Name: Nagum, Carl Joseph, B.

Date: April 23, 2021

Course/Section: TE1-PSE2-EE32S1 Midterm Exam Instructor: Engr. Ladero
1.) Find the wire size of the line conductor if the available fault of the system supplying that particular conductor is
45,323 Amperes symmetrical fault, protection opening time during fault connection is 0.34 seconds. Wire type
insulation with continuous temperature rating of 15 degrees Celsius and short circuit current temperature of 150
degrees Celsius. (explain your solution and calculation in step by step)
2.) In term no.1 find the neutral conductor size if the single line to ground fault is 75% of your three-phase fault
symmetrical, protection devices opening time during single line to ground fault is 0.4 seconds.
3.) Discuss the possible cause of noise in power system, how can we correct or mitigate the noise problems in
telecommunication system.
The electrical noise in the power system is produced by different electrical or electronic devices. The noise produced
can be classified as internal and external noise. Internal noise includes thermal, trigger, and transit noise. Thermal noise is
generated by the random movement of electrons in a conductor resulting in the thermal disturbance. This type of noise is
commonly present in optoelectronic devices such as LED displays and solar cells and has a major effect on the quality of the
receiver. Next is trigger noise, which is generated from fluctuations in electrical current through a conductor. Lastly, transit
noise which is generated by the use of electronic components such as transistors, diodes, and resistors results in an irregular
and random variation of current.
For external noise, includes noise generated by man-made systems and natural systems. The difference between
the two is that in noise generated by man-made systems, all equipment manufactured by human beings causes noises in the
signal, while noises in natural systems are due to natural processes in the system such as electrostatic charges and due to
natural events, such as a lightning strike.
There are ways to manage noise in the power system which can be done by avoiding messy wire connection, use of
cable shielding, proper grounding, and application of electrical filters.
→Avoiding messy wire connection means that a signal wire should never be attached to an electrical cable. Any electronic
component that generates a magnetic field must be kept far from signal cable to avoid signal distortion.
→Cable shielding, cables are shield by radiated interference which protect the signal against external noises.
→Proper grounding system allows a large amount of noise to travel directly to the ground instead of causing disturbance to
the signal.
→Application of electrical filters, it has the same concept in applying capacitors in voltage regulation. Here application of
active and passive filters is used to reduce the ripple caused by different noises in the power system by modifying the
amplitude and phase of a certain range of frequencies.
4.) How do you properly size up neutral conductor? Discuss the steps and considerations.
STEP 1: Determine the Total Connected Load in the system. → It is important to know the total connected load to avoid
overload in the system and to determine the thermal or heat produced by the load in the system. This criterion is needed
when determining the size of the neutral conductor to avoid insulation failure.
STEP 2: Determine the ampacity rating that will flow to your neutral conductor with regards to total connected load. → It is
important to determine the ampacity rating concerning the total connected load to ensure that insulation failure can be avoided
because if the ampacity rating is not met by the size, insulation failure due to excessive heat may cause a fire in a worst-case
scenario. Take note that the size must be cited in the National Electric Code (NEC) or the specific code of your country (in my
case, Philippine Electrical Code,2017) depending on the maximum ampacity rating that will flow to the neutral conductor.
STEP 3: Determine the short circuit current by using fault calculation analysis. → This criterion is needed because, in the
behavior of cable, the short circuit curve and overload curve must be both taken into account. Based on the behavior of the
cable with regards to time and current. It shows that the larger the current flows, the more insulation failure is likely to occur
in a short period. Therefore, the neutral conductor must be sized with respect to short-circuit current and total connected load.
Take note that you need to cite the National Electric Code (NEC) or the specific code of your country (in my case, Philippine
Electrical Code,2017) to satisfy the requirements and ensure safety.
5.) During the single line to ground fault what will be the result or effect on the other phase conductors? What will
be the implication on the equipment? Example the surge arresters? Explain in full details you may show the voltage
rise phenomenon formula for the support of your answer.
The single-line to ground fault is one of the most common unsymmetrical faults in power systems which is caused by
lightning, falling trees, and disconnected power line. SLGF is the most common fault in the power system, which ranges from
70%-80% of the fault. In a three-phase system, all phases are balanced unless a fault occurs. In the case of a single-line to
ground fault, one of the three-phase conductors might drop to the ground due to a storm. For instance, phase C is connected
to the ground under the SLGF condition, which means that current in phase A (Ia) and current in phase B (Ib) will be equal to
zero, thus both phase a and b are open-circuited. While at the fault point of phase C, the current flowing will be equal to the
faulted current, thus the voltage at phase C (Vc) will be equal to the product of faulted current (Ic) and impedance of phase C
(Zc). Therefore, during the single-line to ground fault, the system will be unbalanced. That is why SLGF is categorized as an
unsymmetrical fault.
For the equipment connected through the unbalance system caused by a single-line to ground fault, the power will
likely be interrupted, thus cutting off the operations of different equipment. However, the power will be safely interrupted only
if the rating of the protective devices of the system is correct. Otherwise, the unbalanced system may cause voltage sags and
overvoltage resulting in premature failure of different equipment such as overheating of different equipment. Overheating can
be fatal to equipment such as transformers and generators, because it can result in insulation failure in the winding and
increased losses, which makes the equipment inefficient.
Surge arresters are now commonly used as a protective device for transformers against lightning strikes. The arrester
will divert the surge caused by the lightning directly to the ground. An arrester does not stop and absorb the lightning; hence
it limits the additional voltage in the system produced by the lightning. Take note that an arrester must be connected parallel
to the transformer or the device be protected to ensure its functionality. Therefore, a surge arrester can prevent the
unbalancing of a system produced by a lightning strike.