Institute of Exact Sciences and Nature and Life Sciences,

University Center Ahmed ZABANA

Biology department

Human body
Scientific English / 3rd year microbiology

Dr Mellali S.
 Fun facts about the human body

 The human body contains nearly 100 trillion cells.

 There are at least 10 times as many bacteria in the human body as cells.
 The average adult takes over 20,000 breaths a day.
 Each day, the kidneys process about 200 quarts (50 gallons : 189,271 L ) of blood
to filter out about 2 quarts (1,89271 L ) of waste and water
 Adults excrete about a quarter and a half (1.42 liters) of urine each day.
 The human brain contains about 100 billion nerve cells
 Water makes up more than 50 percent of the average adult's body weight

Dr Mellali S.
 Terminology

What is anatomy and physiology?

You use your eyes to see, your ears to hear and your muscles to do the heavy lifting. Well, sort of. In
fact, most body parts are far more complicated than that.
First, anatomy underlies physiology. You have to understand the structure of the body (anatomy)
before you can understand the way that it functions (physiology). We can separate structural
anatomy into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.
Gross anatomy it means macroscopic anatomy, the parts of the body which we can see with the
unaided eye.
Microscopic anatomy, on the other hand, refers to the anatomy that we cannot see without the aid
of a microscope.
Gross anatomy - The study of the macroscopic structures of an organism
Microscopic anatomy - The study of the microscopic structures of an organism Dr Mellali S.
systemic anatomy: means anatomy by organ systems.
The digestive system : (mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestine, and so forth) is an organ system.
The organs all cooperate to provide a common function - digesting food.
Systemic anatomy is important to us because we also want to study
physiology, which is a study of the functions of an organism.
Physiology - The study of the functions of an organism and its parts

Histology - The study of tissues:

Tissues are the building materials of the body. if you look under a
microscope for any length of time, you can see that the body is made of -
tissues.
 Organization of the Human Body

the human body is organized on several different levels. For example, when you look at the muscles
of the human body, you see organization in the way that the muscles are arranged. However, if you
look at muscle tissue under a microscope, you will find a completely different kind of organization.
we can divide the body into its organ systems. The organ systems are organs which cooperate to
perform a common function. For example, consider the respiratory system. This system contains
the nose, the trachea (airway), the lungs, and several other components.
These organs all cooperate to perform a function. They get oxygen into your bloodstream and also
remove carbon dioxide from it.
There are 11 such organ systems, as illustrated in the Figures.

Dr Mellali S.
 The 11 organ systems in the humain body

The integumentary system comprises the skin and its

appendages acting to protect the body from various kinds of
damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside. The
integumentary system includes hair and nails.
It has a variety of additional functions; it may serve to
waterproof, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and
regulate body temperature, and is the attachment site for
sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and
temperature. In most land vertebrates with significant exposure
to sunlight, the integumentary system also provides for vitamin
D synthesis.

Dr Mellali S.
The human skeletal system is the internal framework
of the human body. It is composed of around 270
bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206
bones by adulthood after some bones get fused
together.
In addition to all those bones, the human skeletal
system includes a network of tendons, ligaments and
cartilage that connect the bones together. The human
skeleton performs six major functions; support for the
human body, movement, protection of our organs,
production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and
endocrine regulation.

Dr Mellali S.
The muscular system : is an organ system consisting of three
types of muscle: skeletal muscle which is connected to bone and
helps with voluntary movement, smooth muscle which is found
inside organs and helps to move substances through organs, and
cardiac muscle which is found in the heart and helps pump blood.
It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates
blood throughout the body. The muscular system consists of
about 650 muscles
Three distinct types of
muscles (L to R): Smooth
(non-striated) muscles in
internal organs, cardiac or
heart muscles and skeletal
muscles.
Dr Mellali S.
The Nervous system : controls both voluntary action
(like conscious movement) and involuntary actions
(like breathing), and sends signals to different parts of
the body. The central nervous system includes the brain
and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists
of nerves that connect every other part of the body to
the central nervous system.

Dr Mellali S.
 The endocrine system
The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that
make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re
responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your
body.
is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops
of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism
directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target
organs. Many glands make up the endocrine system. The
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are in your
brain. The thyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus is
between your lungs, the adrenals are on top of your
kidneys, and the pancreas is behind your stomach. ovaries
(woman) or testes ( man) are in your pelvic region.

Dr Mellali S.
The circulatory system,also called the cardiovascular
system or the vascular system, is an organ system that
permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients
(such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon
dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the
cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in
fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and
maintain homeostasis.
The circulatory system is composed of the heart and a
system of blood vessels, including arteries, veins and
capillaries.
Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets (thrombocytes) that is
circulated by the heart through the vertebrate vascular
system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to and waste
materials away from all body tissues.
Dr Mellali S.
The lymphatic system:
The circulatory system includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph.
The passage of lymph takes much longer than that of blood.
The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system
It is made up of a large network of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic or lymphoid
organs, and lymphoid tissues. The vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph
towards the heart.
The other main function is that of immune defense.
Lymph is very similar to blood plasma, in that it contains waste products and
cellular debris, together with bacteria and proteins. The cells of the lymph are
mostly lymphocytes.
Associated lymphoid organs are composed of lymphoid tissue, and are the sites
either of lymphocyte production or of lymphocyte activation.
These include the lymph nodes (where the highest lymphocyte concentration is
found), the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils.

Dr Mellali S.
The immune system :
The circulatory system includes the
immune system . Our immune
system is essential for our survival.
It is the body's defense against
bacteria, viruses and other pathogens
that may be harmful. It includes
lymph nodes, the spleen, bone
marrow, the thymus and leukocytes,
which are white blood cells:
lymphocytes (including B-cells and
T-cells)
Neutrophils , Monocytes,
Macrophages ……………

Dr Mellali S.
 Components of the immune system

Innate immune system Adaptive immune system

Response is non-specific
Composed of leukocytes
Exposure leads to immediate maximal
response
Cell-mediated and humoral components
No immunological memory
Pathogen and antigen specific response
Composed of antigens, B cells, T cells
Lag time between exposure and maximal
response
Cell-mediated and humoral components
Exposure leads to immunological memory

Dr Mellali S.
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal
tract (It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.) plus the
accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands,
pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).

consists of a series of connected organs that together, allow

the body to break down and absorb food, and remove waste.

Dr Mellali S.
Respiratory system:
consisting of specific organs and structures used for
gas exchange ; Respiratory system allows us to take
in vital oxygen and expel carbon dioxide in a process
we call breathing. It consists mainly of the trachea,
the diaphragm and the lungs.

Dr Mellali S.
The urinary system:
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract,
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of
the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood
volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites,
and regulate blood pH. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for
the eventual removal of urine.

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The reproductive system or genital system
is a system of sex organs within an organism which
work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction.

Dr Mellali S.
Organ - A group of tissues specialized for a particular function
Examples of organs include the liver, lungs, kidneys, and so forth.
Tissues - Groups of cells specialized for a particular function
To really appreciate tissues, you have to use a microscope.
there are only four basic kinds of tissue in the whole body!
 The first basic kind of tissue is nervous tissue. It makes up the brain, spinal cord, the eye, etc.
 Then there is muscular tissue, which (obviously) makes up the muscles on your skeleton, the heart, and
the muscles which operate your organs.
 The third type of tissue is connective tissue, which makes up bone, cartilage, and so forth. examples. If
you feel the bridge of your nose, that’s cartilage. The flexible part of your ear is also cartilage. That’s all
connective tissue. If you pull on your skin, you find that it’s attached to something. It’s attached by
connective tissue.
 The last basic kind of tissue is epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue makes up the lining of many organs, as
well as glands. For example, the surface of your skin is epithelial tissue. Dr Mellali S.
 levels of organization in the human body

The human body as a whole is organized into organ systems. Each organ
system is composed of specific organs which do one or more jobs to
achieve a common goal. Each organ is further composed of tissues.
Tissue itself is composed of specific cells. All members of kingdom
Animalia (including humans) are made up of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic
cells are composed of membrane-bound organelles.
Finally, even those organelles are composed of molecules like proteins,
salts, fats, acids, etc.
That’s what we meant when we said that the organization of the
human body has several levels to it.

Dr Mellali S.