BioLab3

Digestive System Lab Report

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1409

I. Human Digestive System

1. Where does digestion begin? In the Mouth

2. Which chemical causes fats to become emulsified? Bile Acids

3. What is the difference between the cardiac sphincter and the pyloric sphincter?
Cardiac Sphincter is regulatory valve that keep the acidic content of the
stomach from coming back up and Pyloric Sphincter regulate the amount of
chime that enters small intestine

4. Where is the ileocecal valve located? What is the function? Large intestine,
Separates ileum and cecum

II. Villi

1. Based on Lab, Section II, Exercise 1, draw and label a villus using the following
terms: venule, capillary, lymph vessel, arteriole, and simple columnar epithelium.
Sign, date and prepare an image of your drawing and include it with this lab report.

2. What is the function of the capillary network within a villus? Capillaries move
blood the entire length of the villus.

3. What is the function of goblet cells? Where are they found? Goblet cells secrete a
lubricating mucus and are located in the intestinal villi.

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 4. Based on Lab, Section II, Exercise 2, in one or two paragraphs, describe the journey
of food through numerous specialized cavities as it enters the gastrointestinal tract,
is broken down, absorbed and eliminated from the body.
You start with the mouth to chews and mixed food with saliva. Next pharynx
directs food from mouth to esophagus and the salivary glands secrete saliva.
Epiglottis protects airways during swallowing. Then trachea allows air to pass
to and from lungs. Esophagu passes food from the mouth to the stomach.
Esophageal sphincters allow the passage from mouth to esophagus and from
esophagus to stomach, prevent back flow from stomach to esophagus and
from esophagus to mouth. Diaphragm separates the abdomen from the
thoracic activity. Stomach churns, mixes, and grinds food to a liquid mass;
adds acid, enzymes, and fluid
pyloric sphincter: Allows passage from stomach to small intestine; prevents
back flow from small intestine. Liver manufactures bile salts, detergent-like
substances, to help digest fats. Gallbladder stores bile until needed. Bile Duct
conducts bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine. Small intestine
secretes enzymes that digest all energy- yielding nutrients to smaller nutrient
particles; cells of wall absorb nutrients into blood and lymph ileocecal valve
(sphincter) - Allows passage from small to large intestine; prevents back flow
from large intestine.
Pancreas manufactures enzymes to digest all energy- yielding nutrients and
releases bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme that enters the small intestine.
Pancreatic duct conducts pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the small
intestine
Large intestine absorbs water and minerals; passes waste along with water to
rectum.Rectum - Stores wate prior to elimination and anus- holds rectum
closed; opens to allow elimination.

III. Fetal Pig Digestive System

1. Based on Lab, Section III, Exercise 3, do fetal pigs have teeth? No

2. What is the difference between the glottis and the epiglottis? Glottis identified by
the presence of a small white cartilaginous flap and epiglottis covers the
glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the respiratory
tract.

3. Where is the pancreas located? Between the stomach and the small intestine.

4. How does the pancreas aid digestion of the food we eat? The Pancreas produced a
variety of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions that are sent to the
duodenum.

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IV. Digestion

1. What is meant by denaturation? The unfolding of the enzyme

2. Based on Lab, Section IV, Exercise 5, record observations of color changes

observed in test tubes 1-4.

Tube 0 min. 10 min. 20 min. 30 min.

1 Purple Pink Pink Pink
2 Purple Light Pink Pink Red Pink
3 Purple Purple Purple Purple
4 Purple Purple Purple Purple

3. What is the role of pancreatin in the experiment? It is the source of the

enzyme lipase which is a mixture of enzymes from pancreatic juices.

4. What is the substrate in the reaction above? Fat

5. Based on Lab, Section IV, Exercise 6, why was Lugol’s iodine used? To speed up
the breakdown of the starch into sugar.

6. Describe the overall enzymatic reaction that was tested in Exercise 6. Tube one
is starch and tube two is sugar.

7. Based on Lab, Section IV, Exercise 7 record the rate of starch digestion for each
test tube.

Test No. of Wells Tested Elapsed Time

Temperature x 30 Sec
Tube Before Color Change (seconds)
A 5 Degrees 0 x 30 0 sec
C
B 23 Degrees 4 x 30 150 sec
C
C 37 Degrees 2 x 30 90 sec
C
D 60 Degrees 4 x 30 150 sec
C
E 80 Degrees 0 x 30 0 sec
C

8. Based on the data above, draw a graph of elapsed time (Y-axis) for each
temperature (X-axis). Sign, date and prepare an image of your graph and

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 submit it with this lab report.

9. At which temperature did the enzyme function best? 37 Degrees Celsius

Summary Questions

1. What is the function of a lymph vessel in a villus? They increase the absorptive area
of the small intestines.

2. Why does pepsin require hydrochloric acid? HCI kills bacteria in the food and aids in
the breakdown of the bolus to chyme.

3. Where is bile stored and concentrated? Gall Bladder

4. What is the digestive function of the liver? The liver produces bile that is uses in the
small intestine to emulsify lipids and fats into smaller particles.

5. What effect does bile have on water and oil? Oil and water seem to mix into one
product

6. What is the groove called that is found on an enzyme and specifically fits its substrate?
Complex proteins

7. What happens to the speed of a reaction if an enzyme is boiled? Why? Denaturing

because it changes the shape, and you cannot undue it.

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8. Name three characteristics of enzymes and explain how they function in synthesis
reactions.
Specificity-each enzyme binds only to specific substrates
efficiency-under the right condition enzymes can catalyze reactions at rates
that are from 100 million to 10 billion time
regulation

9. Compare the structure of an enzyme before, during, and after a reaction. The
structure of an enzyme before a reaction is meant to fit a substrate, and its
structure does not change. An enzyme’s structure may denature based on
changes in pH and increase in temperature.

10. Compare average human body temperature to the optimum temperature of salivary
amylase. The temperature is the same

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