Phase Angle Example

In the setup above, as the rotor rotates, the tachometer senses the tachometer trigger and starts
data collection. At this point, for this example, the force experienced by the horizontally mounted
sensor equals zero.

As the rotor turns in a counter clockwise direction, the force experienced by the sensor increases and
reaches its maximum when the heavy spot reaches the 3:00 position. It is at this point that the
imbalance force produces the highest positive reading from the sensor.

When the heavy spot reaches 12:00, the force experienced by the horizontally mounted sensor is
again zero.
When the heavy spot rotates 90 additional degrees to a 9:00 position, it is opposite the sensor
position and the imbalance force produces the highest negative reading from the sensor.

The heavy spot then rotates 90 additional degrees to complete its 360 degree rotation, the force
experienced by the horizontal sensor is again zero.
Summary
During the 360 degree shaft rotation, the horizontal sensor experiences its maximum positive force
when the rotor's heavy spot has moved 90 degrees from its position when data collection was
initiated by the tachometer trigger. For this rotor with this tachometer and sensor setup, the phase
angle is 90 degrees.

Phase Patterns

Figure 1. Phase Relationships Across a Machine.

Pure “static” unbalance produces “in-phase” readings at either end of a rotor. That is, sensors placed
in the same plane (horizontal, or vertical, or axial) at both ends of the rotor show similar phase angle
readings.
Whereas, pure “couple” unbalance produces phase readings across the rotor that are 180 degrees
opposite each other, or 180° “out-of-phase.”
Misalignment produces in-phase motion in one measurement plane and out-of-phase motion in the
other.
Amplitude and frequency provide 80% accuracy when performing a diagnosis or analysis – adding
phase increases accuracy to better than 95%.
Historically, phase measurements were acquired using a strobe light. Today, photocell devices or
laser tachometers provide more accurate digital phase readings. However, the ability to see shaft
movement and unusual patterns with a strobe light is very useful. A well-prepared vibration analyst
will generally utilize a digital phase devise as well as a strobe light when performing troubleshooting.

In summary:

Amplitude Indicates SEVERITY of the Problem,

Frequency Indicates ROOT CAUSE of the Problem, and

Phase Indicates POSITION of the Problem.

Vibration and the Proactive Mechanic
As a mechanic, it is not necessary to become an expert in machinery vibration, but it is important to
have a basic understanding of the principals of vibration; and to understand the cause and effect
relationship between good maintenance practices and a smooth running machine. In addition, since
mechanics are constantly in the field dealing with machinery, they become an excellent condition
monitoring resource as they may observe subtle changes in machine behavior that could be an
indication of a developing problem.
At a minimum, a mechanic should be able to take basic overall vibration readings on a machine and
determine if there is a potential problem by comparing the readings to a chart.
It is desirable to have the vibration analyst at the machine site to record readings on a start-up of a
new or recently maintained machine. If the analyst is available, the lead mechanic on the job can
learn a lot by observing the readings. The mechanic may not be able to interpret the vibration
spectra, but should be able to understand what the analyst is describing. For example, the analyst
may point out that the spectra indicate possible misalignment. Working together, the analyst and
lead mechanic can determine any necessary corrective action or whether there is a condition that
warrants a shut down.
If the analyst is not available or if a plant does not have an in-house analyst, overall readings can be
acquired by the lead mechanic. If the vibration levels fall below company limits, the machine can be
handed over to production. If the levels are excessive, the analyst can be called in to perform a more
thorough analysis. A direct benefit of this approach is that the lead mechanic obtains immediate
feedback on the quality of the installation or repairs and encourages maintenance “best practices.”
Some plants even hold a monthly competition to reward the mechanic that has produced the
smoothest running machine.
Overall vibration meters are also recommended for machine or control room operators. Operators
can take the meters with them on their daily machine walk-downs and take quick readings to ensure
that levels are within acceptable limits. Problems on some machines can develop quickly and might
be missed with monthly condition monitoring readings. Augmenting the program with mechanic or
operator collected readings improves effectiveness and increases program buy-in.