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MEDINA COLLEGE
Maningcol, Ozamiz City
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Junior High School DepartmentO

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SCIENCE ELECTIVE 10 H
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EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT
MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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MODULE1

Introduction to Mechanics
What Is This Module About?
This module will provide you information on the Introductory Concepts in Physics. The study of
physics makes use of the scientific method that involves logical or orderly thinking, observing,
experimenting and
expressing relationship among variables in equation form. In order that you may understand better and
apply the laws of Physics, you must learn how to solve problems involved in Physics, using measurements,
conversion of units, scientific notation, understanding errors, graphing , and uncertainties.

There is one lesson prepared for you in this module :

Lesson 1: Introductory Concepts in Physics

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After reading this module, you should be able to:
1. Solve measurement problems that involve conversion of units and expression of
measurements in scientific notation;
2. Differentiate accuracy from precision
3. Distinguish random errors from systematic errors

How to learn from this module

In order to achieve the objectives of this module successfully, you have to remember the following:

1. Read and follow the instructions carefully.

2. Answer the pretest.

3. Take down notes and record points for clarification.

4. Take the posttest and check your answers against the key at the end of the module.

5. Try to obtain at least 85% level of proficiency in the test.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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Let’s See What You Already Know

Before you start studying this module, take the following test first to find out
how much you already know about the topics to be discussed.

Directions : : Read and answer the questions below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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Let’s Learn

Why does your heart beat faster and why does your
breathing rate increase (ie. You breathe deeper and faster) when
you do strenuous activities? The body demands greater energy to
perform physically demanding activities such as running and jogging
. To supply your body with energy , you must eat food that
contains nutrients , such as glucose , which are processed
metabolically by your cells. This process requires oxygen and is only possible through cellular respiration.
A constant supply of oxygen is obtained by your body through breathing. The oxygen that you take in is distributed
throughout your body through the blood that your heart pumps. By studying the circulatory and respiratory systems, you will
find out how nutrients and oxygen are delivered to the cells in different parts of the body and how waste products such as
carbon dioxide are carried away from the cells and released out off the body through lungs.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system is also known as the internal transport system.It is made up of the cardiovascular system and
the lymphatic system. The circulatory system has several functions, namely
1.It transports nutrients and oxygen to various cells all over the body .
2.It collects wastes and transports them to respective organs where they would be excreted.
3.It helps maintain fluid balance and normal body temperature .
4.It acts as defense against harmful bacteria that may cause diseases.

The Cardiovascular System and Its Parts

The cardiovascular system transports important
nutrients throughout the body and removes metabolic wastes .
This body system is composed of the heart, the blood, and the
blood vessels. Blood flows within the body in a system of tubes
called blood vessels .

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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There are three kinds of blood vessels : arteries , veins and capillaries. Arteries carry blood away from the heart – to
the tissues and cells all over the body. Except for the pulmonary artery, arteries carry oxygen-rich blood. The Aorta is the
largest artery in the human body. Arteries have thick and elastic walls that can withstand the high pressure caused by the
rapid movement of the blood. Veins carry blood from the tissues and cells of body organs to the heart. Except for the
pulmonary veins, veins carry oxygen-poor blood. They have thin walls and possess valves that prevent the backflow of the
blood. The inferior and the superior venae cavae (singular :vena cava) are among the largest veins in the body which are
connected to the heart. Capillaries connect an artery to a vein. They are the smallest among the three blood vessels.
Capillaries allow small molecules to easily pass through and diffuse into adjacent cells. Thus , the actual exchange of gases
between blood cells and body cells take place within the capillary walls .

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood all over the body. It is a fist-sized organ that is located between the
lungs and behind the breastbone . It is surrounded by a protective membrane called the pericardium .
The heart is divided into two sides ( the left and the right sides) that are separated by a wall of muscle called the
septum. Also , the heart has four chambers. The upper thin-walled chambers are the left and the right atria (singular : atrium)
which are the collecting chambers of the heart . The lower thick-walled chambers are the left and the right ventricles which
are the pumping chambers of the heart. Valves are present in the four chambers to prevent the backflow of blood.

Components of Blood
Blood is an example of a liquid connective tissue that is composed of a liquid called plasma. The main components of
blood are:
 plasma
 red blood cells

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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 white blood cells

 platelets

Plasma

Plasma accounts for around 55% of blood fluid in humans. Plasma is 92% water, and the contents of the remaining 8%
include:

 glucose

 hormones

 proteins

 mineral salts

 fats

 vitamins

The remaining 45% of blood mainly consists of red and white blood cells and platelets. Each of these has a vital role to play
in keeping the blood functioning effectively.

Red blood cells, or erythrocytes

Red blood cells have a slightly indented, flattened disk shape. They transport oxygen to and from the lungs. Hemoglobin is a
protein that contains iron and carries oxygen to its destination. The life span of a red blood cell is 4 months, and the body
replaces them regularly. The human body produces around 2 million Trusted Source blood cells every second.The expected
number of red blood cells in a single drop (microliter) of blood is 4.5–6.2 million in males and 4.0–5.2 million in females.
The RBC transport respiratory gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide). They are also called erythrocytes or red corpuscles. They
contain hemoglobin , an iron-containing protein that is bright red when combined with oxygen. RBC carry oxygen from the
lungs and transport it to different tissues in the body. The estimated normal lifespan of RBC is 100-120 days before being
replaced with new ones

White blood cells, or leukocytes

White blood cells make up less than 1% of blood content, forming vital defenses against disease and infection. The
number of white blood cells in a microliter of blood usually ranges from 3,700–10,500. Higher or lower levels of white blood

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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cells can indicate disease. Certain types of WBC are phagocytes- they protect the body by ingesting bacteria and other foreign
bodies . The estimated normal life span of WBC is 13-20 days.

Platelets, or thrombocytes

Platelets interact with clotting proteins to prevent or stop bleeding. There should be between 150,000 and
400,000 platelets per microliter of blood.

Bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, and from there they enter the bloodstream.
Plasma is mostly water that is absorbed from ingested food and fluid by the intestines. The heart pumps them around the body
as blood by way of the blood vessels.

The pathway of Blood through Heart

The pathway of blood through the heart involves the chambers, valves, and blood vessels connected to the heart. The flow
of blood begins when the atria become filled with blood. The vena cava connected to the right atrium supplies oxygen-poor
blood, while the pulmonary vein connected to the left atrium supplies oxygen-rich blood from the lungs (which are part of the
respiratory system). As the atria contract , the tricuspid valve (between the right atrium and the right ventricle ) and the mitral
or bicuspid valve (between the left atrium and the left ventricle) quickly open and close which fill the ventricles with blood
from the atria. Then the ventricles will contract, forcing the pulmonary semilunar valve and the aortic semilunar valve to open
which will force the blood out of the heart. The oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle will go to the lungs through the
pulmonary artery for oxygenation , while the oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle will go to various parts of the body for
use through the aorta. After the contraction of the ventricles, the heart quickly relaxes and the process continues.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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The Lymphatic System and Its Parts

The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system. It is a network of vessels throughout the body that drains fluid
from tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body and
defends it against infection caused by bacteria , viruses, and other antigens.

The lymphatic system is made up of the lymph ,

lymph nodes and lymph vessels

Lymph is a clear watery fluid that contains plasma,

protein molecules , white blood cells, salt, glucose,
urea, and other substances. Lymph drains into the
lymph capillaries. These are very thin blood vessels
with many tiny openings that allow gases, water, and
nutrients to pass through the surrounding cells. Lymph
that leaks out from the capillaries to surround and bathe
body tissues is called interstitial fluid . The Lymph
vessels collect the interstitial fluid and return it to the
bloodstream by emptying it into large veins in the upper
chest near the neck. Lymph nodes occur along the lymph vessels. Their primary function is to produce lymphocytes (lymph

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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cells) that help defend the body against harmful and foreign microorganisms by engulfing them. There are approximately
500-600 lymph nodes in the human body.

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The process wherein the body takes in oxygen and eliminates gaseous waste products is called respiration. The part of
the body involved in the process of respiration is called the respiratory tract. The respiratory tract is divided into three parts:
upper respiratory tract, (nose,nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, and throat or pharynx) , respiratory airways(voice box or
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles), and lungs (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts , alveolar sacs and alveoli).

There are three types of respiration: cellular, internal, and external. Cellular respiration is the biochemical oxidation of
glucose and consequent synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . In internal respiration , there is an exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide between the internal body fluids and individual cells. External respiration involves the exchange of O2
amd CO2 between the environment and the organism.

The Pathway of Air Inside the Body

The nose has a much more important role than smelling. It serves as the first organ in the respiratory system where air
passes through. The nose is divided into the left and the right nasal passages by a cartilage called nasal septum which
separates the nostrils . The respiratory tract is lined with a mucous membrane which is composed primarily of closely packed
cells called epithelial cells. Thousands of microscopic fingerlike extensions called cilia (singular :cilium) fringe each
epithelial cell. Also inside the nostrils are coarse hairs that help trap and prevent dirt and large particles from entering further
into the respiratory tract. It is in the nasal passages that air is moistened and warmed.

Cilia lining the respiratory tract

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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After passing through the nasal passages, air goes down the pharynx. From the pharynx , the filtered air goes to the
larynx. The larynx or voice box has ligaments, called vocal cords , that vibrate when air passes within the cords, creating
sounds.

From the larynx , air goes to the trachea or windpipe. It is a tube made up of cartilage which carries air toward the
lungs. The air descends to the two branches of the lungs called bronchi (singular: bronchus) , then to the microscopic tubes
called bronchioles. The bronchioles branch out into air sacs or alveoli (singular: alveolus) . These are the sites of gas
exchange . Each lungs has about 300 million alveoli.

Internal Respiration : Gas Exchange

Let us study how gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. The gas exchange in the alveoli takes place through the process
of diffusion, where materials move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Blood (from the circulatory system) that goes to the alveoli through the capillaries is poor in oxygen and rich in
carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses out of the blood and goes into the hollow inside space of the alveoli.
This gas is released out of the body when you exhale. Simultaneously, the oxygen from the inhaled air inside the alveoli
diffuses into the blood. The blood, which is now rich in oxygen and poor in carbon dioxide , leaves the alveoli and flows back
into the heart which pumps the blood to be delivered to different parts of the body.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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The gas exchange which takes place in the alveoli will not be possible if not for breathing. How do human’s breathe?

External Respiration : How Humans Breathe

Breathing is a mechanical process of inhaling and
exhaling that makes external respiration possible. It is an
automatic process. However , the chest cavity muscles can be
controlled consciously . The major breathing organs are the
lungs. When you inhale or inspire, the rib muscles and the
diaphragm contract, and the chest expands. This in turn lowers
the air pressure in the chest cavity which causes the air from the
atmosphere to go into the lungs. On the other hand, when you
exhale or expire, the rib muscles and the diaphragm relax , the
size of the chest decreases, and the air pressure in the chest cavity increases which pushes the air out of the lungs.
The air that the lungs breathe in is rich in oxygen but poor in carbon dioxide. The opposite happens when your body
exhales ; the air that comes out is rich in carbon dioxide but poor in oxygen.

Taking care of the Circulatory and the Respiratory Systems

This lesson allows you to infer how one’s lifestyle can affect the functioning of respiratory and circulatory system.
Eating nutritious foods, doing regular exercise and gaining adequate sleep daily can keep your respiratory system,
cardiovascular or circulatory system and immune system stronger. These activities will give your body enough knowledge,
skills and attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle. To have a healthy lifestyle, we must be conscious of what we are doing, like

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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monitoring the amount of sleep we have daily, how we move in our position when doing something like working in front of
the computer, eating the nutritious food and avoiding what is not necessary in our body. Science can reveal that healthy body,
eating correct food for our age and body and having fitness routines can help prevent diseases like hypertension, stress, high
cholesterol, diabetes, and even simple respiratory tract diseases like cough, colds, asthma, sinusitis and allergies. Also,
preventing the corona virus to enter our systems can be learned. In the succeeding activities, you will experience
cardiovascular exercise that will help you to strengthen the heart muscles and make the respiratory tract clear and free from
particulates in the environment. Doing the breathing exercise and stretching the muscles in our body can reverse our tendency
to experience diseases. You do not need to go to the gym or drink expensive medicines to make your body healthy, just
monitor your attitude towards a healthy lifestyle.
“Having a healthy lifestyle making your body on style” - Vier Nama.

WEEK 1
Activity 1
I. Match each term in Column A with the description in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided.

Column B
Column A
_______ 1.air sacs  a. breathing in
b. tubes connecting the lungs
_______ 2.exhaling
c. where gas is exchanged
EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT
d. breathing out
MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGHe. SCHOOL
surround the air sacs
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_______ 3.capillaries
_______ 4.inhaling
_______ 5.bronchi

II.
Directions :Use the vocabulary learned in the learning module to label the parts of the respiratory system.

WEEK 1
Activity 2
Procedure: Use the word bank below to label the detailed parts of the heart. Write only the 
letter of the corresponding part in the box.

A. Inferior vena cava E.tricuspid valve I.superior vena cava

B. Right atrium F.pulmonary veins J.right ventricle
C. Pulmonary artery G.left atrium
D. Aorta H. left ventricle

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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WEEK 2
Activity 1
Objective: Infer how one’s lifestyle can affect the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems
Procedure:
All four pictures in each given set depict negative ways of living. They are connected by one common word that indicates the
effect of one’s lifestyle on the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems. The expected answers are illnesses that
are brought about by the negative lifestyles. Write your answers in the box provided for each number.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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What’s the word?

H Y_ _ RT _ _ _ _ O N

What’s the word?

_N_MI_

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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What’s the word?

_ST_ _A

Week 2

Activity 2

Directions : Answer the following questions and write your answer on the blank space provided.

Q1. What idea is common in each set of pictures in activity 1?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q2.What are the negative lifestyles that are depicted in the pictures?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q3.How can lifestyle affect the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q4.How can these negative lifestyle be changed?

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q5.What might happen if a person goes on with a negative lifestyle such as what were seen in this activity?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Enrichment Activity

1. Compose a short poem about how one’s lifestyle can affect the functioning of the respiratory and circulatory systems.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
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Evaluation

Directions : Choose the best word in the box that will complete each sentence . Write the word on the blank.

1.The main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system. __________________

2. The upper right chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. _______________________

3. The chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs.
____________________

4. The artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. ____________________

5. Is the thickest of the heart's chambers and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues all over the body.
______ Left atrium Aorta

Pulmonary artery Right ventricle

Left ventricle

II. Modified true or false

Directions:Write T is the statement is true , and if the statement is False , underline the word which makes it wrong and write
the correct word on the space provided.

___1. From the larynx , air goes to the trachea or windpipe. It is a tube made up of cartilage which carries air toward the
lungs.

___2. The lymphatic system is part of the genital system.

___3. The cardiovascular system transports important nutrients throughout the body and removes metabolic wastes.

___4. Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron and carries oxygen to its destination

___5. After passing through the nasal passages, air goes down the pharynx. From the pharynx , the filtered air goes to the
larynx.

EXEQUIEL M. RAMIENTOS JR, LPT

MEDINA COLLEGE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL