ANAPHY REPORTING

1st Slide: Please kindly familiarize the expected learning outcomes of our
report for some of it will be included on our activity later on.
a. name the four primary classes into which all adult tissues are classified;
b. name the three embryonic germ layers and some adult
tissues derived from each; and
c. visualize the three-dimensional shape of a structure from
a two-dimensional tissue section.

2nd Slide: Tissue

Tissues provide shape to the body and help body to conserve heat and
store energy
 Why body tissue is important:
They represent a level of organization and cell differentiation in living
organisms. ( Yung tissue yung namamahala sa organisasyon at pagkaka iba
iba ng cell sa katawan ng isang living organism)

Tissues perform various functions such as transportation( you were

amazed by the beautiful roads that transport cars and bikes, then take a
moment to see within yourself. There is this amazing network of blood
vessels inside your body that covers a distance of an astonishing 100,000
km. These are responsible for the transportation of human beings. Let us
take a closer look.)

, digestion (The digestive system converts the foods we eat into their
simplest forms, like glucose (sugars), amino acids (that make up protein)
or fatty acids (that make up fats). The broken-down food is then absorbed
into the bloodstream from the small intestine and the nutrients are
carried to each cell in the body.)

, respiration(The word respiration is commonly used to describe the

process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide.
However, the term more formally refers to the chemical process
organisms use to release the energy from food, which typically involves
the consumption of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.)

, etc. Therefore, tissues are important for multicellular living

organisms( composed of more than one cell, with groups of cells differentiating
to take on specialized functions.).

3rd Slide: The Primary Tissue Classes

- A tissue is a group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the
same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific
structural or physiological role in an organ. The four primary tissues—
epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular—are summarized in table

3rd Slide: The Four Primary Tisssues

Just to let you know: We will not be reporting some other further details
or types of each four primary tissues, if you might be wondering later why
we did not discuss the types of each tissues since it will be the discussion
of the next reporters, and our role is just to introduce to you let you have
a glimpse of the four primary tissues

So the matrix that these cells create are pretty much what build you, they
assemble your bone and your cartilage and your tendons and everything
that holds the rest together.

Epithelial/Epithelium Tissue
Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover
organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion,
and absorption.

Absorption is the process by which the products of digestion are

absorbed by the blood to be supplied to the rest of the body. 

occurs when the small intestine breaks down nutrients that are
then absorbed into your bloodstream and carried to cells
through your body.

Secretion - Most secretions are internal, but some are both

external and obvious—e.g., tears and sweat.
These special secretions released by the body are called body
fluids. Examples of body secretions include urine, saliva, sweat,
mucus, etc.

Video: Epithelial tissue. Generalized functions of epithelial tissue.

- Epithelial tissue provides the body’s first line of protection from
physical, chemical, and biological wear and tear.
- the cells of an epithelium act as gatekeepers of the body,
controlling permeability  which molecules cross biological membranes.s the
capability of ions to flow across the membrane even if they are moving or not (e.g. is there an
ion channel present). 
- and allowing selective transfer of materials across a physical
barrier.
- All substances that enter the body must cross an epithelium.
- Some epithelia often include structural features that allow the
selective transport of molecules and ion across their membranes
- Many epithelial cells are capable of secretion and release
mucus and specific chemical compunds onto their apical
surfaces.

- For example, the epithelium of the small intestine releases

digestive enzymes.
- cells lining the respiratory tract secrete mucus that traps
incoming microorganisms and particles.

Connective Tissue
Connective tissue binds the cells and organs of the body together
and performs many functions, especially in the protection,
support, and integration of the body

.Connective tissue is the most abundant of the four main tissue

types that acts as the “glue”
which connects varies tissues and provides support.

Connective tissue is comprised of three main components:

ground substance, cells, and fibers. The ground substance is a
viscous gellike liquid that separates cells (providing structural
support) composed of proteoglycans and cell adhesion proteins;
when combined with fibers is referred to as the extracellular
matrix. The cells are fibroblast which aid in the synthesis of the
extracellular matrix and collagen.

Function: The major function of connective tissues is binding and

supporting other tissues, protection,
insulation, energy storage, and transportation of substances
within the body.
Connective tissue is divided into four main categories: connective
tissue proper, cartilage,
bone, and blood. Connective tissue proper is further divided into
two subcategories: loose
connective tissue and dense connective tissue. ( I will not dve
further into these three subcategories of connective for it will be
reported by the next reporters. I will just providde a glimpse of
each types of primary of tissues.

- importance: Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure

to other tissues and organs in the body. Connective tissue also
stores fat, helps move nutrients and other substances between
tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue. Connective
tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance.

Example: Flo Hyman had always been a tall girl. I mean really tall.
By her 12th birthday, she was already six feet, and by 17 she’d
topped out just over 6’5. Inititally self-conscious about her
stature, she learned to use it to her advantage when she started
playing volleyball. She attended the University of houston as the
school’s first femlae scholarship athlete, and at the age of 21, she
was competing world championships. 9 years later she she made
it to the 1984 Olympics and helped her team win the silver
medal.After the Olympics, Hyhman moved to japan where she
gained fame playing professional volleyball. But all of that ended
in 1986 when out of nowhere, she collapsed and died during a
game. She was 31 years old. Hyman’s initial cause of death was
thought to be a haeart attack, but an autopsy revealed that she
died from a tear in her aorta, cause by an undiagnosed condition
known as MArfan Syndrome. Marfan syndrome is a genetic
disorder of the connective tissue. People suffering from it have
defect in their connective tissue that substaintially weakens it
overtime.

- And you’ve got connective tissue pretty much everywhere in

your body, so it can cause big problems.

- Weakening tissue can cause problems in the joints, eyes lungs

and heart.

- it’s the most abundant and diverse of the four tissue types, our
connective tissue.
- Thi sis the stuff that keeps, you looking young, makes up your
skeleton, and delivers oxygen and nutriients throughout your
body. It’s what holds you together, in more ways than one.

- and if something goes wrong with it, you are in for some havoc.

- the springiness here. That’s connective tissue. So is the

structure here, and the stuff inside here, and the tendons
popping out here. Connective tissue is pretty much everywhere
in your body, although how much of it show up here, varies from
organ to organ.
- For instance, your skin is mostly connective tissue, while your
brain has very little, since it’s almost all nervous tissue. Your
bones and blood are type of connective tissues.

Muscle/Muscular Tissue
Muscle tissue, which responds to stimulation and contracts to
provide movement, is divided into three major types: skeletal
(voluntary) muscles, smooth muscles, and the cardiac muscle in
the heart.

Nervous Tissue
Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized
for contraction.

Muscle tissue has four main properties:

Excitability - ability to respond to stimuli;

Contractibility - ability to contract;
Extensibility - ability of a muscle to be stretched without tearing;
Elasticity - ability to return to its normal shape
Nervous tissue allows the body to receive signals and transmit
information as electric impulses from one region of the body to
another.
Function: production of force and movement, supporting of the body, changing of body
posture, stability of joints, production of body heat (to maintain normal body
temperature), as well as, provision of form to the body.

Although muscles produce heat energy, they also require energy to perform their
functions. Muscles are predominantly powered by the oxidation of fats and
carbohydrates, but anaerobic chemical reactions are also used. These chemical reactions
produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules that are used up by myosin filaments
during muscle contractions.

Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is
responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It
stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment,
and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. To do all
these things, cells in nervous tissue need to be able to communicate with
each other by way of electrical nerve impulses ( A nerve cell (neuron)
communicates with other cells through electrical impulses when the nerve
cell is stimulated. )(The first two neuronal functions, receiving and
processing incoming information, generally take place in the dendrites and
cell body (An action potential occurs when a neuron sends information
down an axon, away from the cell body.

Video.
Embryonic Tissues
Human development begins with a single cell, the fertilized egg, which
soon divides to produce scores of identical, smaller cells.

The first tissues appear when these cells start to organize themselves into
layers—first two, and soon three strata called the primary germ layers,
which give rise to all of the body’s mature tissues. The three primary germ
layers are called ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The ectoderm is
an outer layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system. The
innermost layer, the endoderm, gives rise to the mucous membranes of
the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands, among
other things. Between these two is the mesoderm, a layer of more loosely
organized cells. Mesoderm eventually turns to a gelatinous tissue called
mesenchyme, composed of fine, wispy collagen (protein) fibers and
branching mesenchymal cells embedded in a gelatinous ground substance.
Mesenchyme gives rise to cardiac muscle, bone, and blood, among other
tissues. (The development of the three primary tissues in the embryo is
detailed at “Embryogenesis” in section 29.1.) Most organs are composed
of tissues derived from two or more primary germ layers. The rest of this
chapter concerns the “mature” tissues that exist from infancy through
adulthood.
Video:
- after fertilization, the zygote gives rise (cause to happen) to rapid mitotic
cycles, generating many cells forming the embryo.

- The first embryonic cells generated have the ability to differentiate into
any type of cell in the body and as such are called Totipotent.
Totipotent means that each of these cells has the capacity to divide,
differentiate, and develop into a new organism.

- As cell proliferation progresses, three major cell lineages are established

within the embryo.
- Each of these lineages form a distinct germ layer from which all of the
tissues and organs of the human body eventually form.
- the ectoderm is the outer layer, that gives rise to the epidermis( he
outermost layer of the skin, and protects the body from the environment.) and
nervous(This system sends messages back and forth between the brain and
the body) system.
- a layer of more loosely organized cells. Mesoderm is the middle layer.
- The endoderm is the innermost layer, the endoderm, gives rise to the
mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the
digestive glands, among other things.
- Epithelial tissues originate in all three layers; which are the….., whereas
nervous tissue derives primarily from the ectoderm, and muscle tissue
arises from mesoderm.

Interpreting Tissue Sections

In your study of histology, you may be presented with various tissue
preparations mounted on microscope slides. Most such preparations are
thin slices called histological sections. The best anatomical insight depends
on an ability to deduce the threedimensional structure of an organ from
these two-dimensional sections . This ability, in turn, depends on an
awareness of how tissues are prepared for study.

Histologists use a variety of techniques for preserving, sectioning (slicing),

and staining tissues to show their structural details as clearly as possible.
Tissue specimens are preserved in a fixative—a chemical such as formalin
that prevents decay. After fixation, most tissues are cut into sections
typically only one or two cells thick.

Sectioning is necessary to allow the light of a microscope to pass through

and so the image is not confused by too many layers of overlapping cells.
The sections are then mounted on slides and artificially colored with
histological stains to enhance detail. If they were not stained, most tissue
sections would appear pale gray. With stains that bind to different
components of a tissue, however, you may see pink cytoplasm; violet
nuclei; and blue, green, or golden-brown protein fibers, depending on the
stain used.

Sectioning a tissue reduces a three-dimensional structure to a series of

two-dimensional slices. You must keep this in mind and try to translate the
microscopic image into a mental image of the whole structure. Like the
boiled egg and elbow macaroni.

in figure 5.1, an object may look quite different when it is cut at

various levels, or planes of section. A coiled tube, such as a gland
of the uterus (fig. 5.1c), is often broken up into multiple portions
since it meanders in and out of the plane of section. An experi
enced viewer, however, recognizes that the separated pieces are
parts of a single tube winding its way to the organ surface. Note
that a grazing slice through a boiled egg might miss the yolk, just
as a tissue section might miss the nucleus of a cell even though it
was present.