Gingko

Chapter Title: Appendix Scholars Mentioned by Ahmad Qabil in His Treatise on the Hijab

Book Title: Hijab

Book Subtitle: Three Modern Iranian Seminarian Perspectives
Book Author(s): Lloyd Ridgeon
Published by: Gingko. (2021)
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1wmz3nq.18

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Appendix

Scholars Mentioned by Ahmad Qabil in

His Treatise on the Hijab

Burujirdi, Sayyid Husayn (1975–61): the leading marjaʿ in Iran after the depar-
ture of Riza Shah. He is largely known for his quiescent political perspective. In
terms of scholarly work, he was responsible for overseeing the publication of 31
volumes of Jāmiʿ Aḥadīth al-Shīʿa. Burujirdi also initiated the practice of sending
religious scholars to Europe and locations in the Islamic world. And he set in
motion studies to reform the ḥawza, although the findings were not implemented.

Fazil Abi (ʿIzz al-Din Hasan ibn Abi Talib Yusufi): a scholar from the 15–16th
centuries. His master was al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki (d. 1533).

Halabi, Abu’l-Salah (Shaykh Taqi al-Din ibn Najm al-Din ibn ʿUbayd Allah
ibn ʿAbd Allah ibn Muhammad) (984–85 / 1055–56):1 most of his composi-
tions have not survived, but it is clear that, although he was trained in the school
of Baghdad and was a student of Sayyid Murtaza, he was sufficiently confident
to express differences of opinion with the accepted opinions of the time and with
those of his teachers.

Hamadani, Hajj Aqa Riza (Muhaqqiq Hamadani) (1834–1904): he was a

1 See Etan Kohlberg, ‘Ḥalabi, Abu’l-Ṣāleḥ’, Encyclopedia Iranica, 15 December 2003. This
article is available in print: vol. XI, fasc. 6, 580–1. The text mentioned by Qabil is
Halabi’s al-Kāfī fī’l-Fiqh, ed. R. Ustadi, Isfahan 1982–83, and has been called by Kohlberg
‘one of the oldest systematic codifications of Twelver Shiʿite law’.

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 Scholars Mentioned by Ahmad Qabil 269

student of Mirza Shirazi, and he assumed marjaʿiyat upon his death. He also
studied under Shaykh Ansari.

al-Hilli, also known as ʿAllama Hilli (Jamal al-Din Abu Mansur Hasan Ibn
Yusuf) (1250–1325): was an eminent Shiʿa theologian and jurist.2 His Nihāyat
al-Aḥkām has been edited and published.3 He was one of the first scholars to
employ the term ijtihād in the sense of acquiring knowledge by applying the
sources of law.

Ibn Baraj (ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Ibn Baraj al-Tarablusi) (1021–88): originating from
Egypt and receiving his religious education in Baghdad, he studied with two of the
most famous scholars of his age: Sayyid Murtaza and Shaykh Tusi.

Ibn Idris Hilli (Muhammad ibn Mansur ibn Ahmad ibn Idris Hilli) (12th
century): was a descendant through his mother of Shaykh Tusi. He earned a
reputation for employing reason in his jurisprudential works, and for a penchant
to not follow blindly the positions of Shaykh Tusi, which had been the custom of
much of Shiʿi jurisprudence.

Ibn Junayd Iskafi (Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Katib al-Iskafi, also known as
Ibn Abi’l Junayd) (d. 991–92):4 none of Ibn Junayd’s works have survived, and
scholars have to rely on quotes found in the works of other scholars.

Ishtahardi, ʿAli Panah (1917–2008): taught ethics at the ḥawza in Qum for many
years. He was one of the editors in a group overseeing the publication of the thirty-
one volumes of Jāmiʿ Aḥadīth al-Shīʿa (Collection of Shiʿa Hadith).

Javadi-Amuli (1933–present): powerful contemporary seminarian who is often

regarded as a conservative and a supporter of ʿAli Khamenei. He has offices as a
marjaʿ in several Iranian cities, and has published a multi-volume exegesis of the
Qurʾan called Tasnīm. He has an official website: http://javadi.esra.ir/5

2 On his life, see Momen, An Introduction to Shiʿi Islam, 313; More detail is provided by
Sabine Schmidt, ‘Ḥelli, Ḥasan b. Yusof b. Moṭahhar’, Encyclopedia Iranica, 15 December
2003, vol. XII, fasc. 2, 164–9.
3 See Nihāyat al-Marām fī ʿĪlm al-Kalām, 3 vols., ed. Fazil al-ʿIrfan, Qum 1419/1999.
4 Wilferd Madelung, ‘Ibn al-Jonayd’, Encyclopedia Iranica, 15 December 1997, vol. VIII,
fasc. 1, 31–2.
5 On his general perspective see Dahlén, Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity, 126–42.

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270 HIJAB

Khuʾi, Sayyid Abu’l Qasim al-Musavi (1899–1992): leading seminarian based

in Najaf, and regarded by many as the leading seminarian of the age. He was
arrested several times by Saddam Hussein who persecuted members of Khuʾi’s
family. He was the author of many respected jurisprudential works. His official
website is: https://www.alkhoei.org/

Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir (1627–99): or Majlisi al-Thani (Majlisi the Second)

was an Akhbari scholar famous for his 110 volume of hadith and reports known
under the title of Biḥār al-Anwār.

Miqdad al-Suyuri (al-Miqdad Ibn ʿAbdallah al-Suyuri) (d. 1423).

Mirza-yi Qummi, Abu’l-Qasim (1738–1815): a Qajar period marjaʿ, who was

also influential at the royal court. He is known for encouraging a strict adherence
among muqallids to the decisions and declarations of the marjaʿ.

Mughniya, Muhammad Javad (1904–79): studied in Lebanon and Najaf and

was a student of al-Khuʾi. He served as head of the judiciary in Lebanon, and
also composed works on understanding the Qurʾan and Islamic jurisprudence.
He wrote six volumes of Fiqh al-Imām Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq. He was concerned with
promoting the unity of Lebanon and had good relations with Sunni leaders.

Muhaqqiq Damad, Sayyid Muhammad (1907–69): he was the son-in-law of

ʿAbd al-Karim Haʾiri Yazdi, the founder of the seminary in Qum, and so he was
given the title dāmād (meaning ‘son-in-law’). Although he did not involve himself
in politics, it is noteworthy that his students included many of those who were
active in the Islamic Revolution.

Muhaqqiq Hilli (Najm al-Din Abu’l-Qasim Jaʿfar Ibn Hasan, also known
as Muhaqqiq-i Avval) (1205–77):6 author of jurisprudential works, such as
al-Muʿtabar fī Sharḥ Mukhtṣar al-Nāfīʿ and Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. The latter work
looks at worship, contracts, obligations, and commands (aḥkām). Each section
mentions the status of each act: obligatory (wājib), desirable (mustaḥabb),

6 Momen, An Introduction to Shiʿi Islam, 313; see also Etan Kohlberg, ‘Ḥelli, Najm-al-Din
Abu’l-Qāsem Jaʿfar’, Encyclopedia Iranica, 15 December 2003. This article is available in
print: vol. XII, fasc. 2, 169–170.

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 Scholars Mentioned by Ahmad Qabil 271

reprehensible (makrūh), and forbidden (ḥarām). He was also a poet who wrote on
ethical and mystical themes.

Muhaqqiq Karaki (Nur al-Din ʿAli ibn ʿAbd’l-ʿAli al-ʿAmili al-Karaki)

(1465–1534): he was invited to Iran by the Safavid monarch Tahmasp, and he
proceeded to propagate Shiʿi Islam throughout the country. His most celebrated
work is a commentary on Qawāʾid al-Aḥkām written by ʿAllama Hilli.

Muhaqqiq Naraqi (Mulla Ahmad Naraqi) (1772–1829): influential mujtahid

from Kashan who wrote on fiqh, uṣūl-i fiqh, mathematics and ethics. He also wrote
poetry, and took an active interest in politics, helping to promote the movement to
expel the Russians from Iranian territory in the early 1800s.

Muhaqqiq Tabatabaʾi (Sayyid ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Tabatabaʾi Yazdi) (1929–96): an

erudite scholar who spent much energy in the academic study of Islamic history,
and had a deep interest in researching manuscripts.

Muqaddas Ardabili (Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ardabili) (d. 1585): was a

respected teacher and scholar of fiqh, uṣūl, theology and the history of the Shiʿi
imams. He was based in both Najaf and Shiraz. His most important jurisprudential
work is Majmaʿ al-Fāʾida wa al-Burhān fī Sharḥ al-Adhhān.

Mutahhari, Murtaza (1919–79): See Part Two of this book.

Najafi (see Sahib-i Javahir).

Sabzavari, ʿAbd al-Aʿla (1910–93): a marjaʿ in Najaf for only one year (between
the death of grand Ayatollah Khuʾi and his own death in 1993). He was a specialist
in fiqh and hadith.

Sabzavari, Muhammad Baqir (also known as Muhaqqiq-i Sabzavari) (1608–

79): was the author of Sufficiency of the Commands, and he was the Shaykh al-
Islam of Isfahan.

Sahib-i Javahir (ʿAllama Shaykh Muhammad Hasan Najafi) (d. 1266/1850):

a famous marjaʿ taqlid of the 19th century.7 The masters of Sahib-i Javahir

7 See Momen, An Introduction to Shiʿi Islam, 318.

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272 HIJAB

included Kashif al-Ghita (d. 1812) and Sayyid ʿAli Tabatabaʾi (d. 1815–16).8 His
most important composition is the Jawāhir al-Kalām, and its important features
are the inclusion of ʿurf (common sense) as a source for discovering the laws
on a particular subject, and the views and opinions of past masters. The work is
inspired by Muhaqqiq Hilli’s Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām.

Sahib-i Madarik (Sayyid Muhammad ibn ʿAli al-Musavi al-ʿAmili) (1539–

1600): his teachers included Muqaddas Ardabili, and he achieved fame for his
text Madārik al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, which was composed in three
volumes and contains discussions on purity, prayer, zakāt, fasting, and hajj among
others.

Sahib-i Riyaz (Sayyid ʿAli ibn Muhammad ʿAli Tabatabaʾi) (1749–1815): the
most important work of this jurist is his Riyāż al-Masāʾil, which discusses the
usual topics (purity, blood money, etc.) and includes the opinions of past masters.

Shams al-Din, Muhammad Mahdi (1936–2001): lived and studied in Najaf for
many years, where he studied under al-Khuʾi, before attaining the rank of Ayatul-
lah, and was also a political theoretician and the chairman of the Supreme Islamic
Shiʿa Council in Lebanon.

Sayyid Muhammad ʿAmili (see Sahib-i Madarik).

Shahid-i Avval (Muhammad ibn Makki al-ʿAmali al-Jizzini) (1333–84): he

was the author of al-Lumʿa al-Dimashqīyya fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya, which is a
typical jurisprudential work and is composed of four parts: worship, transactions,
contracts, and commands. It continues to be taught in the seminaries and has had
several commentaries written on it.

Shahid-i Thani (Shaykh Zayn al-Din Ibn ʿAli al-ʿAmili al-Jubaʿi ) (1506–58):
the author of Al-Rawża al-Bahīyya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʿat al-Dimashqīyya, which was
a commentary on the al-Lumʿat al-Dimashqīyya, composed by Shahid-i Avval.

Shaykh Mufid, (Abu ʿAbdullah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nuʿman

al-ʿAkbari al-Baghdadi) (948–1022): taught by Shaykh Saduq, he was an

8 The life of the latter is discussed briefly in Meir Litvak, Shiʿi Scholars of Nineteenth
Century Iraq, Cambridge 1998, 49–51.

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 Scholars Mentioned by Ahmad Qabil 273

outstanding theologian and jurist. Only a handful of about 200 books of his
survive, one of which is called Aḥkām al-Niswa (Commands for Women). He
is regarded as a scholar who promoted the application of reason to the study of
hadith in determining law.

Shaykh Saduq or Ibn Babawayh (‘The Trusty Scholar’) (923–91): a Shiʿa

expert on hadith and eminent jurist and theologian in Qum. He was a student of
Abu Jaʿfar Kulayni and master of Shaykh Mufid.9 He was the author of Man Lā
Yahżuruhū al-Faqīh, which is regarded as one of the four most important books on
Twelver Shiʿi Islam. It is a work on narrations and their interpretation.

Shaykh Tusi (Abu Jaʿfar Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Tusi, also known as
Shaykh al-Taʾifa) (996–1067): he compiled two of the four principle books used
by the Shiʿa on hadith. He is considered by some the founder of Shiʿi jurispru-
dence, and the founder of the seminary in Najaf.

Shaykh Yusuf Bahrani (1695–1772): was an Akhbari scholar who rejected the
legal reasoning of the Usulis, although his perspective has been understood as one
that does not go to the extreme literalism of earlier Akhbaris. His views have been
the study of a recent monograph in English.10

Tabarsi (Fazl ibn Hasan al-Tabarsi) (d. 1153): was the author of the Majmāʿ
al-Bayān, considered to be one of the most important commentaries of the Qurʾan.
His other works include Makārim al-Akhlāq.

Tabatabaʾi (Sayyid Muhammad Tabatabaʾi): was a 19th-century mulla,

author of a well-known work called the Manẓūma. He was the son of Sayyid ʿAli
Tabatabaʾi. One of his most important students was Shaykh Murtaza Ansari, the
famous 19th-century marjāʿ.

9 See Martin McDermott, ‘Ibn Bābawayh’, Encyclopedia Iranica, 15 December 1997, vol.
VIII, fasc. 1, 2–4.
10 See Robert Gleave, Inevitable Doubt: Two Theories of Shiʿi Jurisprudence, Leiden 2000.

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