301.

rear adjective [ before noun ] UK /rɪər/ US /rɪr/

B2
at the back of something:

There's a sticker on the rear door/window.

The horse had injured one of its rear legs.
See also
rearguard

More examples
• She cast a quick look in the rear mirror.

• Always check your rear view mirror before you overtake another car.
• A car usually has a driver's seat, a passenger seat and rear seats.
• Both front and rear gardens are spacious.
• One of the rear wheels came off.
rear noun UK /rɪər/ US /rɪr/
the rear

C1
the back part of something:

We walked round to the rear of the house.

Two police motorcyclists brought up the rear (= formed the last part) of the demonstration.

[ C ] old-fashioned informal
(also rear end)
a person's bottom

rear verb UK /rɪər/ US /rɪr/

rear verb (CARE FOR)

C1 [ T ]
to care for young animals or children until they are able to care for themselves:

Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone.

He describes how these birds rear their young.

302. candidature noun [ U ] UK UK /ˈkændɪdətʃər/ US

candidacy noun [ C usually singular, U ] UK /ˈkæn.dɪ.də.si/ US /ˈkæn.dɪ.də.si/

(UK also candidature, UK /ˈkæn.dɪ.də.tʃər/ US /ˈkæn.də.də.tʃʊr/)

the fact of being a candidate in an election:
She is expected to announce officially her candidacy for president early next week.

303. courteous adjective UK /ˈkɜː.ti.əs/ US /ˈkɝː.t̬i.əs/

C2
polite and showing respect:
Although she often disagreed with me, she was always courteous.
Synonym
well mannered /ˌwel ˈmæn.əd/

discourteous adjective formal UK /dɪˈskɜː.ti.əs/ US /dɪˈskɝː.t̬i.əs/

rude and not considering other people's feelings:

The employees were unhelpful and discourteous.

courteousness noun [ U ] formal UK/ˈkɜː.ti.əs.nəs/ US/ˈkɝː.t̬i.əs.nəs/

polite behaviour:

courtesy noun [ U or C ] UK /ˈkɜː.tə.si/ US /ˈkɝː.t̬ə.si/

B2
polite behaviour, or a polite action or remark:

You might get along better with your parents if you showed them some courtesy.
[ + to infinitive ] He could at least have had the courtesy to say sorry.
The president welcomed her visitors with the usual courtesies.

(by) courtesy of

by permission of:

Jessie J appears courtesy of Universal Records.

because of:

He got his black eye courtesy of a bloke he insulted at the bar last night.
More examples
• He replied sharply, and without his wonted courtesy.

• At least do him the courtesy of listening to what he has to say.

• He did have the courtesy to thank her for her efforts.
• Always hold the door for the person behind you - it's just common courtesy.
• She treated them with the greatest courtesy.
304. extractive tourism noun [U] UK /ɪkˈstræk.tɪv.ˈtʊə.rɪ.zᵊm/ US /ɪkˈstræk.tɪv.ˈtʊr.ɪ.zᵊm/
the situation when too many people visit a place on holiday, so that life is made difficult or
impossible for the people who live there

“Extractive tourism” – a term first coined by academic Vijay Kolinjivadi – goes beyond the
basic interpretation of overtourism as a congestion caused by travellers flocking to tourism
hotspots while balancing out the economic benefits. The new phrase better encompasses the
destructive impact of mass tourism on local communities as well.
[www.euronews.com, 24 February 2021]

305. identity noun [ C or U ] UK /aɪˈden.tə.ti/ US /aɪˈden.t̬ə.t̬i/

B2
who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group that make them different from others:

The man's identity was being kept secret while he was helping police with enquiries.
I cannot reveal the identity of my source.
The informant was given a new identity (= a different name and
new official documents) for protection.
The newspaper photo apparently showed him in Rome but it was
a case of mistaken identity (= it was the wrong person).
In prison people often suffer from a loss of identity.
I think my job gives me a sense of identity.

306. elastic adjective UK /iˈlæs.tɪk/ US /iˈlæs.tɪk/

An elastic material is able to stretch and be returned to its original shape or size:

A lot of sportswear is made of very elastic material.

able or likely to be changed:

The project has only just started so any plans are still very elastic.
In this country, time is an elastic concept.

307. retrospective adjective UK /ˌret.rəˈspek.tɪv/ US /ˌret.rəˈspek.tɪv/

relating to or thinking about the past:

a retrospective album of solo Freddie Mercury tracks

SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases

retrospective adjective UK /ˌretrəʊˈspektɪv/ US /ˌretrəˈspektɪv/

LAW
if a law, decision, etc. is retrospective, it has effect from a date in the past before it
was approved:

The new law will not be retrospective.

He described stamp duty on property transactions as 'an unfair and retrospective tax'
on long-term savers.

retroactive adjective formal UK /ˌret.rəʊˈæk.tɪv/ US /ˌret.roʊˈæk.tɪv/

(also retrospective)

If a law or decision, etc. is retroactive, it has effect from a date before it was approved:

the first British law to have retroactive effect

308. here goes!

said just before you do something brave or something that you have never done before:

Well, I've never ridden a motorbike before, so here goes!

 here goes! | AMERICAN DICTIONARY
here goes
infmlI am going to try this now:

I’ve never been on a surfboard before, but here goes!

• Used before you try something new or difficult.

309. here and there

B2
in different places:

There were a few books here and there, but apart from that the room was quite bare.

here and there | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

here and there
in different places:

There are small towns here and there across this region, but there are no big cities.

310. throes noun [ plural ] UK /θrəʊz/ US /θroʊz/

in the throes of sth

experiencing or doing something that is difficult, unpleasant, or painful:

The country is presently in the throes of the worst recession since the Second World War.
He's in the throes of a mid-life crisis that makes him pretty hard to live with.

311. mold | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

mold noun US /moʊld/
mold noun (SHAPE)

[C ]
a hollow container into which you pour a soft or liquid substance so that it
will cool or harden into the shape of the container:

The pieces are made in a mold and I just paint them.

mold noun (GROWTH)

[U ]
a soft green, gray, or black growth that develops on old food or on objects that have
been left too long in warm, slightly wet places

mold verb [ T ] US /moʊld/

mold verb [T] (SHAPE)

to shape something into a particular form:

She molded the clay into little animals.

Someone who molds someone else has an important influence on how

that person develops:
Parents help mold a child’s character.

312. in the mold of someone/something

sharing some important characteristics with someone or something:

Lewis was not an inventor in the mold of Edison.

313. a pat on the back

praise:

I got a pat on the back from (= was praised by) my boss.

314. obscure adjective (NOT CLEAR)

not clear and difficult to understand or see:

Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.

His answers were obscure and confusing.

obscure verb [ T ] UK /əbˈskjʊər/ US /əbˈskjʊr/

to prevent something from being seen or heard:

Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window.
The sun was obscured by clouds.

obscure adjective UK /əbˈskjʊər/ US /əbˈskjʊr/

obscure adjective (NOT KNOWN)

not known to many people:

an obscure island in the Pacific

an obscure 12th-century mystic

Unknown and unfamiliar

obscure adjective (NOT CLEAR)

not clear and difficult to understand or see:

Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.

His answers were obscure and confusing.

+ obscure verb [ T ] UK /əbˈskjʊər/ US /əbˈskjʊr/

to prevent something from being seen or heard:

Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window.
The sun was obscured by clouds.

to make something difficult to discover and understand:

Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators.

+ obscure adjective UK /əbˈskjʊər/ US /əbˈskjʊr/

obscure adjective (NOT KNOWN)

not known to many people:

an obscure island in the Pacific

an obscure 12th-century mystic

315. breadth noun UK /bredθ/ /bretθ/ US /bredθ/ /bretθ/

[ C or U ]

the distance from one side to another:

The length of this box is twice its breadth. (bề rộng)

C2 [ S ]

the fact of including many different things, features, subjects, or qualities:

The breadth of her knowledge is amazing.

He showed an astonishing breadth of learning for one so young.

316. crocodile tears noun [ plural ] UK /ˈkrɒk.ə.daɪl ˌtɪəz/ US /ˈkrɑː.kə.daɪl ˌtɪrz/

tears that you cry when you are not really sad or sorry

317. time clock noun [ C ] UK /ˈtaɪm ˌklɒk/ US /ˈtaɪm ˌklɑːk/

a clock which employees use to record the particular point in the day at which they arrive at
and leave work

318. elation noun [ U ] UK /iˈleɪ.ʃən/ US /iˈleɪ.ʃən/

a state of extreme happiness or excitement:

There's a sense of elation at having completed a race of such length.

Synonym
high spirits

high spirits noun [ plural ] UK /ˌhaɪ ˈspɪr.ɪts/ US /ˌhaɪ ˈspɪr.əts/

If someone is in high spirits, they are extremely happy and having a good time:

They'd had a couple of drinks and were in high spirits.

319. impetus | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

impetus noun [ U ] US /ˈɪm·pət·̬əs/
a force that encourages a particular action or makes it more energetic or effective:

Often the impetus for change in education has had to come

from outside the school establishment.

impetus noun [ S or U ] UK /ˈɪm.pɪ.təs/ US /ˈɪm.pə.t̬əs/

something that encourages a particular activity or makes
that activity more energetic or effective:

The recent publicity surrounding homelessness has given (a) fresh impetus to the cause.

COLLOCATIONS WITH IMPETUS

impetus
These are words often used in combination with impetus.
Click on a collocation to see more examples of it.
added impetus
Abroad, the experience of facing the unfamiliar added impetus to this demand for expertise.
From the Cambridge English Corpus

initial impetus
The initial impetus was to exclude history altogether as inappropriate to thoroughgoing
revolutionaries.
From the Cambridge English Corpus

main impetus
During the 1970s, the main impetus for the extension of control came from the centre.

320.
The verb pick is often used as a synonym for ‘choose’. Pick a card. / He was picked for the
junior squad. The phrasal verb pick out emphasizes that you choose one thing from a group: I
offered Anna various sweaters and she picked out a green one.

The phrase pick and choose means ‘to choose only what you want’. It’s often used negatively
when criticizing someone for choosing in a situation where this is not appropriate: You can’t
pick and choose which rule you follow. That’s not how it works.

The noun ‘pick’ is used in some nice phrases. You might ask someone to choose something
from a number of things by saying, informally, take your pick: We’ve got loads of scarves –
take your pick! The first person to choose something from several may be said
to have or get first pick: It’s Charlie’s birthday so he gets first pick of the cookies. Meanwhile,
if you have your pick of people or things, all the options are available to you: We were first to
arrive at the restaurant, so we had our pick of the tables.

Still with the word ‘pick’, we use the adjective handpicked to describe people who have been
carefully chosen for a particular activity: The president was speaking to a handpicked
audience of supporters.
Finally for ‘pick’, the verb cherry-pick means ‘to choose people or things to suit yourself, in a
way that is not fair or not right’: Schools have been accused of cherry-picking academically
more able students. / He accused campaigners of cherry-picking data.

Moving on, the verb select means ‘choose’ and suggests that someone thinks carefully about
their choice: He was selected to play for Australia aged just 18. The adjective selective means
‘choosing only what you want’: Once your reputation as an actor is established, you can
afford to be a bit more selective about parts you accept.

As you might expect, there are various phrasal verbs that mean ‘choose’. In UK English, you
can say you go for something: I usually go for the plant-based option if there is one. If
you decide on or settle on something, you choose it after careful thought: Have they decided
on a name for the baby yet? / We eventually settled on a date for the party.

The verb opt also means ‘make a choice’. You can opt for something or opt to
do something: She might opt for early retirement. / I opted to do the shorter course.

I hope you’ve found this round-up of ‘choose’ words and phrases helpful!

by Kate Woodford

321. dramatization noun [ C ] (UK usually dramatisation)

UK /ˌdræm.ə.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌdræm.ə.t̬əˈzeɪ.ʃən/

dramatization noun [C] (THEATRE)

[ C or U ]
a book, story, poem, etc. that has been written again by a writer in a form that can
be performed, or a performance that tells the story of past events;
the process of showing a book, event, etc. in a performance:

There have been many adaptations and dramatizations of Louisa May Alcott's "Little
Women".
It's not a documentary; it's a dramatization.
Some teachers are fond of dramatization as a teaching tool.

322. a change is as good as a rest UK saying

You can get as much good from changing the work you do as from having a rest.

323. be ahead of the curve

to be one of the first to change to a new idea or way of doing something
that later becomes generally popular:
In equipping its vehicles with mobile WiFi, the company was ahead of the curve.
He was ahead of the curve in the early 1960s when he started promoting running for health.

324. be a victory for common sense

to be a very reasonable result in a particular situation:

There is no doubt that the court's decision is a victory for common sense.

325. an old/a wise head on young shoulders

a child or young person who thinks and talks like an older person who has
more experience of life

326. an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

US saying (UK prevention is better than cure)

It is better to stop something bad from happening than it is to deal with it after it
has happened.

327. an iron hand/fist in a velvet glove

used to describe someone who seems to be gentle but is in fact forceful and determined

328. organized chaos noun [ U ] UK /ˌɔː.ɡən.aɪzd ˈkeɪ.ɒs/ US /ˌɔːr.ɡən.aɪzd ˈkeɪ.ɑːs/

a situation in which there seems to be a lot of confusion and no organization, which makes
you surprised that the results are good:

The restaurant was very busy, and the kitchens were organized chaos.

329. organizational theory noun [ C or U ] (UK also organisational theory)

UK US (also organization theory)

HR, WORKPLACE, MANAGEMENT

the study of how organizations work and why they are or are not successful

330. an iron hand/fist in a velvet glove

used to describe someone who seems to be gentle but is in fact forceful and determined

331. an Englishman's home is his castle

UK old-fashioned saying
used to say that English people believe that they
should control what happens in their own homes, and that no one else should tell them
what to do there

332. scariant noun [C] UK /ˈskeə.ri.ənt/ US /ˈsker.i.ənt/

any new variant of covid-19 that people are very worried about because of the way it is
reported in the media, despite the lack of scientific evidence to suggest it is any more
dangerous than the original virus

332. kangaroo court noun [ C ] UK /ˌkæŋ.ɡər.uː ˈkɔːt/ US /ˌkæŋ.ɡə.ruː ˈkɔːrt/

an unofficial court set up by a group of people, especially in a prison, trade union, or
other organization, to deal with a disagreement or with a member of the group who
is considered to have broken the rules

333. jumbo jet noun [ C ] UK /ˌdʒʌm.bəʊ ˈdʒet/ US /ˌdʒʌm.boʊ ˈdʒet/ (informal jumbo)

a very large aircraft that can carry a lot of people

334. jaguar noun [ C ] UK /ˈdʒæɡ.ju.ər/ US /ˈdʒæɡ.wɑːr/

a large wild animal of the cat family that lives in Central and South America

335. leopard noun [ C ] UK /ˈlep.əd/ US /ˈlep.ɚd/

B2
a large wild cat that has yellow fur with black spots on it
and lives in Africa and southern Asia

336. perennial adjective

UK /pəˈren.i.əl/ US /pəˈren.i.əl/

lasting a very long time, or happening repeatedly or all the time:

The film "White Christmas" is a perennial favourite.
We face the perennial problem of not having enough money.
Synonyms
recurrent
repeated

perennial noun [ C ] UK /pəˈren.i.əl/ US /pəˈren.i.əl/

a plant that lives for several years:
Roses and geraniums are perennials, flowering year after year.
Compare
annual noun (PLANT)

337. perfect competition noun [ U ] UK US (also pure competition)

ECONOMICS
a situation where the sellers of a product or service are free to compete fairly,
and sellers and buyers have complete information

Compare
imperfect competition
monopoly

338. lieu noun formal UK /ljuː/ /luː/ US /ljuː/ /luː/

in lieu (of)

instead (of):
He worked on Sunday and took Monday off in lieu.
They gave some books in lieu of payment for the work I did.
The paintings were left to the nation by the Duke of Norfolk in lieu of inheritance taxes.

time off in lieu noun [ U ] BUSINESS UK specialized

UK /ˌtaɪm ɒf ɪn ˈljuː/ US /ˌtaɪm ɑːf ɪn ˈluː/
(abbreviation TOIL); (US compensatory time off)

time that an employee who has worked extra hours may take off from work:

Where eligible members of staff have worked agreed additional hours above their normal wo
rking week, the University offers time off in lieu.

339. sync noun [ U ] (also synch) UK /sɪŋk/ US

be in sync (with sth/sb)

to work well together, to be in agreement, or to match well with something or

someone else:

As a tax cutter, the mayor is in sync with his party on economic issues.
We commissioned a study to see if supply and demand are in sync.

be out of sync (with sth/sb)

to fail to work well together , or to fail to agree or match with something or someone else:

The government's ideas are out of sync with a nation demanding change.
340. aforementioned adjective [ before noun ] formal

UK /əˈfɔːˌmen.ʃənd/ US /əˈfɔːrˌmen.ʃənd/
(also aforesaid, UK /əˈfɔː.sed/ US /-ˈfɔːr-/)

mentioned earlier:

The aforementioned Mr Parkes then entered the cinema.

Synonym
said specialized

341. pursuant adjective [ after verb ] LAW formal or specialized

UK /pəˈsjuː.ənt/ US /pɚˈsuː.ənt/
according to:

The fact that a person acted pursuant to an order of his government does not relieve him
from responsibility under international law.

pursuant | BUSINESS ENGLISH

pursuant adjective [ C ] LAW UK /pəˈsjuːənt/ US /pərˈsuːənt/
according to something:

pursuant to sth The committee will issue a decision within 15 days pursuant to rule 182.
342. notation noun [ C or U ] UK /nəʊˈteɪ.ʃən/ US /noʊˈteɪ.ʃən/

a system of written symbols used especially in mathematics or to represent musical notes:

musical/scientific notation
Did you write things out in standard notation?

343. repertoire noun [ C ] UK /ˈrep.ə.twɑːr/ US /ˈrep.ɚ.twɑːr/

all the music or plays, etc. that you can do or perform or that you know:

The Royal Shakespeare Company also have many modern plays in their repertoire.
There is an extensive repertoire of music written for the flute.

344. hurry sickness noun [U] UK /ˈhʌr.i.sɪk.nəs/ US /ˈhɝː.i.sɪk.nəs/

a way of behaving in which someone does everything in a rush because they always feel
stressed and anxious about not having enough time to get everything done
345. bazaar noun [ C ] UK /bəˈzɑːr/ US /bəˈzɑːr/

- an area of small shops and people selling things, especially in West and South Asia, or
any group of small shops or people selling goods of the same type

- an event where people sell things to raise money, especially for

an organization that helps other people:

a Christmas bazaar

346. genie noun [ C ] UK /ˈdʒiː.ni/ US /ˈdʒiː.ni/

a magical spirit, originally in Arab traditional stories, who does or provides whatever
the person who controls it asks

347. constrained adjective UK /kənˈstreɪnd/ US /kənˈstreɪnd/

constrained to do sth

forced to do something against your will:

Don't feel constrained to do what he says - he has no authority.

constrained adjective UK /kənˈstreɪnd/ US /kənˈstreɪnd/

constrained to do sth

forced to do something against your will:

Don't feel constrained to do what he says - he has no authority.

Constrained behaviour is forced and unnatural:

a constrained voice/manner

348. anecdote noun [ C ] UK /ˈæn.ɪk.dəʊt/ US /ˈæn.ɪk.doʊt/

a short, often funny story, especially about something someone has done:

He told one or two amusing anecdotes about his years as a policeman.

anecdote | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

noun [ C ] US /ˈæn·ɪkˌdoʊt/
LITERATURE
a short, often amusing story about an event, usually involving a particular person:

He told some funny anecdotes about famous people.

349. To hit the ground running is to put all your energy into something from the start so that
you immediately succeed.

To bridge the gap between two things is to reduce the difference between them.

350. unruffled adjective UK /ʌnˈrʌf.əld/ US /ʌnˈrʌf.əld/

calm; not nervous or worried, usually despite a difficult situation:

For a man in danger of losing his job, he appeared fairly unruffled.

Synonym
unperturbed

unperturbed adjective UK /ˌʌn.pəˈtɜːbd/ US /ˌʌn.pɚˈtɝːbd/

not worried about something, especially when this is slightly surprising:

He seemed completely unperturbed at the idea of having to sing in a room full of strangers.

351. oftentimes adverb mainly US UK /ˈɒf.ən.taɪmz/ US /ˈɑːf.ən.taɪmz/

on many occasions:

Oftentimes a company will contribute toward an employee's moving expenses.

He would oftentimes prefer to be alone.
Synonyms
frequently
oft old use or formal
often

Opposite
rarely

352. undated | BUSINESS ENGLISH

undated adjective UK /ˌʌnˈdeɪtɪd/ US
not having a known or written date:

The memo is undated but may have been written as early as May.
undated photo/photograph/letter I received an undated letter saying that there would be
a delay in opening the account.
The Pettigrew St. business district is shown in this undated photo.
FINANCE
(of a bond or other investment) not having a date at which it can
be redeemed (= exchanged for cash):

The cash flow from an undated bond can be viewed as a continuous annuity.

353. drag your heels/feet

to do something slowly because you do not want to do it:

I suspect the management is dragging its heels on this issue.

SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases

unwilling and reluctant

354. minute adjective US /mɑɪˈnut, mə-/

minute adjective (SMALL)

extremely small:

minute amounts/quantities
She examined the contract in minute detail (= looking at all the details of it).

355. turmoil noun [ S or U ] UK /ˈtɜː.mɔɪl/ US /ˈtɝː.mɔɪl/

C2
a state of confusion, uncertainty, or disorder:

The whole region is in turmoil.

The country is in a state of political turmoil.
The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.

356. grey area noun [ C usually singular ] UK /ˌɡreɪ ˈeə.ri.ə/ US /ˌɡreɪ ˈer.i.ə/

(US usually gray area)

a situation that is not clear or where the rules are not known:

The difference between gross negligence and recklessness is a legal grey area.

357. photometry noun [ U ] UK /fəʊˈtɒm.ə.tri/ US /foʊˈtɑː.m.ə.tri/

PHYSICS specialized

the measurement of the strength of light

358. PTSD noun UK /ˌpiː.tiː.esˈdiː/ US /ˌpiː.tiː.esˈdiː/

abbreviation for post-traumatic stress disorder

359. trauma noun [ U or C ] UK /ˈtrɔː.mə/ /ˈtraʊ.mə/ US /ˈtrɑː.mə/

trauma noun [U or C] (SHOCK)

 C2
(a) severe emotional shock and pain caused by an extremely upsetting experience:

the trauma of marriage breakdown

He had psychotherapy to help him deal with his childhood traumas.

trauma noun [U or C] (INJURY)

MEDICAL specialized
(a) severe injury, usually caused by a violent attack or an accident

360. antidepressant noun [ C ] UK /ˌæn.ti.dɪˈpres.ənt/ US /ˌæn.t̬i.dɪˈpres.ənt/

a drug used to reduce feelings of sadness and worry:

She's been on antidepressants ever since her husband died.

antidepressant adjective [ before noun ] UK /ˌæn.ti.dɪˈpres.ənt/ US /ˌæn.t̬i.dɪˈpres.ənt/

An anti-depressant drug is one that is used to reduce feelings of sadness and worry:

antidepressant drugs

361. pertinent adjective formal UK /ˈpɜː.tɪ.nənt/ US /ˈpɝː.tən.ənt/

relating directly to the subject being considered:

a pertinent question/remark
Chapter One is pertinent to the post-war period.
Synonyms
apposite formal
apropos formal
relevant

Opposite
irrelevant

Compare
impertinent

Note:

• The opposite is irrelevant. Do not confuse with impertinent (= rude).

362. interdisciplinary adjective UK /ˌɪn.təˈdɪs.ɪ.plɪ.nər.i/ US /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈdɪs.ə.plɪ.ner.i/

involving two or more different subjects or areas of knowledge:

interdisciplinary courses
an interdisciplinary approach to the problem

363. diachronic adjective UK /ˌdaɪ.əˈkrɒn.ɪk/ US /ˌdaɪ.əˈkrɑː.nɪk/

relating to the changes in something, especially a language, that happen over time

Synonym
historical

364. synchronic adjective UK /sɪnˈkrɒn.ɪk/ US /sɪnˈkrɑː.nɪk/

relating to something, especially a language, at a particular point in time,

without considering how it developed to that point

365. faltering adjective UK /ˈfɒl.tər.ɪŋ/ US /ˈfɑːl.tɚ.ɪŋ/

faltering adjective (FAILING)

losing strength or purpose and stopping, or almost stopping:

This legislation is designed to stimulate the faltering economy.

She spoke in a faltering voice that eventually gave way to sobs.

faltering adjective (OF MOVEMENT)

moving awkwardly as if you might fall:

She took a few faltering steps.

There were many faltering runners in the final miles of the race.

366. monastery noun [ C ] UK /ˈmɒn.ə.stri/ US /ˈmɑː.nə.ster.i/

a building in which monks live and worship

367. convent noun [ C ] UK /ˈkɒn.vənt/ US /ˈkɑːn.vənt/

a building in which nuns (= members of a female religious order) live

368. thatched adjective UK /θætʃt/ US /θætʃt/

A thatched roof is made from straw or reeds; a thatched building has a roof that is made
from straw or reeds:

They live in a thatched cottage/a cottage with a thatched roof.

369. hut noun [ C ] UK /hʌt/ US /hʌt/

B1
a small, simple building, usually consisting of one room:

a mountain hut
a row of beach huts

shack noun [ C ] UK /ʃæk/ US /ʃæk/

a very simple and small building made from pieces of wood, metal, or other materials
hovel noun [ C ] UK /ˈhɒv.əl/ US /ˈhɑː.vəl/

a small home that is dirty and in bad condition

shanty noun [ C ] UK /ˈʃæn.ti/ US /ˈʃæn.t̬i/

shanty noun [C] (HOUSE)

a small house, usually made from pieces of wood, metal, or cardboard, in

which poor people live, especially on the edge of a city

370. disciple noun UK /dɪˈsaɪ.pəl/ US /dɪˈsaɪ.pəl/

[C ]
a person who believes in the ideas and principles of someone famous and tries to live the
way that person does or did:

an ardent disciple of Gandhi

the disciples [ plural ] ( also the Disciples)

the twelve men who followed Jesus during his life

apostle noun UK /əˈpɒs.əl/ US /əˈpɑː.səl/

[ C ] formal
someone who strongly supports a particular belief or political movement:

an apostle of world peace/liberty

the Apostles [ plural ]

the group of early Christians who travelled to

different places telling people about Jesus Christ

371. filthy adjective UK /ˈfɪl.θi/ US /ˈfɪl.θi/

filthy adjective (DIRTY)

C1
extremely or unpleasantly dirty:

Wash your hands - they're filthy!

Look at this tablecloth - it's filthy!
I've never smoked - it's a filthy habit.
UK figurative That girl just gave me a filthy look (= looked at me in a
very unpleasant, disapproving way).
UK He was in a filthy (= a very bad) temper/mood.
Synonyms
cruddy
dirty (NOT CLEAN)
grimy
grubby
grungy informal
mucky informal
seedy
soiled
squalid (DIRTY) disapproving
unclean

372. haematologist noun [ C ] MEDICAL UK specialized ( US hematologist)

UK /ˌhiː.məˈtɒl.ə.dʒɪst/ US /ˌhiː.məˈtɑː.lə.dʒɪst/

a doctor who specializes in diseases of the bood and the body tissues that make it:

He is a senior haematologist specializing in blood cancers.

Some haematologists believe that all blood should be routinely filtered.

373. limp verb UK /lɪmp/ US /lɪmp/ limp verb (PERSON/ANIMAL)

[I ]
to walk slowly and with difficulty because of having an injured or painful leg or foot:

Three minutes into the game, Jackson limped off the pitch with a serious ankle injury.

limp verb (PROCESS/THING)

[ I + adv/prep ] informal
to move or develop slowly and with difficulty:

The little boat limped slowly towards the shore.

After limping along for almost two years, the economy is starting to show signs of recovery.

limp adjective UK /lɪmp/ US /lɪmp/

soft and neither firm nor stiff:

a limp lettuce leaf/salad
a limp handshake

limp noun [ S ] UK /lɪmp/ US /lɪmp/

a way of walking slowly and with difficulty because of having

an injured or painful leg or foot:

She has a slight limp.

He walks with a limp.

limp adjective [ -er/-est only ] US /lɪmp/

limp adjective [-er/-est only] (NOT FIRM)

not firm or stiff:

The lettuce in this salad is completely limp.

374. in light of sth US ( UK in the light of sth)

C1
because of:

In light of recent incidents, we are asking our customers to

take particular care of their personal belongings.

375. promulgate verb [ T ] formal UK /ˈprɒm.əl.ɡeɪt/ US /ˈprɑː.məl.ɡeɪt/

promulgate verb [T] (SPREAD)

-to spread beliefs or ideas among a lot of people

promulgate verb [T] (ANNOUNCE)

-to announce something publicly, especially a new law:

The new law was finally promulgated in the autumn of last year.

376. me time noun [ U ] UK /ˈmiː ˌtaɪm/ US /ˈmiː ˌtaɪm/

time when you can do what you want to do:

All mothers of young children should try to find some me time.

377. fine-tune verb [ T ] UK /ˌfaɪnˈtʃuːn/ US /ˌfaɪnˈtuːn/

to make very small changes to something in order to make it work as well as possible:

She spent hours fine-tuning her speech.

fine-tune | BUSINESS ENGLISH

fine-tune verb [ T ] UK US

to make small changes to something in order to make it as good as possible:

The training program helped him fine-tune his skill set.
The company's aim is to fine-tune its manufacturing system.

fine-tuning

noun [ U ]
There is some fine-tuning to be done, but the majority of the work on
the marketing concept has been done.

378. point sb towards/in the direction of sth

to suggest that someone should do or buy a particular thing:

The salesman was trying to point us in the direction of the most expensive furniture in
the showroom.

379. financial technology noun [ U ]

UK /faɪˌnæn.ʃəl tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/ US /faɪˌnæn.ʃəl tekˈnɑː.lə.dʒi/

( abbreviation fintech)

the business of using technology to offer financial services in new and better ways:

investments in digital media and financial technology

380. mime noun UK /maɪm/ US /maɪm/

[U ]
the act of using movements of your hands and body, and expressions on your face,
without speech, to communicate emotions and actions or to tell a story:

The first scene was performed in mime.

[C]
a short play without speech
381. at the expense of sth
C1
If you do one thing at the expense of another, doing the first thing harms the second thing:

He had no need to protect their reputation at the expense of his own.

382. actualize verb [ T ] UK /ˈæk.tʃu.ə.laɪz/ US /ˈæk.tʃu.ə.laɪz/

(UK usually actualise)

to make something that could possibly happen or be achieved really happen or be achieved:

the techniques that athletes use to actualize their potential

383. diffuse verb [ I or T ] UK /dɪˈfjuːz/ US /dɪˈfjuːz/

to (cause something to) spread in many directions:

Television is a powerful means of diffusing knowledge.

to (cause a gas or liquid to) spread through or into a surrounding substance by mixing with
it:

Oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the bloodstream.

The drop of red dye diffused slowly in the water.

389. paradigm noun [ C ] formal UK /ˈpær.ə.daɪm/ US /ˈper.ə.daɪm/

C2
a model of something, or a very clear and typical example of something:

Some of these educators are hoping to produce a change in the current cultural paradigm.
Synonym
model (COPY)

prototype noun [ C ] UK /ˈprəʊ.tə.taɪp/ US /ˈproʊ.t̬ə.taɪp/

the first example of something, such as a machine or other industrial product, from which
all later forms are developed:
a prototype for/of a new car

390. laden adjective UK /ˈleɪ.dən/ US /ˈleɪ.dən/

carrying or holding a lot of something:

He always comes back from France laden with presents for everyone.
The table, as always, was laden with food.

laden | BUSINESS ENGLISH

laden adjective UK /ˈleɪdən/ US
TRANSPORT
carrying something:

laden with sth a truck laden with timber

When fully laden with pallets, the vehicles will be at exactly the right height for
the unloading docks.

having a lot of something, especially something unpleasant such as debt:

The banks are laden with bad loans.

The Nasdaq index is heavily laden with technology stocks.

-laden

used in adjectives to show that something has or is carrying a lot of something:

debt-laden banks
They were accused of driving waste-laden trucks with no cover over them.

391. vein noun (QUALITY)

[S ]
a particular quality or characteristic:

A vein of satirical anger runs through all his work.

In its bid to be elected, the party is attempting to tap (=
use) an underlying vein of nationalism in the country.

vein noun (MOOD)

[ S or U ]
a style or a temporary mood:

The opening scene is very violent, and the rest of the movie continues in (a) similar vein.
After laughing about the photograph, they began to talk in (a) more serious vein about
the damaging effect it could have on his career.

392. massage verb [T] (FACTS/NUMBERS)

to try to make facts or numbers appear better than they really are
in order to deceive someone:

Television companies have been

massaging their viewing figures in order to attract more advertising revenue.

393. impediment noun [ C ] formal UK /ɪmˈped.ɪ.mənt/ US /ɪmˈped.ə.mənt/

something that makes progress, movement, or achieving something difficult or impossible:

In a number of developing countries, war has been an additional impediment to progress.

394. deterrent noun [ C ] UK /dɪˈter.ənt/ US /dɪˈter.ənt/

C2
something that deters people from doing something:

a nuclear deterrent
Tougher prison sentences may act/serve as a deterrent to other would-be offenders.
Synonym
check

395. empirical adjective UK /ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/ US /emˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/ thực nghiệm

C2
based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory:

This theory needs to be backed up with solid empirical data/evidence.

Empirical studies show that some forms of alternative medicine are extremely effective.

empirical | BUSINESS ENGLISH

empirical adjective UK /ɪmˈpɪrɪkəl/ US

based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory:

empirical analysis/research/study The diagnosis of a business problem should be based both

on empirical analysis and on theoretical analysis.
empirical evidence/data/finding

396. be in seventh heaven informal humorous

to be extremely happy:

Since they got married, they've been in seventh heaven.

be dancing in the streets

informal

to be extremely happy about something that has happened:

Not many people will be dancing in the streets about a two percent pay rise.

be damned if you do and damned if you don't

used to say that you cannot escape being criticized, whatever you decide to do

be dead in the water

If something is dead in the water, it has failed and it seems impossible that it will
be successful in the future:

So how does a government revive an economy that is dead in the water?

be cut from the same cloth

(also be cut out of the same cloth)

to have very similar qualities to someone or something else:

We're cut from the same cloth, you and I.

His first movie was cheaply made and full of clichés and this film is cut from the same cloth.
Today's players are not cut out of the same cloth as those greats.

397. defoliant noun [ C or U ] UK /ˌdiːˈfəʊ.li.ənt/ US /ˌdiːˈfoʊ.li.ənt/

a chemical that is used to make the leaves drop off plants

398. arbitrary adjective UK /ˈɑː.bɪ.trər.i/ US /ˈɑːr.bə.trer.i/

arbitrary adjective (CHANCE)

C2
based on chance rather than being planned or based on reason:

arbitrary decision-making
Did you have a reason for choosing your destination or was it arbitrary?

arbitrary adjective (UNFAIR)

disapproving
using unlimited personal power without considering other people's rights or wishes:

an arbitrary ruler
The company has been the subject of an arbitrary take-over.

arbitrariness noun [ U ] US /ˌɑr·bəˈtreər·i·nəs/

disapproving

The arbitrariness of human nature infuriates me.

399. synchronous adjective UK /ˈsɪŋ.krə.nəs/ US /ˈsɪŋ.krə.nəs/

formal
happening or done at the same time or speed:

The dancers perform a sequence of wonderfully synchronous movements.

EDUCATION specialized
(of learning or teaching) happening with a teacher and group of students who are all
taking part in a lesson at the same time, either physically together in one place or using
the internet:

Synchronous learning is any type of learning that takes place in real time, where
a group of people are engaging in learning simultaneously.
Synchronous learning enables learners to ask questions and receive answers on the spot.
Synchronous teaching can take place via online learning, through the use
of video conferencing and live chat or instant messaging.

asynchronous adjective UK /eɪˈsɪŋ.krə.nəs/ US /eɪˈsɪŋ.krə.nəs/

formal
not happening or done at the same time or speed:

This finding suggests asynchronous climate changes in

the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

EDUCATION specialized
(of learning or teaching) involving students working separately at different times,
for example using recorded lessons or
the internet, rather than involving students and teacher taking part in a lesson all at the
same time:

In
asynchronous learning the interaction between instructors and students occurs intermittently
with a time delay.
Get a first look at our asynchronous training modules and participate in
the educator feedback process.

400. synchronize verb (UK usually synchronise) UK /ˈsɪŋ.krə.naɪz/ US /ˈsɪŋ.krə.naɪz/

[ I or T ]
to (cause to) happen at the same time:
The show was designed so that the lights synchronized with the music.
[T]
When people synchronize their watches, they make sure that all their watches show the
same time:
We'd better synchronize our watches if we all want to be there at the same time.