.973 175 139.673 123.399 118.302 118.256 118.254
200 246.187 208.680 200.202 200.124 200.122 200 123.295 104.546 100.215 100.175 100.174
225 216.898 178.885 171.670 171.604 171.602 225 108.698 89.582 85.895 85.862 85.861
250 191.529 154.987 148.811 148.755 148.754 250 96.044 77.603 74.448 74.419 74.419
275 169.830 135.627 130.306 130.257 130.256 275 85.200 67.906 65.187 65.163 65.162
300 151.330 119.768 115.148 115.106 115.105 300 75.941 59.962 57.604 57.582 57.582
325 135.539 106.627 102.590 102.553 102.552 325 68.029 53.380 51.320 51.301 51.301
350 122.015 95.623 92.071 92.039 92.038 350 61.249 47.869 46.056 46.040 46.040
375 110.380 86.316 83.171 83.143 83.142 375 55.413 43.207 41.603 41.589 41.588
400 100.320 78.373 75.573 75.548 75.547 400 50.366 39.229 37.801 37.788 37.788
450 83.941 65.611 63.355 63.335 63.334 450 42.145 32.838 31.688 31.678 31.677
500 71.319 55.888 54.037 54.021 54.020 500 35.808 27.969 27.026 27.018 27.018
600 53.486 42.248 40.945 40.933 40.933 600 26.851 21.141 20.477 20.471 20.471
700 41.769 33.300 32.337 32.328 32.328 700 20.965 16.661 16.171 16.167 16.167
800 33.653 27.079 26.340 26.334 26.334 800 16.889 13.548 13.172 13.169 13.169
900 27.790 22.558 21.975 21.970 21.970 900 13.944 11.285 10.989 10.986 10.986
1000 23.409 19.156 18.685 18.681 18.681 1000 11.744 9.583 9.343 9.341 9.341
2538 B.S. Bhadauria, A.K. Srivastava / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 2530–2538
horizontal porous medium saturated with electrically conducting
fluid. In addition to a solute gradient between the boundaries, a
vertical magnetic field has been applied. Then applying perturba-
tion procedure and making linear stability analysis, correction in
the Darcy Rayleigh number has been obtained. We draw the fol-
lowing conclusions:
(i) Effect of modulation of boundaries’ temperature is found to
be stabilizing or destabilizing depending on the values of the
non-dimensional parameters.
(ii) We find three special frequencies, one corresponding to
maximum stabilization, second corresponds to the situation
where R2c changes its sign from positive to negative and the
third one corresponds to the maximum destabilization of
the system.
(iii) We find that on increasing the value of the Darcy Chandra-
sekhar number the numerical value of R2c increases, while
on decreasing the value of Da the numerical value of R2c
decreases. Also we find that on decreasing the value of v
from 1.0 to 0.01 the magnitude of R2c first increases and then
decreases. Further the values of xp, x* and xn shift from left
to right.
(iv) On increasing RS and decreasing s, the numerical value of R2c
increases. Also the values of all three frequencies xp, x* and
xn are found to be constant, irrespective of the variation in
RS or in s.
(v) When modulation frequency is zero, the effect of modula-
tion may be zero, stabilizing or destabilizing depending on
the types of modulation as well as on the values of the
parameters.
(vi) When modulation frequency tends to infinity the effect of
modulation disappears altogether.
(vii) On comparison of the results for Brinkman and Darcy mod-
els (Tables 1–3), it is found that there is a very good agree-
ment between them at Da = 108.
Acknowledgment
This work was carried out as part of a major research project
[F. No. 32-172/2006(SR)] awarded by University Grants Commis-
sion (UGC), India to BSB. The financial assistance from UGC is
gratefully acknowledged. Author AKS gratefully acknowledges
the financial assistance from Banaras Hindu University provided
to him as research fellowship.
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