Modi’s foreign policy:

Neighbourhood first: Modi wants to make relations with India’s neighbors a priority; his time
in office indeed started with an invitation to the leaders of the South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation (SAARC) nations and Mauritius to attend his government’s swearing-in
ceremony. Modi government’s stated priority: economic growth and development. Instability in
the neighborhood can hinder the achievement of this goal, not least because it will require a
diversion of time, energy and resources. Moreover, even if India finds a way to grow despite its
neighborhood, it might find it harder to play a greater role outside the region if the disparity
increases

Act East Policy: The Objective of” Act East Policy” is to promote economic cooperation,
cultural ties and develop strategic relationship with countries in the Asia-Pacific region through
continuous engagement at bilateral, regional and multilateral levels thereby providing enhanced
connectivity to the States of North Eastern Region including Arunachal Pradesh with other
countries in our neighbourhood. The Focus is also on developing military partnerships with these
countries.

A third important pillar of the Modi government’s strategic geoeconomic vision – again, closely
related to the first two – is the emphasis on India’s maritime role. Thus, the government has
launched Sagarmala, a project that envisages developing a series of ports on both sides of India’s
coast. The region has gained importance because of India’s location at the center of global
maritime trade routes. India’s foreign policy in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) received renewed
impetus with the setting up of a separate IOR Division under the Ministry of External Affairs in
January 2016.

India seeks a future for Indian Ocean that lives up to the name of SAGAR — Security and
Growth for All in the Region. The goal is to seek a climate of trust and transparency; respect for
international maritime rules and norms by all countries; sensitivity to each other’s interests;
peaceful resolution of maritime security issues; and increase in maritime cooperation.” In a
sense, India has now stepped out of the closet to engage with the wider Indian Ocean region,
stressing that its security interests are critical.

Thus, for the first time, a clear geoeconomic strategy is evolving in New Delhi that emphasizes
the primacy of the IOR and India’s role as an Indian Ocean regional power.
Panchamrit: The BJP led NDA government has stated that the national ambition is "Bharat's rise as a
strong and respected world power" for which the government has adopted "Panchamrit".

It spelt out 'Panchamrit' or 5 'S' of the country's foreign policy as 'Samman' -- dignity and honour;
'Samvad' -- greater engagement and dialogue; 'Samriddhi' -- shared prosperity; 'Suraksha' -- regional and
global security; and 'Sanskriti evam Sabhyata' -- cultural and civilisational linkages.

This is meant to be a bold, proactive and innovative foreign policy that is aligned with our government's
primary goal of accelerating national economic development; and to fulfil India's global responsibilities
as the world's most populous youth nation and largest democracy.

Climate treaties:

Kyoto Protocol: in full Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change, international treaty, named for the Japanese city in which it was adopted in December 1997,
that aimed to reduce the emission of gases that contribute to global warming. In force since 2005, the
protocol called for reducing the emission of six greenhouse gases in 41 countries plus the European
Union to 5.2 percent below 1990 levels during the “commitment period” 2008–12. It was widely hailed
as the most significant environmental treaty ever negotiated, though some critics questioned its
effectiveness. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted as the first addition to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty that committed its signatories to
develop national programs to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases.

Another approach was the international program called the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),
which encouraged developed countries to invest in technology and infrastructure in less-developed
countries, where there were often significant opportunities to reduce emissions. according to some
critics, since China, the world’s leading emitter of greenhouse gases, and the United States, the world’s
second largest emitter, were not bound by the protocol (China because of its status as a developing
country and the United States because it had not ratified the protocol).

At the 18th Conference of the Parties (COP18), held in Doha, Qatar, in 2012, delegates agreed to extend
the Kyoto Protocol until 2020

The Paris Agreement:

The Paris Agreement sets out a global framework to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting
global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. It also aims to strengthen
countries’ ability to deal with the impacts of climate change and support them in their efforts.

The Paris Agreement is the first-ever universal, legally binding global climate change agreement,
adopted at theParis climate conference (COP21) in December 2015.

Mitigation measures:

• to aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C, since this would significantly reduce risks and the impacts
of climate change;
 • on the need for global emissions to peak as soon as possible, recognising that this will take
longer for developing countries;

• to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science, so as to
achieve a balance between emissions and removals in the second half of the century.

As a contribution to the objectives of the agreement, countries have submitted comprehensive national
climate action plans (nationally determined contributions, NDCs). These are not yet enough to reach the
agreed temperature objectives, but the agreement traces the way to further action.

Governments agreed to

• come together every 5 years to assess the collective progress towards the long-term goals and
inform Parties in updating and enhancing their nationally determined contributions;

• report to each other and the public on how they are implementing climate action;

• track progress towards their commitments under the Agreement through a robust transparency
and accountability system.

Adaptation measures:

Governments agreed to

• strengthen societies' ability to deal with the impacts of climate change;

• provide continued and enhanced international support for adaptation to developing countries.

• To recognise the importance of averting, minimise and address loss and damage associated
with the adverse effects of climate change;