Republic of the Philippines

EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Ormoc Campus
Brgy. Don Felipe Larrazabal, Ormoc City, Leyte

Name: Troy Lawrence C. Tirol Sec. & Yr.: BSED SCIENCE 3B

Course: Anatomy and Physiology Reporter: Sheila Cabrillas

Integumentary: Hair and Skin

The organ that molds the top layer of our bodies is the integumentary system. It serves as
the initial line of defense for our bodies against outside infections, damage, and even sunlight.
The skin, hair, nail, and gland make up the four primary parts of the integumentary system. They
serve a variety of purposes in our body as well.
Although the hair has a simple structure, it plays a crucial role in social functioning.
Keratin, a robust protein, makes up hair. Each hair in the skin is anchored by a hair follicle. The
hair follicle's base is formed by the hair bulb. The hair shaft is formed in the hair bulb by
dividing and growing live cells. Blood vessels supply hormones that alter hair development and
shape at different stages of life and nourish the cells in the hair bulb. It shields the body from UV
ray damage and physical harm. As you mentioned, the growth cycle comprises three phases: the
growing phase, the transition phase, and the resting period. The cells in the root of your hair
divide most quickly during the anagen phase of hair development, which results in the formation
of more new hair. About 3% of all hairs are always in the catagen phase, which is a transitional
state. It takes two to three weeks to complete this phase. The outer root sheath contracts and
affixes to the hair root as growth ends. Last but not least is Telogen, which is the resting phase
and during which the hair does not grow but remains attached to the follicle. This is the
production of what is known as "club hair." This phase is present in about 10-15% of all hair at
any given moment. The hair follicle returns to the anagen phase at the end of the telogen period,
where new hair growth starts.
The skin comes next. Our skin, which has a surface area of about 2 square meters, is the
largest organ in our body. Protection is one of the skin's primary roles. It shields the body from
outside elements that might be harmful to our health. In order to hydrate and nourish our skin, it
also absorbs nutrients like vitamins, oxygen, and water through our skin. It also aids in
temperature regulation and generates sweat, a harmful chemical that our bodies do not need. The
epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are the three structural layers of the skin. The top, or
epidermis, of the skin is what can be seen with the unaided eye. It contains melanin, which
provides your skin color, and shields you from injury while keeping your body hydrated. The
innermost of the skin's two major layers is called the dermis. Connective tissue, blood arteries,
sweat and oil glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures can all be found in the dermis. It
is composed of a thicker bottom layer known as the reticular dermis and a thin top layer known
as the papillary dermis. is the skin's outermost layer on your body. It serves a variety of crucial
roles, such as preserving energy, linking your skin's dermis layer to your muscles and bones,
insulating your body, and safeguarding it from injury. In other words, our skin has the innate
ability to mend itself if it is harmed. It begins with clotting, plugging, and scabbing caused by an
injury.
Our body is a complex machine. Your body's systems, organs, and other components all
work together to keep everything in balance and functioning properly. Your integumentary
system contributes to the maintenance of other systems' functions. As an illustration, since it
serves as your body's initial line of defense against infection and bacteria, it benefits your
immune system. In order to start the healing process, it also delivers white blood cells to wounds.
Vitamin D, which functions as a hormone and is essential for the health of your bones because it
impacts calcium absorption, is absorbed with the aid of your integumentary system. Because
they remove dust and other particles from the air before you breathe them into your lungs, the
microscopic hairs in your nose are beneficial to your respiratory system. Therefore, we should
take good care of our bodies, especially the skin and hair. It's because the body, which is
susceptible to various dangerous substances, is positioned outside where these integumentary
system components are. To prevent developing various skin and hair issues, we should learn
good hygiene.
 Republic of the Philippines
EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Ormoc Campus
Brgy. Don Felipe Larrazabal, Ormoc City, Leyte

Name: Troy Lawrence C. Tirol Sec. & Yr.: BSED SCIENCE 3B

Course: Anatomy and Physiology Reporter: Julianne Mercolita

The Circulatory System: Heart

The heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the circulatory system, often known as the
cardiovascular system. It moves vital substances for our bodies, including oxygen, hormones,
vitamins, and minerals. Additionally, it collects various waste products and transports them to
the organ in charge of disposal. The heart is in charge of moving blood around the body.
The organ that pumps blood throughout your body is the heart, which is about the size of
your fist. It is composed of numerous tissue layers. The core of your circulatory system is your
heart. It circulates blood that provides essential nutrients for our bodies, including oxygen,
vitamins, and minerals. The heart is situated just to the left of the sternum, halfway between our
lungs. There are various forms of blood circulation. Deoxygenated blood is transported from the
heart to the lungs and back again by the pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, and
coronary circulation. Oxygenated blood is circulated throughout the body via the systemic
circulation, away from the heart. The heart receives oxygenated blood through the coronary
circulation in order to operate. When we discuss the heart, it has several different components. A
protective exterior wall and pericardium surround the heart to safeguard it. Additionally, it is
divided into several chambers, including the left and right ventricles and atriums. It also has a
variety of blood vessels, including arteries that carry oxygenated blood and veins that carry
deoxygenated blood. whereas capillaries join the body's tiniest blood vessel. While the left
chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the heart and pumps it to various regions of
the body, the right chamber of the heart discharges deoxygenated blood to the lung.
Consequently, the heart is a collection of interdependent tissues. Humans benefit from
being alive. and it is made up of various sections that each function independently. The heart
pumps blood to deliver oxygenated blood to all regions of the body after the blood has been
oxygenated. The heart's primary purpose is to move deoxygenated blood from the blood vessel to
the lung and vice versa. The heart is the source of power, yet it has numerous chambers that act
as blood's entry and exit points. Additionally, nothing else functions without a power source. Not
even the system will turn on. Real electrifying pulses produced by your heart circulate
throughout your body, giving everything energy.
Republic of the Philippines
EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Ormoc Campus
Brgy. Don Felipe Larrazabal, Ormoc City, Leyte

Name: Troy Lawrence C. Tirol Sec. & Yr.: BSED SCIENCE 3B

Course: Anatomy and Physiology Reporter: Vic Jones Donaire

Muscle Tissue and Neuromuscular Junction

We move and perform daily activities because our bodies have the ability to move. One
of the components of our body is muscle; each muscle is made of muscle fibers that have the
ability to contract and relax.
Muscle fibers have sections, and each part has different features. The function of the
body depends on the tendon, fascia, deep fascia, blood vessels, fascicles, muscle fiber, blood
capillary, motor neuron, myofibril, and epimysium. Excitability, contractibility, extensibility, and
elasticity are the four functional properties of our muscle that enable movement. Additionally,
the three primary forms of muscle tissue are addressed along with their roles. Because they need
a signal from the brain to move, the skeletal muscles are involuntary. It aids in mobility and is a
specialized tissue attached to the bone. It is also known as the musculoskeletal system or the
locomotor system. Except for the heart, all external organs are generally covered in smooth
muscle. Except for the heart, smooth muscle is typically located on the gastrointestinal system,
uterus, and blood arteries. Smooth muscle is a voluntary muscle since it functions without our
conscious awareness. Muscle tissue is produced throughout embryonic development through a
process known as myogenesis, and it is only present in the heart. This voluntary cardiac muscle.
Actin and myosin, which relax and contract to produce movement, and troponin and
tropomyosin, which are found among many other muscle proteins, are regulatory proteins.
Fascicules, which are collections of muscle fibers encased in a layer of connective tissue known
as the perimysium, are the building blocks of every muscle. Fascicules in a connective tissue
sheath are encased in endomysium. Except for the heart, smooth muscle is typically located on
the gastrointestinal system, uterus, and blood arteries. Smooth muscle is a voluntary muscle since
it functions without our conscious awareness. Muscle tissue is produced throughout embryonic
development through a process known as myogenesis, and it is only present in the heart. This
voluntary cardiac muscle. Actin and myosin, which relax and contract to produce movement, and
troponin and tropomyosin, which are found among many other muscle proteins, are regulatory
proteins. Fascicules, which are collections of muscle fibers encased in a layer of connective
tissue known as the perimysium, are the building blocks of every muscle. Fascicules in a
connective tissue sheath are encased in endomysium.
As a result, connective tissue sheaths hold hundreds of muscle fibers together to form
skeletal muscle. The cells that make up muscle tissue can shorten or contract to move different
parts of the body. The motor endplate, a particular area of the muscle cell membrane, and the
nerve terminal are linked by the neuromuscular junction, a chemical synapse. A motor neuron's
terminal end and a muscle, which might be skeletal, smooth, or cardiac, form the neuromuscular
junction. It is the location where the nerve transmits action potentials to the muscle.
 Republic of the Philippines
EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Ormoc Campus
Brgy. Don Felipe Larrazabal, Ormoc City, Leyte

Name: Troy Lawrence C. Tirol Sec. & Yr.: BSED SCIENCE 3B

Course: Anatomy and Physiology Reporter: Vic Jones Donaire