Understand the Basics of Human Anatomy

Arranged by
1.RendiHermanto
2.ShifaAnggreini

Poltekkes Kemenkes Pontianak

JurusanKeperawatanSingkawang
International Class Program
Table of Content

1.Skeletal System
2.Muscular System
3.Bloodstream System
4.Digestive System
5.Endocrine System
6.Nervous System
7.Respiratory System
8.Immune System
9.Lymphatic System
10.Execretory and Urinary System
11.Reproduction System
12.Integumentary System
 Foreword

in the name of Allah SWT. The most merciful,we offer praise and
gratitude for his presence,who has bestowed His
grace,guidance,andinayah to us,so that we can complete a paper on the
basics of the anatomy of the human body we have compiled this paper
as much as possible. For that,especially if there are shortcomings and
errors in this paper,we apologize profusely. Finally, we hope that this
paper on the basic anatomy of the human body can add a little insight
to your friends. Thank you for your attention
 Human Anatomy

Human anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. The
anatomy of the human body is composed of cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems. Organ systems are the parts that make up the human
body. This system consists of various types of organs, which have
specific structures and functions. Organ systems have distinctive
structures and functions. Each organ system depends on each other,
either directly or indirectly.
 1. Skeletal system
The human body is supported by the skeletal system, which consists
of 206 bones connected by tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. This bone
is composed of an axial skeleton and an appendicular skeleton. The
axial skeleton consists of 80 bones located along the axis of the human
body. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, middle ear bones, hyoid
bone, ribs, and spine. The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones
which are appendages that connect the axial skeleton. The
appendicular skeleton is located in the upper limbs, lower legs, pelvis,
and shoulders. The function of the skeletal system is to move, support
and give shape to the body, protect internal organs, and as a place for
muscles to attach.
 2. Muscular System
The muscular system is made up of about 650 muscles that help
with movement, blood flow, and other bodily functions. There are
three types of muscles: skeletal muscle, which is connected to bones,
smooth muscle, which is found in the digestive organs, and cardiac
muscle, which is found in the heart and helps pump blood
 3. Circulatory System
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and
about 5 liters of blood carried by the blood vessels. The circulatory
system is supported by the heart, which is only the size of a closed fist.
Even at rest, the average heart easily pumps more than 5 liters of blood
around the body every minute. The circulatory system has three main
functions:
+ Circulates blood throughout the body. Blood provides essential
nutrients and oxygen and removes waste and carbon dioxide to be
removed from the body. Hormones are transported throughout the
body through blood plasma fluids.
+ Protects the body through white blood cells by fighting pathogens
(germs) that have entered the body. Platelets function to stop bleeding
during wounds and prevent pathogens from entering the body. Blood
also carries antibodies that confer specific immunity against pathogens
that the body has previously been exposed to or has been vaccinated
against.
+ Maintain homeostasis (balance of body conditions) in several internal
conditions. Blood vessels help maintain a stable body temperature by
controlling blood flow to the skin's surface.

4. Digestive System
The digestive system is a group of organs that work to receive food,
convert and process food into energy, absorb nutrients contained in
food into the bloodstream, and remove food waste that is left or
cannot be digested by the body. Food passes through the digestive
tract which consists of the oral cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx
(esophagus), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and ends at the
anus. Apart from the digestive tract, there are several important
accessory organs in the anatomy of the human body that help digest
food. Accessory organs of the digestive system include teeth, tongue,
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
5. Endocrine System
The endocrine system consists of several glands that secrete
hormones into the blood. These glands include the hypothalamus,
pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
adrenal gland, pancreas, and sex glands (gonads). The glands are
controlled directly by stimuli from the nervous system and also by
chemical receptors in the blood and hormones produced by other
glands. By regulating the function of organs in the body, these
 glands help maintain body homeostasis. Cellular metabolism,
reproduction, sexual development, sugar and mineral
homeostasis, heart rate, and digestion are among the many
processes regulated by hormones.

6. Nervous System
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory
organs, and all the nerves that connect these organs to the rest of
the body. These organs are responsible for the control of the body
and the communication between its parts. The brain and spinal
 cord form a control center known as the central nervous system.
The sensory nerves and sense organs of the peripheral nervous
system monitor conditions inside and outside the body and
transmit information to the central nervous system. Efferent
nerves in the peripheral nervous system carry signals from the
control center to muscles, glands, and organs to regulate their
function

7. Respiratory System
The cells of the human body need a steady flow of oxygen to stay
alive. The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells
while expelling carbon dioxide and waste products that can be
deadly if allowed to build up. There are three main parts of the
respiratory system: the airways, the lungs, and the muscles of
respiration. The respiratory tract includes the nose, mouth,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. These tubes
carry air through the nose to the lungs. The lungs function as the
 main organs of the respiratory system by exchanging oxygen into
the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. Respiratory muscles,
including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, work together to
pump, pushing air in and out of the lungs when breathing

8. Immune System
The immune system is the body's defense against bacteria,
viruses, and other pathogens that may be harmful, by guarding
and attacking from these pathogens. These include the lymph
nodes, spleen, bone marrow, lymphocytes (including B cells and T
cells), the thymus, and leukocytes, which are white blood cells.
9. Lymphatic System
In human anatomy, the lymphatic system includes lymph nodes,
lymph channels, and lymph vessels, and also plays a role in the
body's defenses. Its main job is to make and move lymph, a clear
fluid that contains white blood cells, which helps the body fight
infection. The lymphatic system also removes excess lymph fluid
from body tissues, and returns it to the blood.
10. Execretory and Urine System
The excretory system removes waste products that are no longer
needed by humans. In the anatomy of the human body, the
excretory organs consist of the kidneys, liver, skin, and lungs. The
urinary system is part of the excretory system, which consists of
the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter the
blood to remove waste and produce urine. The ureters, bladder,
and urethra together make up the urinary tract, which serves as a
system for draining urine from the kidneys, storing it, and then
releasing it during urination. In addition to filtering and eliminating
waste from the body, the urinary system also maintains
homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure, calcium, and red
blood cells. The liver functions to secrete bile, the skin functions to
secrete sweat, while the lungs function to expel water vapor and
carbon dioxide
11. Reproduction System
The reproductive system allows humans to reproduce. The male
reproductive system includes the penis and testes, which produce
sperm. The female reproductive system consists of the vagina,
uterus and ovaries, which produce ova (egg cells). During
fertilization, the sperm cell meets the egg in the fallopian tube.
The two cells then fertilize which implant and grow in the uterine
 wall. If not fertilized, the uterine wall that has thickened to
prepare for pregnancy will shed into menstruation

12. Integumentary System

The skin or the integumentary system is the largest organ in the
anatomy of the human body. This system protects from the
outside world, and is the body's first line of defense against
bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. The skin also helps regulate
body temperature and eliminate waste products through sweat. In
addition to the skin, the integumentary system includes hair and
nails
 Closing

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