1

MEDINA COLLEGE
Maningcol, Ozamiz City
J
U
N
I

Junior High School DepartmentO

R

SCIENCE 8 H
I
G
H

S
C
H
O
O
EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT
MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
L
 2

MODULE1-2

NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION

What Is This Module About?
This module introduced to you the Newton’s three laws of motion. Most of the motions we come across
in our daily life are non-uniform and the primary cause of changes in motion is FORCE.

In this module, you will learn about the effects of force on motion specifically the Newton’s Three
Laws of Motion, Newton's law are very important because they tie into almost everything we see in
everyday life.

There are two lessons prepared for you in this module :

Lesson 1: Law of Inertia and Law of Acceleration

Lesson 2: Law of Interaction

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After reading this module, you should be able to:
1.Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the object
to the amount of change in the object’s motion
2.Infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted back on it

How to learn from this module

In order to achieve the objectives of this module successfully, you have to remember the following:

1. Read and follow the instructions carefully.

2. Answer the pretest.

3. Take down notes and record points for clarification.

4. Take the posttest and check your answers against the key at the

end of the module.

5. Try to obtain at least 85% level of proficiency in the tests.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 3

Let’s See What You Already Know

Before you start studying this module, take the following test first to find out
how much you already know about the topics to be discussed.

Directions : : Read and answer the questions below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following equations describe the 2nd law of motion?

A. m = F x a B. W= F x d
C. F= m x a D. P = W x t
2. Which of the following is the unit of force?
A. kg.m/s B. kg/m/s2
C. Newton D. Joule
3. If the same net force acts on an object, what happens to its acceleration as its mass
increases?
A. decreases B. increases
C. stays the same D. cannot be determined
4. Which law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction?
A. Law of Inertia B. Law of Acceleration
C. Law of Interaction D. Law of Gravitation
5. . A horizontal force of 8 N is applied to a 2-kg object resting on a frictionless table. How
much will the object accelerate?
A. 0.25 m/s2 B. 4.0 m/s2
C. 8.0 m/s2 D. 12 m/s2
6. A 200-N woman is standing on a concrete floor. How much force does the floor exert on her?
A. zero B. 180 N
C. 200 N D. 300 N
7. An object is pulled to the left by a force of 50 N. The same amount of force pulls it to the right. The object will
_____________.
A. stay at rest B. accelerate to the right
C. accelerate to the left D. change its direction

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 4

8. . In the absence of an external force, a moving object will ____________

A. stop immediately B. go faster and faster
C. move with constant velocity D. slow down and eventually stop
9. Which of the following is the unit of acceleration?
A. m/s2 B. m/s
C. Newton D. Joule
10. What will happen to a moving object if there are no external forces acting on it?
A. It will stop immediately.
B. It will go faster and faster.
C. It will move with constant velocity.
D. It will slow down and eventually come to a stop.

LESSON 1
Let’s Learn
Figure 1. Force and motion are
EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT
involved in playing badminton
MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 5

When you ride a bicycle , your feet push on the pedals to make it move.
In playing badminton , you exert force on the racket to hit the shuttlecock,
which causes it to suddenly zoom across the court. When you pull the rope
in a flag ceremony, the flag rises .In each of these activities , force
and motion are involved .

WHAT IS FORCE? HOW IS IT RELATED TO MOTION?

Based on the abovementioned examples, force may be defined as a push or pull by one body to another.
There are two or more forces that may act on an object at the same time. Forces that are equal and acting on an object in
opposite directions are referred to as balanced forces. These forces have an algebraic sum of zero; thus they do not cause any
change in motion of an object . However , if one of the two forces is greater than the other, the object will move in the
direction of the greater force. The algebraic sum of these forces is not equal to zero; thus it will cause a change in the motion
of the object . These forces are called unbalanced forces. An unbalanced force( or net force) will cause an object to start
moving, change speed, stop moving , or change direction.

LAW OF INERTIA

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

The tendency of an object to resist any change in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line is called inertia .
The following may be observed due to inertia:
A passenger tends to move forward when the car he or she is on suddenly stops.
A bullet fired from a gun continues its motion if not for the resistance of air and the pull of gravity
A moving car remains in uniform motion and is retarded by the force applied on the brakes

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 6

Note the repeated use of the verb remains. We can think of this law as preserving the status quo of motion. Newton’s first law
of motion states that there must be a cause which is a net external force for there to be any change in velocity, either a change
in magnitude or direction. An object sliding across a table or floor slows down due to the net force of friction acting on the
object. But on an air hockey table, where air keeps the puck from touching the table, the air hockey puck continues moving
with a roughly constant velocity until a force acts on it like when it bumps into the side of the table.

What do force, external force, and net force mean?

A force is a push or a pull exerted on one object by another object. The units of force  F are called
Newtons or simply  N.
An external force is a force originating from outside an object rather than a force internal to an object.
For instance, the force of gravity that Earth exerts on the moon is an external force on the moon.
However, the force of gravity that the inner core of the moon exerts on the outer crust of the moon is an
internal force on the moon. Internal forces within an object can't cause a change in that object's overall
motion.
The net force, written as ΣF , on an object is the total force on an object. If many forces act on an object,
then the net force is the sum of all the forces. But be careful since force F is a vector, to find the net
force ΣF the forces must be added up like vectors using vector addition.

In other words, if a box of frozen burritos had a force of magnitude 45 Newtons exerted on it to the right
and a force of magnitude 30 Newtons exerted on it to the left, the net force in the horizontal direction
would be :

Assuming rightward is the positive direction.

Newton's first law says that if the net force on an object is zero (ΣF=0), then that object will have zero acceleration.
That doesn't necessarily mean the object is at rest, but it means that the velocity is constant. In other words, constant zero
velocity at rest or constant non-zero velocity is moving with a constant velocity. For the box of frozen burritos, if the

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 7

rightward force had a magnitude of 45 Newtons and the leftward force had a magnitude of 45 Newtons, the net force would
be zero. The box of burritos would either continue moving with a constant velocity ,if it started with a velocity before the
forces were applied or stay at rest if it was already at rest before the forces were applied.

What does mass mean?

The property of a body to remain at rest or to remain in motion with constant velocity is called inertia. Newton’s first
law is often called the law of inertia. As we know from experience, some objects have more inertia than others. It is obviously
more difficult to change the motion of a large boulder than that of a basketball, for example.

The inertia of an object is measured by its mass. Mass can be determined by measuring how difficult an object is to
accelerate. The more mass an object has, the harder it is to accelerate. Also, roughly speaking, the more “stuff” or matter in
something, the more mass it will have, and the harder it will be to change its velocity, i.e., accelerate.

LAW OF ACCELERATION

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting on it and is inversely
proportional to its mass”

In symbols : a= F/m

Solving for force : F=ma

Where : F= net or unbalanced force
a= acceleration
m= mass of the body
This equation says that if the force is doubled , then the acceleration is also doubled (2F will cause 2a) ; if it is tripled,
then the acceleration is also tripled (3F will cause 3a) and so on.
From experience and observation , you know that if you have several objects of different sizes (or masses) and you
apply the same force on each, the objects will not move at the same rate .Why? The reason for this can be found in the second

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 8

part of Newton’s second law. Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass. This means that if the force is constant , an
increase in mass will produce a corresponding decrease in acceleration. This can be expressed as : if F is constant , m will
have an acceleration of a ; 2m will have an acceleration of a/2; and m/4 will have an acceleration of 4a.

Which cart moves faster? Why?

Unit of Force
If mass is expressed in kilogram (kg) and acceleration is in meter per second squared (m/ s 2) , the unit of force is
kilogram meter per second squared (kg · m/ s2) or newton (N).

F (newton, N) = m (kg) x α (m/ s2)

1 N = 1 kg · m/ s2
Dyne is a smaller unit used to express force. IF the mass of the body is in gram (g) and its acceleration is in
centimeter per second squared (cm/ s2) , then the force applied is expressed in dyne.

F (dyne) = m (g) x α (cm/ s2)

1 dyne = 1 g · m/s2
Sample problem:
Suppose a ball of mass 0.60 kg is hit with a force of 12 N. Its acceleration will be:
a= Fnet / m
a= 12N/ 0.60kg
a=20m/s2
If the force is increased to 24 N for the same ball then,
a=24N/0.6kg
EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT
MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 9

a=40 m/s2

TRY TO INVESTIGATE
Free Fall and Newton’s Second law of Motion
 Suppose you drop two books of different masses from the same height , which will hit the ground first?

Think about this: if we use the law of acceleration, the heavier book must be the one to hit the ground first because
gravity pulls on it with more force. But if we use the law of inertia , the lighter book must be the one to hit the ground first
because of its lesser inertia. But if you actually try it out , you would find that they will both reach the floor at the same time.
Gravity acts on all objects on the earth’s surface and causes them to accelerate when released. This acceleration ,
known as the acceleration due to gravity (g) , is the same for all objects on earth and is equal to 9.8m/s 2. This means that
when objects fall, their velocities increase by 9.8 m/s every 1 second.
The books in the example above fall to the ground at the same rate (acceleration) even if they differ in mass. And
since they were released from the same height at the same time, they will reach the ground at the same time.
Circular Motion and Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Second Law was arrived at by studying straight line motion. Does this law apply to circular motion as
well?

Try to whirl an object tied to a string horizontally above your head. Then observe what happens if you release the
object. Hoes does it travel after release?
You learned that acceleration does not only refer to change in speed. It also refers to change in direction. In the case
of circular motion, the whirling object accelerates not due to the change in its speed but to the change in the direction of its
velocity. By Newton’s second law of motion , a net force must be acting on accelerating objects. So where is this net force
coming from? For the stone to move in a horizontal circle, what must you do?You have to pull the stone inward towards the
center of the circular path, right? So the force comes from the string pulls the object towards the center of its circular path. If
you remove this force by either cutting or releasing the string , you will observe that the object will continue to move straight
and fly off tangential to the path. This is the natural tendency of the object if there is no net force acting on it, to the first law
of motion. But because of the net force from the string, instead of going straight, the object accelerates inwards thereby
covering a circular path. The object is said to be in uniform circular motion.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 10

Let’s Learn LESSON 2

LAW OF INTERACTION

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 11

What is Newton's third law?

“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

Observe your mother of father when he or she walks. What forces act on the
floor and on the feet of your mother/father? As your mother/father takes a step
forward , his or her feet push against the floor. The floor then exerts an equal but
opposite force on the feet. This force pushes the feet of your classmate to move
forward.
This can be explained by Newton’s third law of motion, which states that if
object A exerts a force on object B, object B exerts an equal but opposite force on object A . In other words, For every action
, there is an equal but opposite reaction. Thus the third law is also referred to as the law of interaction. Take note that these
forces are acting on different bodies , hence , they will not cancel out each other.
In the simplest sense, a force is a push or a pull. However, Newton realized that a force is not a thing in itself but
part of mutual action, an interaction, between one thing and another.
For example, consider the interaction between a hammer and a nail. A hammer exerts a force on the nail and drives it
into a board. But this is not the only force present for there must also be a force exerted on the hammer to stop it in the
process.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 12

What exerts this force? The nail does. Newton reasoned that while the hammer exerts a force on the nail, the nail
exerts a force on the hammer. So, in the interaction between the hammer and the nail, there is a pair of forces, one acting on
the nail and the other acting on the hammer. Such observations led Newton to his third law: The Law of Interaction.

Mathematically , FA= -FB OR F1=-F2

a car accelerates because the ground pushes forward on the drive wheels in reaction to the drive wheels pushing backward on
the ground. You can see evidence of the wheels pushing backward when tires spin on a gravel road and throw rocks
backward.

In another example, rockets move forward by expelling gas backward at high velocity. This means the rocket exerts a large
backward force on the gas in the rocket combustion chamber, and the gas therefore exerts a large reaction force forward on
the rocket. This reaction force is called thrust. It is a common misconception that rockets propel themselves by pushing on the
ground or on the air behind them. They actually work better in a vacuum, where they can more readily expel the exhaust
gases.

Helicopters similarly create lift by pushing air down, thereby experiencing an upward reaction force. Birds and airplanes also
fly by exerting force on air in a direction opposite to that of whatever force they need. For example, the wings of a bird force
air downward and backward in order to get lift and forward motion.

WEEK 1
ACTIVITY 1 : INVESTIGATING INERTIA
EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT
MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 13

empty glass, cardboard, 1 peso coin, 5-peso coins (5 pcs or more) ,

Materials : plastic ruler

Procedure
Coin Drop
1.Arrange the setup as shown in figure 1
2. Slowly pull the cardboard with your hand and observe what happens
3.Arrange again the setup as shown. This time , quickly flick the cardboard with
your finger. Observe again what happens.

Q1. What happens when you slowly pulled the cardboard? Explain
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q2.What happens when you flicked the cardboard? Explain
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q3. What law of motion is shown in this activity? _________________________________

Stack of Coins

4.Stack the coins on a flat level surface.

5.Quickly hit the coin at the bottom with the edge of the ruler
Q4.What happens when you hit the coin at the bottom? Why is this so?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

WEEK 1
Activity 2

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 14

Direction: Read and analyze each problem. Write the answer on the space provided.

1. The car is moving forward. When it suddenly stops, what do you think will the passengers of the car experience? Why?
____________________________________
2. If a car makes a sharp turn, the passengers tend to move to one side of the car. Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. A passenger in a bus with covered windows notices that a box at rest in the aisle suddenly starts to move backward. What
could be a possible explanation for this?
_____________________________________________________________________
4. If you put your book on the table, it will not move on its own. What then will make it move?
_______________________________________________________________
5. Why are seatbelts important? ______________________________________________
II.
Direction: Use Newton's second law equation to solve for force, mass, and acceleration.

Problem 1- A ball with a mass of 0.5 kg is hit with a force of 2.5N. What is its acceleration?
________________________________________________________________________

Problem 2- What is the acceleration of a 15kg box that is pushed across a horizontal surface with a force of 50N?
_______________________________________________________

WEEK 2
Activity 1 : Action-Reaction (LAW OF INTERACTION)

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 15

Direction: Identify the action-reaction forces in each diagram. Draw two arrows to indicate the direction of two forces.

Ex :
Action force- the hammer pushes the nail

Reaction force- the nail stops the hammer

1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

ACTION FORCE REACTION FORCE

Ex. The hammer pushes the nail The nail stops the hammer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Evaluation

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 16

Directions: Read and answer the following questions below and Write your answer on the blank space provided.

1. An object with a mass of 2.0 kg has a force of 5.0 N applied to it. What is the resulting acceleration of the
object? ___________________________________________
2. The car is moving forward. When it suddenly stops, what do you think will the passengers of the car
experience? Why? ____________________________________
3. A sports car and a bus are both traveling at 50 km/h. Which of the two will require more force to stop? Why?
___________________________________
4. Acceleration is directly proportional to the net ____________ acting on the body and inversely proportional to
its ___________. Its direction follows the direction of the net force.
5. Suppose a ball of mass 0.4 kg is hit with a force of 50 N. Its acceleration will be ___________________

TEST II.

Directions: Read and answer the questions below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1.Which of Newton's Three Laws does the following statement satisfy?

The relationship between an object's mass (m), its acceleration (a), and the applied force F is F=ma. Acceleration and force
are vectors. This law requires that the direction of the acceleration vector is in the same direction as the force vector.

A.Newton's First Law C. Newton's Third Law

b.Newton's Second Law D. All of the above

2. Which law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction?

A.Law of Inertia B. Law of Acceleration

C. Law of Interaction D. Law of Gravitation

3. If the same net force acts on an object, what happens to its acceleration as its mass increases?

A.decreases B. increases C. stays the same D. cannot be determined

4. Which of Newton's Three Laws does the following statement satisfy? Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to
remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

A.Newton's First Law C. Newton's Third Law

B.Newton's Second Law D. All of the above

5. _______ was the scientist who gave us the Laws of Motion.

A.Sir Isaac Newton B.Gregor Mendel C. Dmitri Mendeleev D.Albert Einstein

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 17

6. What is another name for the Newton's first law of motion?

A.Law of Acceleration B.Law of Velocity C.Law of Inertia D. Law of Mass

7.  Which of Newton's Three Law does the following example illustrate? The blood in your head rushes to your feet when
riding on an elevator this is descending and abruptly stops.

A.Newton's First Law C. Newton's Third Law

B.Newton's Second Law D. All of the above
8. A 50-kg object is acted upon by a net force of 360 N. How much does it accelerate?
A. 3.6 m/s2 B. 7.2 m/s2
C. 9.8 m/s2 D. 19.6 m/s2
9. How much force is required to accelerate a car with a mass of 2000 kg to 3 m/s 2 ?
A. 600 N B. 667 N
C. 6000 N D. 6000 kg.m/s
10. A 200-N woman is standing on a concrete floor. How much force does the floor exert on her?
A.zero B. 180 N
C. 200 N D. 300 N

WEEK 2

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
 18

EVALUATION

Directions: Read and answer the following questions below and write your answer on the blank space provided.

1. 4. While driving down the road, a firefly strikes the windshield of a bus and makes a quite obvious mess in front of the
face of the driver. This is a clear case of Newton’s third law of motion. The firefly hit the bus and the bus hits the firefly.
Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the firefly or the force on the bus?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Roda uses her finger in pushing the wall and exerts a 50N force.
a. Which exerts the action force? ______________________________________
b. Which exerts the reaction force? ____________________________________
c. How much force is exerted by the wall to the finger? _____________________
d. Are the forces balanced or unbalanced? ______________________________
e. What is the net force? ____________________________________________
3. Listed below are ACTION forces. Write the REACTION forces
a. A girl pushing the wall __________________________________________
b. A car’s wheels pushing the road backward __________________________
4. Newton’s third law states that for every (a)_____________, there is an (b)___________ and (c)_________________
reaction.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL