Vocab 1 300

1.
unfeasible (a) – unachievable, impraticable, unworkable
(also infeasible)
adjective UK /ʌnˈfiː.zə.bəl/ US /ʌnˈfiː.zə.bəl/
→ For love nor money
2. airborne adjective UK /ˈeə.bɔːn/ US /ˈer.bɔːrn/

- in the air, or carried by air or wind or by an aircraft
3. wreaks havoc
havoc noun [ U ] UK /ˈhæv.ək/ US /ˈhæv.ək/
→confusion and lack of order, especially causing damage or trouble:
.The storm wreaked (= caused) havoc in the garden, uprooting trees and blowing a fence
down.
.The delay played (= caused) havoc with their travel arrangements.
➢ devastation noun [ U ] UK /ˌdev.əˈsteɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌdev.əˈsteɪ.ʃən/
devastation noun [U] (DAMAGE)
→damage and destruction:
.If disease is allowed to spread, it will cause widespread devastation.
.The storm left behind it a trail of devastation.
4. swathe noun (also swath) UK /sweɪð/ US /sweɪð/

swathe noun (AREA) [ C ] - a long strip or large area especially of land:
5. prosodic adjective UK /prəˈsɒd.ɪk/ US/prəˈsɑː.dɪk/
LITERATURE specialized
relating to the pattern of rhythm and sound in poetry
➔ relating to the rhythm and intonation (= the way a speaker's voice rises and falls) of
language
6. annotation noun [ C or U ] UK /ˌæn.əˈteɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌæn.əˈteɪ.ʃən/
➔ a short explanation or note added to a text or image, or the act of adding short
explanations or notes:
e.g. The annotation of literary texts makes them more accessible.
e.g. The revised edition of the book includes many useful annotations.
7. annotate verb [ T ] formal UK /ˈæn.ə.teɪt/ US /ˈæn.ə.teɪt/
- to add a short explanation or opinion to a text or drawing:
e.g. Annotated editions of Shakespeare's plays help readers to understand old words.
8. accentuate verb [ T ] UK /əkˈsen.tʃu.eɪt/ US /əkˈsen.tʃu.eɪt/
→ to emphasize a particular feature of something or to make something more noticeable:
e.g. Her dress was tightly belted, accentuating the slimness of her waist.
e.g. The new policy only serves to accentuate the inadequacy of help for the homeless.
9. constrain verb [ T often passive ] UK /kənˈstreɪn/ US /kənˈstreɪn/
C2 - to control and limit something:
e.g. The country's progress was constrained by a leader who refused to look forward.
10. epenthesis noun epen·the·sis | \ i-ˈpen(t)-thə-səs , e- \
plural epentheses\ i-ˈpen(t)-thə-ˌsēz , e-\
Definition of epenthesis
: the insertion or development of a sound or letter in the body of a word (such as \ə\ in \ˈa-
thə-ˌlēt\ athlete)
11. etymology noun [ C or U ] UK /ˌet.ɪˈmɒl.ə.dʒi/ US /ˌet̬.ɪˈmɑː.lə.dʒi/
-the study of the origin and history of words, or a study of this type relating to one particular
word:
e.g. At university she developed an interest in etymology.
e.g. A list of selected words and their etymologies is printed at the back of the book.
12. illicit adjective US /ɪˈlɪs·ɪt/
.illegal or socially disapproved of:
.illicit trade
.illicit activities
13. stumble verb UK /ˈstʌm.bəl/ US /ˈstʌm.bəl/
stumble verb (WALK)
C2 [ I ] to step awkwardly while walking or running and fall or begin to fall:
Running along the beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand.
In the final straight Meyers stumbled, and although he didn't fall it was enough to lose him
first place.
14. aspirate noun [ C ] PHONETICS specialized UK /ˈæs.pɪ.rət/ US /ˈæs.pə.rət/
→the sound represented in English by the letter "h", in words such as "house"
15. glottal stop noun [ C ] PHONETICS specialized UK /ˌɡlɒt.əl ˈstɒp/ US /ˌɡlɑː.t̬əl ˈstɑːp/
a speech sound produced by closing the vocal cords and then opening them quickly so that
the air from the lungs is released with force
16. contour noun [ C ] UK /ˈkɒn.tɔːr/ US /ˈkɑːn.tʊr/
the shape of a mass of land or other object, especially its surface or the shape formed by its
outer edge:
.the rugged contour of the coast
.He studied the contours of her face.
.Her latest collection of swimwear shows off the contours of the human body to perfection.
GEOGRAPHY specialized (also contour line)
a line on a map that joins points of equal height or depth, in a way that shows high and low
areas of land:
.a 400 ft contour line
.This map has contours marked at 250-metre intervals.
17. trigger noun UK /ˈtrɪɡ.ər/ US /ˈtrɪɡ.ɚ/
trigger noun (GUN PART)
[C]
a part of a gun that causes the gun to fire when pressed:
It's not clear who actually pulled the trigger.
18. interdental adjective UK /ˌɪn.təˈden.təl/ US /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈden.t̬əl/
between the teeth or for use between the teeth:
.interdental spaces
.an interdental brush
PHONETICS specialized
used to describe a sound that is made by putting the end of the tongue between the upper
and lower front teeth:
.The interdental [T] is non-existent in Catalan phonetics.
.Many foreign learners have difficulty in pronouncing interdental fricatives (as in thin, this).
19. trisyllabic adjective LANGUAGE specialized UK /ˌtraɪ.sɪˈlæb.ɪk/ US/ˌtraɪ.sɪˈlæb.ɪk/
Examples
.There are few monosyllabic female first names (Ann, Joan, May) and many of them are
trisyllabic or more (Katharine, Elizabeth, Amanda).
.The birds make a shrill, trisyllabic alarm cry.
.When the secondary stress was lost, the initial stressed vowel in trisyllabic words was
usually shortened, as shown in the examples below.
.He suggests that the presence of secondary stress caused vowels to remain short in both
disyllabic and trisyllabic words.
(of a word) having three syllables:
.The study of French-speaking children found that determiners were produced earlier with
monosyllabic words, and later with disyllabic and trisyllabic words.
20. shed light on something
→to help to explain a situation:
.Experts hope the plane’s flight recorders will shed light on the cause of the crash.
21. holistic adjective UK /həˈlɪs.tɪk/ US /hoʊlˈɪs.tɪk/
→dealing with or treating the whole of something or someone and not just a part:
.My doctor takes a holistic approach to disease.
.Ecological problems usually require holistic solutions.
22. contradictory adjective UK /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪk.tər.i/ US /ˌkɑːn.trəˈdɪk.tɚ.i/
C2
If two or more facts, pieces of advice, etc. are contradictory, they are very different from
each other:
I keep getting contradictory advice - some people tell me to keep it warm and some tell me
to put ice on it.
23. consider verb (OPINION)
B2 [ T often + obj + (to be) + noun/adj ]
to believe someone or something to be, or think of him, her, or it as something:
He is currently considered (to be) the best British athlete.
We don't consider her to be right for the job.
[ passive + obj + to infinitive ] It is considered bad manners in some cultures to speak with
your mouth full of food.
I consider myself lucky that I only hurt my arm in the accident.
Do you consider him a friend of yours?

[ + (that) ] She considers (that) she has done enough to help already.
be highly/well considered
23. shrine noun [ C ] US /ʃrɑɪn/
-->a place where people come to worship, usually because of a connection with a holy person
or a mysterious religious event or object
.A shrine can also be a place that is honored because of some connection with a famous
person or event.
24 ritual begins
ritual noun [ C/U ] US /ˈrɪtʃ·u·əl/
→a set of actions or words performed in a regular way, often as part of a religious ceremony
.A ritual is also any act done regularly, usually without thinking about it:
[ C ] My morning ritual includes reading the newspaper while I drink my coffee.
25. giggle noun UK /ˈɡɪɡ.əl/ US /ˈɡɪɡ.əl/
giggle noun (LAUGHTER)
[C]
a nervous or silly laugh:
There were a few nervous giggles from people in the audience.
I tried to stifle a giggle.
the giggles [ plural ] informal
❖ an occasion when you can't stop giggling:
I got the giggles in the lecture.
26. mouthpiece noun [ C ] UK /ˈmaʊθ.piːs/ US /ˈmaʊθ.piːs/
mouthpiece noun [C] (PIECE OF EQUIPMENT)
→the part of a phone, musical instrument, or other device that goes near or between the
lips:
To play the recorder, blow gently into the mouthpiece.
mouthpiece noun [C] (PERSON/NEWSPAPER)
disapproving
→a person or a newspaper that only expresses the opinions of one particular organization:
This newspaper is just a Republican mouthpiece.
27. bleak adjective UK /bliːk/ US /bliːk/
C2
If a place is bleak, it is empty, and not welcoming or attractive:
The house stands on a bleak, windswept hilltop.
28.
grenade noun [ C ] UK /ɡrəˈneɪd/ US /ɡrəˈneɪd/
a small bomb thrown by hand or shot from a gun:
a hand grenade
29. perceptual adjective UK /pəˈsep.tʃu.əl/ US /pɚˈsep.tʃu.əl/ - tri giác
→relating to the ability to notice something or come to an opinion about something using
your senses:
Perceptual skills are particularly important in sports.
30. gnostic adjective formal UK /ˈnɒs.tɪk/ US /ˈnɑː.stɪk/
→relating to knowledge, especially knowledge that most people do not have:
They saw communism as the embodiment of a gnostic arrogance.
31.communism noun [ U ] POLITICS (also Communism)
UK /ˈkɒm.jə.nɪ.zəm/ US /ˈkɑː.m.jə.nɪ.zəm/
→the belief in a society without different social classes in which the methods of production
are owned and controlled by all its members and everyone works as much as they can and
receives what they need
32.capitalism noun [ U ] POLITICS UK /ˈkæp.ɪ.təl.ɪ.zəm/ US /ˈkæp.ə.t̬əl.ɪ.zəm/
C2
an economic, political, and social system in which property, business, and industry are
privately owned, directed towards making the greatest possible profits for successful
organizations and people
33. socialism noun [ U ] POLITICS UK /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl.ɪ.zəm/ US /ˈsoʊ.ʃəl.ɪ.zəm/
C2
the set of beliefs that states that all people are equal and should share equally in a country's
money, or the political systems based on these beliefs
34. rhetorical question noun [ C ] UK /rɪˌtɒr.ɪ.kəl ˈkwes.tʃən/ US /rɪˌtɔːr.ɪ.kəl ˈkwes.tʃən/
→câu hỏi tu từ
→a question, asked in order to make a statement, that does not expect an answer:
"Why do these things always happen to me?" is a rhetorical question.
35. prose noun [ U ] UK /prəʊz/ US /proʊz/ - văn xuôi
→written language in its ordinary form rather than poetry:
.I've always preferred reading prose to poetry.
36. interrelate verb [ I ] UK /ˌɪn.tə.rɪˈleɪt/ US /ˌɪn.t̬ɚ.rɪˈleɪt/
→to be connected in such a way that each thing has an effect on or depends on the other:
Children need to be educated about the way that diet and health interrelate.
37. muse noun [ C ] literary UK /mjuːz/ US /mjuːz/
→a person, or an imaginary being or force that gives someone ideas and helps them to write,
paint, or make music:
.The muse has left me - I haven't written any poetry for months!
.Juliet was not only the painter's best model but also his muse.
❖ muse verb [ I ] formal UK /mjuːz/ US /mjuːz/
→to think about something carefully and for a long time:
.I began to muse about/on the possibility of starting my own business.
38. integrative motivation: a learner studies a language because he is interested in the

people and culture of the target language or in order to communicate with people of another
culture who speak it.
→interest-based
39. instrumental motivation: a learner’s goals for learning the second language are
functional and useful, for example they need the language to get a better job, to pass tests,
to enable him to read foreign news paper, etc.
instrumental adjective UK /ˌɪn.strəˈmen.təl/ US /ˌɪn.strəˈmen.t̬əl/
instrumental adjective (INFLUENCE)
[ after verb ] formal
→If someone or something is instrumental in a process, plan, or system, that person or thing
is one of the most important influences in causing it to happen:
.She was instrumental in bringing about the prison reform act.
40.
Motivation can be also distinguished into intrinsic and extrinsic.
❖ intrinsic adjective UK /ɪnˈtrɪn.zɪk/ US /ɪnˈtrɪn.zɪk/
C2
being an extremely important and basic characteristic of a person or thing:
works of little intrinsic value/interest
Maths is an intrinsic part of the school curriculum.
❖ extrinsic adjective formal UK /ekˈstrɪn.zɪk/ US /ekˈstrɪn.zɪk/
extrinsic adjective (FROM OUTSIDE)
→coming from outside, or not related to something:
Extrinsic forces were responsible for the breakdown of the peace talks.
MEDICAL specialized
→coming from outside the body:
.Eczema can have extrinsic causes.
41. eczema noun [ U ] UK /ˈek.sɪ.mə/ US /ˈek.sə.mə/ - bệnh chàm
→a skin condition in which areas of the skin become red, rough, and sore and make you
want to rub them:
.As a young boy he suffered from eczema.
42. strive verb [ I ] UK /straɪv/ US /straɪv/ strove or strived | striven or strived
C2
→to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time
or against difficulties: (attempt, endeavour)
[ + to infinitive ] Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to.
In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms.
endeavour UK /enˈdev.ər/ US /enˈdev.ɚ/

verb [ I + to infinitive ] UK (US endeavor)
C1
to try to do something:
Engineers are endeavouring to locate the source of the problem.

+ engineer noun [ C ]
UK /ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪər/ US /ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪr/
43. devaluation noun [C or U] (LESS IMPORTANT)
UK /ˌdiː.væl.juˈeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌdiː.væl.juˈeɪ.ʃən/
→the action of causing someone or something to be considered less valuable /ˈvæl.jə.bəl/

or important:
.Does staying at home as a mother just encourage the devaluation of women professionally?
.The existence of slavery represents a devaluation of human life.
44. milling noun [ U ] PRODUCTION UK /ˈmɪlɪŋ/ US
→the activity of cutting metal or making it into particular shapes using a special machine, or
of crushing grain into flour:
.Some wheat is not suitable for flour milling.
.milling machines/equipment
.the milling industry/process
milling adjective [ before noun ] UK /ˈmɪl.ɪŋ/ US /ˈmɪl.ɪŋ/
→moving around in a large group, with no particular purpose, or in no particular direction:
I lost sight of him among the milling crowds.
45. puberty noun [ U ] US /ˈpju·bər·t̬i/
the stage in a person’s life when the person develops from a child into an adult because of
changes in the body that make the person able to have children
46. necessary evil /ˈnes.ə.ser.i//ˈiː.vəl/
→A necessary evil is something unpleasant that must be accepted in order to achieve a

particular result:
.Most Americans accept taxes /tæks.iz/ as a necessary evil.
47. rubric noun [ C ] formal UK /ˈruː.brɪk/ US /ˈruː.brɪk/
→a set of instructions, especially on an exam paper, usually printed in a different style or

colour:
.Read/Follow the rubric carefully.
48. widget noun [ C ] UK /ˈwɪdʒ.ɪt/ US /ˈwɪdʒ.ɪt/
informal
any small device whose name you have forgotten or do not know
widget noun [ C ] informal UK /ˈwɪdʒɪt/ US - TIỆN ÍCH
INTERNET, IT
→a small computer program, usually connected with an image, that can be added to a
website to allow the user to do something. For example, you might click on a widget to find
out weather or stock market information:
.The survey showed that more than 300 million widgets were used on the web last month.
.Widgets let you display Twitter updates on your website or social network page.
49. evil genius literary /ˈiː.vəl/ UK /ˈdʒiː.ni.əs/ US /ˈdʒiː.ni.əs/
→a person who has a strong bad influence over other people:
The film was about an evil genius who wanted to control the world.
❖ have a genius for sth
→to be especially skilled at a particular activity:
She has a genius for raising money.
50. congestion charge noun [ C usually singular ] UK
UK /kənˈdʒes.tʃən ˌtʃɑːdʒ/ US /kənˈdʒes.tʃən ˌtʃɑːrdʒ/
an amount of money that you have to pay each day to drive into a city centre, charged in
order to reduce traffic
51. chequered adjective UK (US checkered) UK /ˈtʃek.əd/ US /ˈtʃek.ɚd/ - chìm nổi, thăng
trầm
chequered adjective (GOOD AND BAD)
→having had both successful and unsuccessful periods in your past:
He's had a chequered business career.
52. chronological adjective UK /ˌkrɒn.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ US /ˌkrɒn.əˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl/
→following the order in which a series of events happened:
.Give me the dates in chronological order.
53. extant adjective formal
UK /ekˈstænt/ /ˈek.stənt/ US /ekˈstænt/ /ˈek.stənt/
→used to refer to something very old that is still existing:

-We have some extant parish records from the 16th century.
54. slant verb UK /slɑːnt/ US /slænt/
[ I or T ]
→to (cause to) lean in a position that is not vertical; to (cause to) slope:
-Italic writing slants to the right.
The evening sun slanted (= shone with the light moving in a slope) through the narrow
window.
[ T ] often disapproving
→to present information in a particular way, especially showing one group of people, one
side of an argument, etc. in such a positive or negative way that it is unfair:
-The police claimed that reports in the media were slanted against/towards the defendant.
56. tariff-free adjective UK US
→used to describe imported goods that are not taxed:
-Clothing produced in Mexico has tariff-free access to the United States market.
tariff-free status/trade/imports
57. syndicate noun [ C, + sing/pl verb ] UK /ˈsɪn.dɪ.kət/ US /ˈsɪn.də.kət/
syndicate noun [C, + sing/pl verb] (BUSINESS) – CÔNG ĐOÀN
→a group of people or companies who join together in order to share the cost of a particular
business operation for which a large amount of money is needed:
-A syndicate of banks is/are financing the deal.
58. ventilation noun [ U ] UK /ˌven.tɪˈleɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌven.t̬əlˈeɪ.ʃən/
ventilation noun [U] (PROVIDING AIR)
→the movement of fresh air around a closed space, or the system that does this:
-Her room had poor ventilation and in summer it became unbearably stuffy.
→a ventilation system
MEDICAL specialized
the act of forcing air in and out of the lungs of a person who cannot breathe easily on their
own, using a special machine called a ventilator (máy thở):
One senior hospital doctor revealed that patients who needed ventilation in intensive care
were being treated in general wards because of the lack of beds.
❖ ventilation noun [U] (MAKING KNOWN)
formal
→the act of expressing an opinion or mentioning a subject so that it can be discussed by

others:
-He resigned, sparing the bank the public ventilation of potentially damaging claims he had
made against it.
59. rhetoric noun [ U ] UK /ˈret.ər.ɪk/ US /ˈret̬.ɚ.ɪk/ - HÙNG BIỆN
→speech or writing intended to be effective and influence people:
-How far the president will be able to translate his campaign rhetoric into action remains to
be seen.
-I was swayed by her rhetoric into donating all my savings to the charity.
LANGUAGE specialized
→the study of the ways of using language effectively
disapproving
→clever language that sounds good but is not sincere or has no real meaning:
In reply to the question, he just produced a lot of empty (= meaningless) rhetoric.
❖ More examples:
He has toned down his rhetoric of late.
This isn't just rhetoric.
That may sound like rhetoric, a wild exaggeration.
Before long, the same political rhetoric was repeated.
Without a coherent set of policies to persuade the electorate, the Republicans have resorted
to sloganeering and empty rhetoric.
60. peripheral adjective UK /pəˈrɪf.ər.əl/ US /pəˈrɪf.ɚ.əl/ NGOẠI VI, NGOẠI BIÊN
→Something that is peripheral is not as important as something else:
-The book contains a great deal of peripheral detail.
• happening at the edge of something:

A figure came into my peripheral vision.
61. periphery noun [ C usually singular ] UK /pəˈrɪf.ər.i/ US /pəˈrɪf.ɚ.i/
❖ the outer edge of an area:
Houses have been built on the periphery of the factory site.
The ring road runs around the periphery of the city centre.
❖ the less important part of a group or activity:
Many women feel they are being kept on the periphery of the armed forces.
62. anthropology noun [ U ] UK /ˌæn.θrəˈpɒl.ə.dʒi/ US /ˌæn.θrəˈpɑː.lə.dʒi/ - NHÂN HỌC
→the study of the human race, its culture and society, and its physical development
63. ethnography noun [ C or U ] UK /eθˈnɒɡ.rə.fi/ US /eθˈnɑː.ɡrə.fi/ - DÂN TỘC HỌC
→a scientific description of the culture of a society by someone who has lived in it, or a book
containing this:
-One of the aims of ethnography is to contribute to an understanding of the human race.
-Malinowski wrote several ethnographies of the Trobriand Islands.
64. folklore noun [ U ] UK /ˈfəʊk.lɔːr/ US /ˈfoʊk.lɔːr/
→the traditional stories and culture of a group of people:
-Her books are often based on folklore and fairy-tales.
-In Irish folklore, the leprechaun had a large piece of gold.
-Arguments between directors and stars are part of the folklore of Hollywood.
65. sermon noun [ C ] UK /ˈsɜː.mən/ US /ˈsɝː.mən/ - BÀI THUYẾT GIẢNG
→a part of a Christian church ceremony in which a priest gives a talk on a religious or moral
subject, often based on something written in the Bible:
-The Reverend William Cronshaw delivered/preached the sermon.
-Today's sermon was on the importance of compassion.
Disapproving
-a long talk in which someone advises other people how they should behave in order to be
better people:
-I really don't think it's a politician's job to go delivering sermons on public morality.
66. senate noun [ C ] (also Senate) UK /ˈsen.ət/ US /ˈsen.ət/ - THƯỢNG NGHỊ VIỆN
senate noun [C] (POLITICS)
one of the two groups of politicians who make laws in some political systems such as in the
US, Australia, and France, often having different powers from the other group and different
rules for members, for example being elected for a longer period:
+ The law has no chance of being passed by the Senate.

+ the French/Australian Senate
+ The US Senate has 100 members.
+ The UK doesn't have a senate; it has a House of Lords.
67. podium noun [ C ] UK /ˈpəʊ.di.əm/ US /ˈpoʊ.di.əm/ -
plural podiums or podia
→a raised area on which a person stands to speak to a large number of people, to conduct
music, or to receive a prize in a sports competition:
-Tears ran down her face as she stood on the winner's podium.
68. ashore adverb UK /əˈʃɔːr/ US /əˈʃɔːr/ - LÊN BỜ
→towards or onto land from an area of water:
+ We swam ashore.
+ A few pieces of wood had washed ashore.
+ Strong winds blew the ship ashore.
69. analogy noun [ C or U ] UK /əˈnæl.ə.dʒi/ US /əˈnæl.ə.dʒi/ - PHÉP LOẠI SUY
C2
-->a comparison between things that have similar features, often used to help explain a
principle or idea:
+ He drew an analogy between the brain and a vast computer.

+ It is sometimes easier to illustrate an abstract concept by analogy with (= by comparing it
with) something concrete.
70. reference noun UK /ˈref.ər.əns/ US /ˈref.ɚ.əns/ - THAM CHIẾU, THAM KHẢO
→comparison with something:
reference to sth Comparative advertising is where one trader advertises his goods by
reference to another trader's goods.
71. premise noun [ C ] UK /ˈprem.ɪs/ US /ˈprem.ɪs/ - TIỀN ĐỀ
→an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based:

[ + that ] They had started with the premise that all men are created equal.
-The research project is based on the premise stated earlier.
72. premise verb [ T ] formal UK /prɪˈmaɪz/ /ˈprem.ɪs/ US /prɪˈmaɪz/ /ˈprem.ɪs/
→to base a theory, argument, etc. on an idea, thought, or belief:
+ He premised his argument on several incorrect assumptions.
73. conventional adjective UK /kənˈven.ʃən.əl/ US /kənˈven.ʃən.əl/
B2
traditional and ordinary:
+ conventional behaviour/attitudes/clothes
+ conventional medicine/farming
+ a conventional wedding
+ disapproving I find his art dull and conventional.
Opposite <> unconventional
→used to refer to weapons that are not nuclear, or to methods of fighting a war that do not
involve nuclear weapons:
+ conventional weapons/bombs
74. motto noun [ C ] UK /ˈmɒt.əʊ/ US /ˈmɑː.t̬oʊ/
plural mottos or mottoes
→a short sentence or phrase that expresses a belief or purpose:
+ Her motto is "Work hard, play hard".
75. maxim noun [ C ] UK /ˈmæk.sɪm/ US /ˈmæk.sɪm/
→a short statement of a general truth, principle, or rule for behaviour
+ She lived by the maxim, "Do right, risk consequences."
76. integrate verb UK /ˈɪn.tɪ.ɡreɪt/ US /ˈɪn.t̬ə.ɡreɪt/
77. compatibility noun [ U ] UK /kəmˌpæt.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ US /kəmˌpæt̬.əˈbɪl.ə.t̬i/
the fact of being able to exist, live, or work successfully with something or someone else:
Every person and pet in a household must visit with

the potential new pet to ensure compatibility.
the fact of being able to be used with a particular type of computer, machine, device, etc.:
I am not impressed by the file compatibility with previous versions.
See
compatible
More examples
• Finalists were chosen based on their compatibility with the bachelors.
• His or her role will be to address the compatibility of national counter-
terrorism measures with international human rights obligations.
• Lack of fertility can come from compatibility problems as well as genetics.
78. Flipped Learning is a pedagogical approach in which direct instruction moves from the
group learning space to the individual learning space, and the resulting group space is
transformed into a dynamic, interactive learning environment where the educator guides
students as they apply concepts and engage creatively in the subject matter
79. omit verb [ T ] UK /əʊˈmɪt/ /əˈmɪt / US /oʊˈmɪt/
80. sacred adjective UK /ˈseɪ.krɪd/ US /ˈseɪ.krɪd/
C1
→considered to be holy and deserving respect, especially because of a connection with a

god:
sacred relics/temples
This area is sacred to the Apaches.
C1
connected with religion:
sacred music/writings
C2
considered too important to be changed:
-His daily routine is absolutely sacred to him.
humorous They proposed changing the name of the team - is nothing sacred?
81. supplementary adjective UK /ˌsʌp.lɪˈmen.tər.i/ US /ˌsʌp.ləˈmen.t̬ɚ.i/

supplementary adjective (ANGLE)
MATHEMATICS specialized
If an angle is supplementary to another angle, it forms 180° when combined with it.
supplementary adjective (EXTRA)

C2 mainly UK
(US usually supplemental)
extra:
a supplementary income
supplementary adjective [ not gradable ]

US /ˌsʌp·ləˈment·tə·ri, -ˈmen·tri/
(also supplemental, US/ˌsʌp·ləˈmen·təl/)
added to something else in order to improve it or complete it:
Teachers often create supplementary materials for their classes.

Some workers are eligible for supplemental unemployment benefits.
82. systematic adjective UK /ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪk/ US /ˌsɪs.təˈmæt̬.ɪk/
C2
according to an agreed set of methods or organized plan:
approving We've got to be more systematic in the way that we approach this task.
disapproving We're hearing reports of the systematic rape and torture of prisoners.
83. publication noun UK /ˌpʌb.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌpʌb.ləˈkeɪ.ʃən/
B2 [ U ]
the act of making information or stories available to people in a printed or electronic form:
The brochure will be ready for publication in September.

Will you arrange the publication of the names of the winners?
When is the publication date? (= When will the book be available to buy?)
83. portfolio noun [ C ] UK /ˌpɔːtˈfəʊ.li.əʊ/ US /ˌpɔːrtˈfoʊ.li.oʊ/
plural portfolios
portfolio noun [C] (CASE)
a large, thin case used for carrying drawings, documents, etc.
vladvvm/iStock/Getty Images Plus/GettyImages
a collection of drawings, documents, etc. that represent a person's, especially an

artist's, work:
She's trying to build up a portfolio of work to show during job interviews.
portfolio noun [C] (CONTAINER)

a large, flat container used for carrying large drawings, documents, or other papers
ART
A portfolio is also a collection of drawings, designs, or other papers that represent a person’s
work.
84. limit sb to sth US UK /ˈlɪmɪt/

— phrasal verb with limit
verb [ T ]
to only allow someone a particular amount or number of something:
[ often passive ] We're limited to two pieces of luggage each.
[ often reflexive ] I try to limit myself to two cups of coffee a day.
Incidental vs intentionally
85. paradigm | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

paradigm US /ˈpær·əˌdɑɪm/
noun [ C ]
fml
a very clear or typical example used as a model:
His ruthless accumulation of wealth stands as a paradigm of greed in the business world.
paradigm | BUSINESS ENGLISH

paradigm noun [ C ] UK /ˈpærədaɪm/ US
a set of theories that explain the way a particular subject is understood at
a particular time:
The TV network claimed that this was the beginning of "a new paradigm
for commercial television."
His account of the effects of globalization does not fit into either of the economic paradigms
that are dominant today.
a model of something, or a very clear and typical example of something:
a paradigm of sth The company is seen as a paradigm of entrepreneurship.
86. babble verb UK /ˈbæb.əl/ US /ˈbæb.əl/
babble verb (TALK)
[ I or T ]
to talk or say something in a quick, confused, excited, or silly way:
The children babbled excitedly among themselves.

She was babbling something about her ring being stolen.
87. accordance noun formal UK /əˈkɔː.dəns/ US /əˈkɔːr.dəns/
in accordance with a rule, law, wish, etc.

C1
following or obeying a rule, law, wish, etc.:
In accordance with her wishes, she was buried in France.

Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
according to the law, rules, etc.
• according toIf we do not act according to the rules laid down for such cases, there will be
chaos.
• in line withWhat she did was not always completely in line with the law.
• in accordance withThe council has not acted in accordance with its obligations.
• obeyIf they don't obey the rules, they will be asked to leave.
• followWe are obliged to follow the law in this matter.
88. cumulative LŨY TÍCH adjective UK /ˈkjuː.mjə.lə.tɪv/ US /ˈkjuː.mjə.lə.t̬ɪv/

increasing by one addition after another:
The cumulative effect of using so many chemicals on the land could be disastrous.
Synonym
accumulative formal
89. corollary noun [ C ] formal UK /kəˈrɒl.ər.i/ US /ˈkɔːr.ə.ler.i/
something that results from something else:
Unfortunately, violence is the inevitable corollary of such a revolutionary change in society.
90. versus preposition UK /ˈvɜː.səs/ US /ˈvɝː.səs/
C1
(written abbreviation vs, vs., UK also v)
used to say that one team or person is competing against another:
Tomorrow's game is Newcastle versus Arsenal.
(written abbreviation v, vs, vs.)

used when naming the two sides in a legal case:
Abortion was legalized nationally in the United States following the Roe versus Wade case.
C1
(written abbreviation vs, vs., UK also v)
used to compare two things or ideas, especially when you have to choose between them:
private education versus state education
91. a priori TIÊN NGHIỆM adjective [ before noun ]
formal UK /ˌeɪ praɪˈɔː.raɪ/ /ˌɑː priːˈɔː.ri/ US /ˌɑː priːˈɔːr.aɪ/ /ˌeɪ priːˈɔːr.aɪ/

relating to an argument that suggests the probable effects of a known cause, or
using general principles to suggest likely effects:
"It's freezing outside; you must be cold" is an example of a priori reasoning.
92. demise noun [ S ] formal UK /dɪˈmaɪz/ US /dɪˈmaɪz/
sb's demise
the death of a person
the end of something that was previously considered to be powerful, such as

a business, industry, or system:
The demise of the company was sudden and unexpected.
demise noun [ U ] US /dɪˈmɑɪz/
the end of the operation or existence of something:
Huge corporate farms have led to the demise of many small, family-owned farms.
fml (of a person) Demise means death.
demise | BUSINESS ENGLISH

demise
noun [ C or U ] CHUYỂN NHƯỢNG, CHO MƯỚN
PROPERTY, LAW UK /dɪˈmaɪz/ US
property that you rent or give to someone for a particular number of years, or
a legal agreement in which you rent or give this property:
In a mortgage by demise, the lender becomes the owner of the mortgaged property until
the loan is repaid.
93. operative adjective UK /ˈɒpərətɪv/ US
working or being used:
The agreement will not become operative until all members have signed.
The green light comes on when the machine is operative.
94. tenet noun [ C ] formal UK /ˈten.ɪt/ US /ˈten.ɪt/
one of the principles on which a belief or theory is based:
It is a tenet of contemporary psychology that an individual's mental health is supported by

having good social networks.
Synonym
precept formal
95. equate verb [ T ] UK /ɪˈkweɪt/ US /ɪˈkweɪt/ ĐÁNH ĐỒNG, NGANG NHAU

C2
to consider one thing to be the same as or equal to another thing:
He complained that there was a tendency to equate right-wing politics with self-interest.
❖ equate to sth
— phrasal verb with equate verb [ T ]
UK /ɪˈkweɪt/ US /ɪˈkweɪt/
to be the same in amount, number, or size:
The price of such goods in those days equates to about $50 at current prices.
96. hiccup noun (PROBLEM)
[C ]
a problem that delays or interrupts something for a while, but does not
usually cause serious difficulties:
We've had one or two slight hiccups, but progress has generally been quite steady.
hiccup US /ˈhɪkˌʌp, -əp/

noun [ C usually pl ]
(also hiccough)
one of a series of sudden, explosive releases of air from the throat, which
are difficult to control but usually stop after a short time:
I’ve got the hiccups.
hiccup
verb [ I ] (also hiccough) US

/ˈhɪkˌʌp, -əp/ -p- | -pp-
97. dichotomy noun [ C usually singular ] formal UK /daɪˈkɒt.ə.mi/ US /daɪˈkɑː.t̬ə.mi/
a difference between two completely opposite ideas or things:
There is often a dichotomy between what politicians say and what they do.
98. coalesce verb [ I/T ] US /ˌkoʊ·əˈles/ HỢP NHẤT
to combine into a single group or thing:
[ I ] The theory is that galaxies coalesced from smaller groupings of stars.
99. empirical THEO KINH NGHIỆM
adjective UK /ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/ US /emˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/
C2
based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory:
This theory needs to be backed up with solid empirical data/evidence.

Empirical studies show that some forms of alternative medicine are extremely effective.
100. validate XÁC NHẬN

verb [ T ] UK /ˈvæl.ɪ.deɪt/ US /ˈvæl.ə.deɪt/
to make something officially acceptable or approved, especially after examining it:
The data is validated automatically by the computer after it has been entered.
UK It is a one-year course validated by London's City University.
➢ to prove that something is correct:
He feels that today's economic problems validate his opposition to the policy.
101. hypothetical adjective UK /ˌhaɪ.pəˈθet.ɪ.kəl/ US /ˌhaɪ.pəˈθet̬.ɪ.kəl/
imagined or suggested but not necessarily real or true:
a hypothetical example/situation
This is all very hypothetical but supposing Jackie got the job, how would that affect you?
Synonym
supposed (OTHERS' OPINION)
102. horrendous adjective US /həˈren·dəs/
so bad as to be shocking; extremely unpleasant:
-Exhibits show how horrendous the living conditions there were.
103. consensus noun [ S or U ] UK /kənˈsen.səs/ US /kənˈsen.səs/
C2
a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people:
The general consensus in the office is that he can't do his job.

Could we reach a consensus on this matter? Let's take a vote.
consensus | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

consensus noun [ C/U ] US /kənˈsen·səs/
a generally accepted opinion; wide agreement:
They’re trying to build a consensus on the need to improve the city’s schools.
104. verbatim adverb UK /vɜːˈbeɪ.tɪm/ US /vɝːˈbeɪ.t̬əm/
in a way that uses exactly the same words as were originally used:
I don’t think I will read the whole thing verbatim to you.

She had an amazing memory and could recall verbatim quite complex conversations.
➢ verbatim
adjective [ before noun ]
UK /vɜːˈbeɪ.tɪm/ US /vɝːˈbeɪ.t̬əm/
using exactly the same words as were originally used:

a verbatim account
It is not a verbatim transcript of every word spoken during the meeting.
105. verbiage noun [ U ] formal disapproving - NÓI DÀI DÒNG
UK /ˈvɜː.bi.ɪdʒ/ US /ˈvɝː.bi.ɪdʒ/
language that is very complicated and contains a lot of unnecessary words:
His explanation was wrapped up in so much technical verbiage that I couldn't understand it.
106. comical adjective UK /ˈkɒm.ɪ.kəl/ US /ˈkɑː.mɪ.kəl/ LỐ BỊCH
funny in a strange or silly way:
He looked so comical in that hat.
107. disastrous adjective UK /dɪˈzɑː.strəs/ US /dɪˈzæs.trəs/ TAI HẠI

C1
extremely bad or unsuccessful:
Such a war would be disastrous for the country.

This decision will have a disastrous impact on foreign policy.
His first attempt was disastrous.
Synonym
fatal
disastrous adjective US /dɪˈzæs·trəs/
causing great harm, damage, or suffering:
It was a disastrous mistake which he lived to regret.

In 1837, there was a disastrous smallpox epidemic.
fig. Something that is disastrous is a complete failure:
His attempt to play the piano was disastrous.
108. adverse balance of trade noun [ C ]
ECONOMICS
UK US (also adverse trade balance)
a situation in which the value of the goods a country imports is more than the value of
the goods it exports
109. feast your eyes on sth/sb
literary
to look at someone or something with great enjoyment:
We walked through the valley, feasting our eyes on the beauty all around us.
110. commemoration noun [ C or U ] UK /kəˌmem.əˈreɪ.ʃən/ US /kəˌmem.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
something that is done to remember officially and give respect to a great person or event:
A set of stamps has been commissioned in commemoration of Independence Day.

Thousands of veterans will take part in a commemoration of the battle.
111. comme il faut adjective [ after verb ] formal
UK /ˌkɒm ɪl ˈfəʊ/ US /ˌkɑːm ɪl ˈfoʊ/
→behaving or dressing in the right way

in public according to formal rules of social behaviour:
Trust me - it's not comme il faut to wear a pink tie to a funeral.

Synonym
seemly old-fashioned
112. skittle noun UK /ˈskɪt.əl/ US /ˈskɪt̬.əl/
skittles [ U ]
a game played especially in Britain in

which players roll a ball at objects shaped like bottles to try to knock them down
and score points
milanfoto/E+/GettyImages
113. mange noun [ U ] UK /meɪndʒ/ US /meɪndʒ/
an infectious disease in animals that have hair, such as dogs and cats, that
makes hair fall out and causes areas of rough skin
114. scabies noun [ U ] UK /ˈskeɪ.biːz/ US /ˈskeɪ.biːz/
a skin disease that causes your skin to become rough and uncomfortable
115. overflow verb (EMOTIONS)
C2 [ I ]
If you overflow with thoughts or feelings, you express them strongly:
They were overflowing with emotion at the birth of their baby.

Suddenly, her anger overflowed.
116. whip noun (POLITICS)
[C ]
(in many elected political systems) a member of a political party in a parliament or in
the legislature whose job is to make certain that
other party members are present at voting time and also to make certain that they vote in
a particular way:
Hargreaves is the MP who got into trouble with his party's chief whip
for opposing the tax reform.
Meaning of whip in English

whip noun UK/wɪp/ US /wɪp/
whip noun (DEVICE FOR HITTING)
[C ]
a piece of leather or rope that is fastened to a stick, used for hitting animals or people:
She lashed the horses mercilessly with her long whip.
The lion-tamer cracked his whip.
whip noun (POLITICS)
[C ]
(in many elected political systems) a member of a political party in a parliament or in

the legislature whose job is to make certain that
other party members are present at voting time and also to make certain that they vote in
a particular way:
Hargreaves is the MP who got into trouble with his party's chief whip
for opposing the tax reform.
➢ [C]
in British politics, a written order ordering that party members be present in parliament
when there is to be an important vote, or that they vote in a particular way:
In 1970 he defied the three-line (= most urgent) whip against EC membership.
117. comet noun [ C ] UK /ˈkɒm.ɪt/ US /ˈkɑː.mɪt/
an object that moves around the sun, usually at a great distance from it, that
is seen on rare occasions from the earth as a bright line in the sky
118. serpent noun [ C ] old use
UK /ˈsɜː.pənt/ US /ˈsɝː.pənt/
a snake
119. surplus noun [ C or U ], adjective UK /ˈsɜː.pləs/ US /ˈsɝː.pləs/
C2
(an amount that is) more than is needed:
The world is now producing large food surpluses.

We are unlikely to produce any surplus this year.
The government has authorized the army to sell its surplus weapons.
UK The store is selling off stock that is surplus to requirements (= more than they need to
have).
the amount of money you have left when you sell more than you buy, or spend less than
you own:
a budget/trade surplus
Fortunately the company's bank account is currently in surplus.
120. expertise noun [ U ] UK /ˌek.spɜːˈtiːz/ US /ˌek.spɝːˈtiːz/
a high level of knowledge or skill:
We admired the expertise with which he prepared the meal.

I have no expertise in sewing/sewing expertise.
She has considerable expertise in French history.
121. gross adjective UK /ɡrəʊs/ US
FINANCE, TAX, ACCOUNTING

used to describe a total amount of money before tax, etc. is taken off:
gross earnings/income/revenue The company posted gross earnings of $150.8 million.

gross salary/wages
gross interest/return/yield Basic-rate taxpayers need to earn 4%
gross interest to beat inflation.
122. robot noun [ C ] UK /ˈrəʊ.bɒt/ US /ˈroʊ.bɑːt/
123. camera obscura
noun UK /ˌkæm.rə əbˈskjʊə.rə/ US /ˌkæm.rə əbˈskjʊr.ə/

[C ]
a box, room, or device with a small hole that lets light through and shows an image on
an opposite surface:
A leaf with a tiny hole is perhaps the most primitive form of pinhole camera, also called
a camera obscura.
[ S or U ]
the effect by which light shining through a small hole can show an image on
an opposite surface:
There has long been an argument about whether Vermeer used the camera obscura
to create his paintings.
the camera obscura effect
124. foot noun
UK /fʊt/ US /fʊt/
food
noun [ C or U ]
UK /fuːd/ US /fuːd/
fruit
noun
UK /fruːt/ US /fruːt/
lose verb UK /luːz/ US /luːz/

lost | lost
125. so-called adjective [ before noun ] UK /ˌsəʊˈkɔːld/ US /ˌsoʊˈkɑːld/
B2
used to show that you think a word that is used to describe someone or something is
not suitable or not correct:
It was one of his so-called friends who supplied him with the drugs that killed
126. soaked adjective UK /səʊkt/ US /soʊkt/
B2
extremely wet:
I'm going to have to take these clothes off - I'm soaked to the skin!
My shoes are soaked (through).
127. strain noun UK /streɪn/ US /streɪn/
strain noun (PRESSURE)

B2 [ C usually singular or U ]
a force or influence that stretches, pulls, or puts pressure on something,
sometimes causing damage:
The hurricane put such a strain on the bridge that it collapsed.

As you get older, excess weight puts a lot of strain on the heart.
Their constant arguments were putting a strain on their marriage.
The recent decline in the dollar has put a bigger strain on the economic system.
Migration into the cities is putting a strain on already stretched resources.
C2 [ C ]
an injury to a muscle or similar soft part of the body caused by using that part too much:
a groin/hamstring strain
something that makes you feel nervous and worried:
She's a lot better than she was but she's still not ready to face the stresses and strains of
a job.
He's been under a lot of strain recently.
More examples
• a groin strain
• His muscles knotted with the strain.
• Jogging puts a lot of strain on the knees.
• The strain must have been enormous but she bore it well.
• The events of the last few weeks have put a real strain on him.
strain noun (TYPE)
[C ]
a particular type or quality:
A strain of puritanism runs through all her work.
[C ]
an animal or plant from a particular group whose characteristics are different in some way
from others of the same group:
Scientists have discovered a new strain of the virus which is much more dangerous.
strain noun (MUSIC)
strains [ plural ]
the sound of music being played or performed:

I could hear the strains of Mozart in the background.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
strain verb UK /streɪn/ US /streɪn/

strain verb (SEPARATE)
[T ]
to separate liquid food from solid food, especially by pouring it through
a utensil with small holes in it:
Could you strain the vegetables, please.

The oil in which the fish is fried is strained off and used to cook potatoes.
strain verb (PRESSURE)

B2 [ I or T ]
to become stretched or to experience pressure, or to make something do
or experience this:
I've put on such a lot of weight recently - this dress is straining at the seams.
I strained a muscle in my back playing squash.
Don't watch TV in the dark - you'll strain your eyes!
[ + to infinitive ] figurative I really had to strain (= try very hard) to reach those top notes.
figurative I was straining (my ears) (= listening hard) to hear what they were saying.
C2 [ T ]
to cause too much of something to be used, especially money:
Increases in wholesale oil prices have strained the company's finances.
strain | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

strain noun US /streɪn/
strain noun (WORRY)
[ C/U ]
something that causes anxiety, worry, or difficulty:
[ U ] Loss of funding has put a lot of strain on the day-care center.

[ C ] The benefits of keeping our daughter at home make the strains of having only
one income worthwhile.
strain noun (PRESSURE)
[U ]
physical pressure:
The bookcase collapsed under the strain.

strain noun (INJURY)
[C ]
an injury caused by working the muscles too hard:
Running puts a strain on your heart.
strain noun (DIFFERENT TYPE)
[C ]
an animal or plant that is only slightly different from other animals or plants of the
same type:
A new strain of the virus has been found.
[C ]
A strain is also a quality that gives something a particular character:
There has long been a populist strain in American politics.
[C ]
A strain is also a particular sound:
Strains of piano music drifted across the room.
strain verb US /streɪn/

strain verb (SEPARATE) - LỌC
[ I/T ]
to separate solid pieces from a liquid by pouring it through a utensil with small holes at
the bottom of it or through a cloth:
[ T ] Strain the liquid and discard the vegetables.
strain verb (CAUSE WORRY)
[T ]
to cause anxiety or problems:
This relationship has been strained almost to the breaking point.

These extra costs have strained our financial resources.
strain verb (CREATE PRESSURE)
[I ]
to create pressure or use effort:
The dog strained at the leash, pulling his master along.

[ + to infinitive ] I had to strain to hear the audio.
strain verb (CAUSE INJURY)
[T ]
to cause an injury by working the muscles too hard:
I strained my back carrying those boxes.
128. sprain verb [ T ] UK /spreɪn/ US /spreɪn/
→to cause an injury to a joint (= a place where two bones are connected) by
a sudden movement:
She sprained her ankle playing squash.

He stumbled and sprained a knee.
Synonyms
rick UK informal
turn
twist
wrench
129. innate BẨM SINH adjective UK /ɪˈneɪt/ US /ɪˈneɪt/

C2
An innate quality or ability is one that you were born with, not one you have learned:
Cyril's most impressive quality was his innate goodness.
130. inner child

noun [ C usually singular ]
UK /ˌɪn.ə ˈtʃaɪld/ US /ˌɪn.ɚ ˈtʃaɪld/
Your inner child is the part of your personality that still reacts and feels like a child:
Many therapists think it's important for adults to get in touch with their inner child.
131. presumably adverb UK /prɪˈzjuː.mə.bli/ US /prɪˈzuː.mə.bli/
B2
used to say what you think is the likely situation:
They can presumably afford to buy a bigger apartment.

Presumably he just forgot to send the letter.
132. syntactic adjective
specialized UK /sɪnˈtæk.tɪk/ US /sɪnˈtæk.tɪk/

• LANGUAGE
relating to the grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence:
syntactic analysis
Readers use their syntactic and semantic knowledge to decode the text.
• COMPUTING
relating to the structure of statements or elements in a computer language:
Markup and content may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules.
133. To entertain passers-by, a musician might as well keep the groove going while practising
lyrical improvisation and melodic embellishment.
134. improvisation noun [ C or U ] UK /ˌɪm.prə.vaɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ US /ɪmˌprɑː.vəˈzeɪ.ʃən/
a performance that an actor, musician, etc. has not practised or planned: NGẪU HỨNG
a blues/jazz improvisation
There are classes in movement, dance, and improvisation.
the act of making or doing something with whatever is available at the time: ỨNG BIẾN
I'm afraid we don't have all the necessary equipment, so a little improvisation might
be required.
135. intuitive THUỘC VỀ TRỰC GIÁC
adjective UK /ɪnˈtʃuː.ɪ.tɪv/ US /ɪnˈtuː.ɪ.t̬ɪv/
based on feelings rather than facts or proof:
an intuitive approach/judgment
Most people have an intuitive sense of right and wrong.
able to know or understand something because of feelings rather than facts or proof:
Men are often regarded as less intuitive than women.
136. bellwether noun [ C ] US /ˈbelˌweð·ər/
something that shows what

the general future of changes or developments will probably be:
In Massachusetts, a bellwether state for the region,

more people are buying and building houses.
137. roughshod /ˈrʌfˌʃɑːd/ adverb
: without thinking or caring about the opinions, rights, or feelings of others
▪ They accused the government of riding roughshod over international law. [=of completely
ignoring international law]
▪ (US) He achieved success by ruthlessly running roughshod over anyone who got in his way.
138. phonological adjective UK /ˌfɒn.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ US /ˌfoʊ.nəˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl/
relating to the sounds in a particular language or in languages, or to the study of this:
Small-group activities focus on phonological awareness and language skills.

The responses that students make will tell the teacher something about their phonological
and grammatical weaknesses.
139. miserly adjective (AMOUNT)
A miserly amount is extremely small:
The workers are paid a miserly $2 a day.
140. computer doping noun [U] UK /kəmˈpjuː.tə.ˈdəʊ.pɪŋ/ US /kəmˈpjuː.t̬ɚ.ˈdoʊ.pɪŋ/

the act of cheating in a game of chess, backgammon, etc., by using a computer program to
find out the best move to make
141. innovate | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

innovate verb [ I ] US/ˈɪn·əˌveɪt/
to introduce changes and new ideas:
The fashion industry is always desperate to innovate.
142. shareholder noun [ C ] UK /ˈʃeəˌhəʊl.dər/ US /ˈʃerˌhoʊl.dɚ/
(US also stockholder)
a person who owns shares in a company and therefore gets part of the
company's profits and the right to vote on how the company is controlled:
Shareholders will be voting on the proposed merger of the companies next week.
143. axiomatic adjective formal UK /ˌæk.si.əˈmæt.ɪk/ US /ˌæk.si.əˈmæt̬.ɪk/
obviously true and therefore not needing to be proved:
It is an axiomatic fact that governments rise and fall on the state of the economy.
It seems axiomatic that everyone would benefit from a better scientific education.
Synonym
self-evident
144. convergence noun [ C or U ] HỘI TỤ
UK /kənˈvɜː.dʒəns/ US /kənˈvɝː.dʒəns/
the fact that two or more things, ideas, etc. become similar or come together:
a convergence of interests/opinions/ideas
The convergence of pop-cultural trends and technological progress gave
us camera phones and the "selfie".
145. divergence noun [ C or U ] UK /ˌdaɪˈvɜː.dʒəns/ US /dɪˈvɝː.dʒəns/
the situation in which two things become different:
The divergence between the incomes of the rich and the poor countries seems to
be increasing.
Recently published statistics show a divergence from previous trends.
146. inconceivable adjective UK /ˌɪn.kənˈsiː.və.bəl/ US /ˌɪn.kənˈsiː.və.bəl/
C2
impossible to imagine or think of:
The idea that they might not win was inconceivable to them.
It would be inconceivable for her to change her mind.
→extremely unlikely:
Another nuclear accident in the same place is virtually/almost inconceivable.
It is not inconceivable (= it is possible) that she could be lying.
147. obscure adjective (NOT CLEAR)
not clear and difficult to understand or see:
Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure.

His answers were obscure and confusing.
obscure verb [ T ] UK /əbˈskjʊər/ US /əbˈskjʊr/
--> to prevent something from being seen or heard:
Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window.
The sun was obscured by clouds.
148. unintelligible adjective UK /ˌʌn.ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒə.bəl/ US /ˌʌn.ɪnˈtel.ə.dʒə.bəl/
→not able to be understood:
He muttered something unintelligible.
→to make something difficult to discover and understand:
Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators.
149. uninspiring adjective UK /ˌʌn.ɪnˈspaɪə.rɪŋ/ US /ˌʌn.ɪnˈspaɪr.ɪŋ/
→not making you feel excited or interested:
The menu looked fairly uninspiring.

Synonym
lacklustre UK
Opposite
inspiring
150. uninspired adjective UK /ˌʌn.ɪnˈspaɪəd/ US /ˌʌn.ɪnˈspaɪrd/
→not exciting or interesting:

an uninspired performance
151. be (stuck) in a groove

to be bored because you are doing the same things that you have done for a long time:
We never do anything exciting any more - we seem to be stuck in a groove.
152. groove noun [ C ] US /ɡruv/ rãnh
a long, narrow, hollow (rỗng) space cut into a surface:
The window slides along a groove in the frame.
153. funky adjective (FASHIONABLE) slang
fashionable in an unusual and noticeable way:
She has some really funky clothes.
funky adjective (BAD) US informal
having a bad smell or appearance:
The sour cream smells kind of funky.
154. pivotal adjective UK /ˈpɪvətəl/ US
if something is pivotal, it is very important because other things depend on it:
a pivotal moment/point The speech marked a pivotal moment in the World Bank's history.
Because immigrants do jobs that many people do not want to do, they play a pivotal role in
the economy.
156. paramount adjective [ not gradable ] US /ˈpær·əˌmɑʊnt/
→more important than anything else:
Everybody agrees that education is the paramount issue.
157. linear adjective (CONNECTION) UK /ˈlɪn.i.ər/ US /ˈlɪn.i.ɚ/
involving a series of events or thoughts in which one follows another one directly:
These mental exercises are designed to break linear thinking habits and encourage creativity.
The movie has a non-linear plot.
A linear relationship between two things is direct or clear:
Is there a linear relationship between salaries and productivity?
158. lateral adjective UK /ˈlæt.ər.əl/ US /ˈlæt̬.ɚ.əl/
[ before noun ] BIOLOGY, MEDICAL formal or specialized

relating to the sides of an object or plant or to sideways movement:
lateral movement
Trim the lateral shoots of the flower (= the ones that grow sideways from the main stem of
a plant).
PHONETICS specialized
A lateral consonant is made when the flow of air is blocked in the middle, so that
the air flows to the side:
In English, /l/ is lateral.
159. happy-go-lucky adjective UK /ˌhæp.i.ɡəʊˈlʌk.i/ US /ˌhæp.i.ɡoʊˈlʌk.i/
A happy-go-lucky person does not plan much

and accepts what happens without becoming worried.
Synonyms
carefree
devil-may-care
freewheeling informal
160. syl·la·bus /ˈsiləbəs/
noun
plural noun: syllabi
161. brown rice
→ A rice where the husk is removed but the bran layer and the germ are kept.
162. paramount adjective formal UK /ˈpær.ə.maʊnt/ US /ˈper.ə.maʊnt/
C2
more important than anything else:
There are many priorities, but reducing the budget deficit is

paramount/is of paramount importance.
163. sensory adjective [ before noun ] UK /ˈsen.sər.i/ US /ˈsen.sər.i/
connected with the physical senses of touch, smell, taste, hearing, and sight
164. perceptual adjective tri giác UK /pəˈsep.tʃu.əl/ US /pɚˈsep.tʃu.əl/
relating to the ability to notice something or come to an opinion about something

using your senses:
Perceptual skills are particularly important in sports.
165. extrasensory adjective ngoại cảm UK /ˌek.strəˈsen.sər.i/ US /ˌek.strəˈsen.sɚ.i/
without the use of hearing, seeing, touch, taste, and smell
166. psychic noun [ C ] UK /ˈsaɪ.kɪk/ US /ˈsaɪ.kɪk/

a person who has a special mental ability, for example being able to know what
will happen in the future or what people are thinking:
a gifted psychic
167. psychical adjective [ before noun ] UK /ˈsaɪ.kɪ.kəl/ US /ˈsaɪ.kɪ.kəl/
psychical adjective [before noun] (SPECIAL ABILITY)
-->relating to special mental abilities or to events that cannot be explained by science, such
as the ability to know what will happen in the future or the appearance of ghosts:
The Society for Psychical Research is investigating reports of a ghost at the old vicarage.
Many photographic images have been claimed, in their day, to be irrefutable proof of
psychical activity.
168. command noun US /kəˈmænd/
command noun (KNOWLEDGE)
[U ]
a good knowledge of something and the ability to use it:
The study of physics requires a command of mathematics.
command noun (ORDER)
[ C/U ]
an order, or the authority to give orders:
[ C ] “When I give the command, fall in!” the officer shouted.

[ U ] General MacArthur took command of (=
took military control over) United Nations forces in South Korea.
169. tremendous adjective UK /trɪˈmen.dəs/ US /trɪˈmen.dəs/
B2
very great in amount or level, or extremely good:
They were making a tremendous amount of noise last night.

She's been a tremendous (= very great) help to me over the last few months.
You won? That's tremendous!
Synonyms
enormous
fantastic (GOOD) informal
wonderful
wondrous literary
170. interlocutor noun [ C ] formal UK /ˌɪn.təˈlɒk.jə.tər/ US /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈlɑː.kjə.t̬ɚ/
- someone who is involved in a conversation

- someone who is involved in a conversation and who is representing someone else:
Abraham was able to act as interpreter and interlocutor for our group.
171. bookish adjective UK /ˈbʊk.ɪʃ/ US /ˈbʊk.ɪʃ/

mainly disapproving
A bookish person enjoys reading books, especially serious books.
Synonym
studious adjective UK /ˈstjuː.di.əs/ US /ˈstuː.di.əs/
studious adjective (LEARNING)
172. adequate adjective UK /ˈæd.ə.kwət/ US /ˈæd.ə.kwət/
B2
enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose:
Have we got adequate food for 20 guests?

I didn't have adequate time to prepare.
It's not a big salary but it's adequate for our needs.
The council's provision for the elderly is barely adequate (= is not enough).
[ + to infinitive ] Will future oil supplies be adequate to meet world needs?
adequacy noun [ U ] UK /ˈæd.ə.kwə.si/ US /ˈæd.ə.kwə.si/
the fact of being enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose:
The adequacy of public healthcare has been brought into question.

There are concerns about the accuracy and adequacy of food labelling.
173. myth noun UK /mɪθ/ US /mɪθ/
myth noun (ANCIENT STORY)
B2 [ C or U ]
an ancient story or set of stories, especially explaining the early history of a group of people or
about natural events and facts:
ancient myths
The children enjoyed the stories about the gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman myth.
Most societies have their own creation myths.
174. compensate verb UK /ˈkɒm.pən.seɪt/ US /ˈkɑːm.pən.seɪt/
compensate verb (PAY MONEY)
C1 [ T ]
to pay someone money in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for
some problem:
Victims of the crash will be compensated for their injuries.
178. glimpse noun [ C ] UK /ɡlɪmps/ US /ɡlɪmps/
C1
an occasion when you see something or someone for a very short time:
I only caught (= had) a fleeting glimpse of the driver of the getaway car, but I know I would
recognize her if I saw her again.
179. nanosecond noun [ C ] UK /ˈnæn.əʊˌsek.ənd/ US /ˈnæn.oʊˌsek.ənd/
0.000,000,001 seconds
180. binary number UK /ˌbaɪ.nər.i ˈnʌm.bər/ US /ˌbaɪ.nɚ.i ˈnʌm.bɚ/

noun [ C ]
MATHEMATICS, COMPUTING specialized
a number that is expressed using 1 and 0:
Computers operate using binary numbers.
181. Inc. UK /ɪŋk/ US /ɪŋk/ adjective [ after noun ]
abbreviation for incorporated: used in the names of US companies that

are legally established:
Bishop Computer Services, Inc.
182. puffed adjective UK /pʌft/ US/pʌft/
used to describe grains that have been heated to a high temperature so that
they become many times larger than their original size. Puffed grains are often used
in breakfast cereals:
We recommend puffed wheat with no added salt.

a box of puffed rice
183. cynical adjective disapproving UK /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kəl/ US /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kəl/
C2
believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere:
She has a pretty cynical view of men.

I've always been deeply cynical about politicians.
used to say that someone's feelings or emotions are used to your own advantage:
She works in that most cynical of industries - advertising.

He praises my cooking but it's just a cynical ploy to get me to make him dinner.
184. cologne noun [ U or C ] UK /kəˈləʊn/ US /kəˈloʊn/

(also eau de cologne)
a type of perfume (= liquid with a pleasant smell, used on the skin)
185. rystalline adjective (SHAPE)
CHEMISTRY specialized
A crystalline substance has become solid, with regular shapes:
crystalline deposits
186. crystalline adjective [ not gradable ]
US /ˈkrɪs·təl·ən, -ˌɑɪn, -ˌin/
SCIENCE
having the regular structure of a crystal
186. lattice noun [ C ] UK /ˈlæt.ɪs/ US /ˈlæt̬.ɪs/
(also latticework)
a structure made from strips of wood or other material that cross over each other
with spaces between
187. lattice window - a window made from small pieces of glass that are held in place by
metal strips
189. plentiful adjective UK /ˈplen.tɪ.fəl/ US /ˈplen.t̬ɪ.fəl/
If something is plentiful, there is a lot of it available:
Strawberries are plentiful in the summer.

I took a plentiful supply of games to keep the children amused.
190. strap noun [ C ] UK /stræp/ US /stræp/
C2
a narrow piece of leather or other strong material used for fastening something or
giving support:
Could you help me fasten this strap around my suitcase?

with this meaning as a combining form:
a watch strap
shoes with ankle straps
a strong strip of material hanging from the roof of a bus, train, or

other public vehicle for passengers to hold onto if they are standing
191. friction noun [ U ] LỰC MA SÁT UK /ˈfrɪk.ʃən/ US /ˈfrɪk.ʃən/
friction noun [U] (FORCE)
the force that makes it difficult for one object to slide along the surface of another or
to move through a liquid or gas:
When you rub your hands together the friction produces heat.
friction noun [U] (DISAGREEMENT)
disagreement or dislike caused by people having different opinions:
There’s less friction in relationships when you use teamwork.
frictional
adjective [ not gradable ] PHYSICS US/ˈfrɪk·ʃə·nəl/

frictionless
adjective PHYSICS US
/ˈfrɪk·ʃən·ləs/
static friction – lực ma sát tĩnh
192. content noun UK /ˈkɒn.tent/ US /ˈkɑːn.tent/
content noun (SUBJECT)
contents [ plural ]
193. KPI noun [ C ]
BUSINESS specialized UK /ˌkeɪ.piːˈaɪ/ US /ˌkeɪ.piːˈaɪ/
abbreviation for key performance indicator: a way of measuring a

company's progress towards the goals it is trying to achieve:
A KPI is a performance metric for a specific business activity.

Key performance indicators (KPIs) provide managers with advanced warning signals that
there may be problems ahead.
194.
metric adjective mainly UK UK /ˈmet.rɪk/ US /ˈmet.rɪk/
using or relating to a system of measurement that uses metres, centimetres, litres, etc.:
The recipe is given in both metric and imperial measures.
Most high-tech industry has been metric for decades.
the metric system
More examples
• Imperial units have in many cases been replaced by metric ones in Britain.
• They used a metric system of measuring and weighing.
metric noun [ C ] /ˈmet.rɪk/ US /ˈmet.rɪk/
a system for measuring something:
The measuring stick he uses is called the "Energy Producing Factor",a metric
that describes the amount of energy spent to create a given amount of energy.
Measuring business success means determining and monitoring key performance metrics.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
brochure noun [ C ] UK /ˈbrəʊ.ʃər/ US /broʊˈʃʊr/
B1
a type of small magazine that contains pictures and information on a product or a company
207. solicit verb UK /səˈlɪs.ɪt/ US /səˈlɪs.ɪt/
solicit verb (ASK FOR)
[ T ] formal
to ask someone for money, information, or help:
to solicit donations for a charity

It is illegal for public officials to solicit gifts or money in exchange for favours.
208. niche noun [ C ] UK /niːʃ/ US /nɪtʃ/
niche noun [C] (POSITION)
a job or position that is very suitable for someone, especially one that they like:
He has carved/made a niche for himself as a financial advisor.
an area or position that is exactly suitable for a small group of the same type:
an ecological niche
209.
exclusion noun [ C or U ] UK /ɪkˈskluː.ʒən/ US /ɪkˈskluː.ʒən/
the act of not allowing someone or something to take part in an activity or to enter a place:
her exclusion from the list of Oscar nominees
the exclusion of disruptive students from school
to the exclusion of
If you do something to the exclusion of something else, you do it so much that you do not
have time for the other thing.
exclusion | BUSINESS ENGLISH

exclusion noun UK /ɪksˈkluːʒən/ US
[ C ] INSURANCE
an event or situation that is not included in an insurance agreement as something for
which the insurance company will pay money:
Many insurance policies are full of

exclusions, meaning insurers can legitimately turn claims down.
[ C ] TAX
an amount of money on which tax does not have to be paid:
The current tax exclusion for capital gains on the sale of a home is $500,000 for a couple.
[ C ] LAW
something or someone that a contract, law, or agreement does not include:
Trade between EU Member States is subject to various agreements, laws, and exclusions.
In the exclusion clause, the supplier totally excludes his liability under the contract for
late delivery.
210. disposable income noun [ U ]
ECONOMICS
UK US
(also expendable income)
the income that someone has available to spend or save after taxes have been taken out
and they have paid for food and other basic needs:
For the first six months, average disposable income for urban dwellers rose 14%.
High petrol prices will reduce disposable income.
211. demographics | BUSINESS ENGLISH

demographics noun UK /ˌdeməˈɡræfɪks/ US
MARKETING, POLITICS
[ plural ]
the number and characteristics of people who live in
a particular area or form a particular group, especially in relation to their age, how
much money they have and what they spend it on:
Globalisation and the changing demographics in the UK mean that most organizations need
to be able to relate to different cultures.
What are the demographics of the consumers who buy this type of product?
[U ]
the study of people and society in a particular area or particular group, typically used
in marketing to decide which products to sell there and how
to advertise those products successfully:
Companies use demographics to compile a 'customer profile' of their target audience.
212. market penetration noun [ U ]
COMMERCE, MARKETING UK US
the degree to which a product or brand is bought, used, or known by

a particular group of customers:
enhance/gain/increase market penetration We gained market penetration but

it remains very low at 0.56%.
high/small/significant market penetration Small newspapers have
a higher market penetration than most larger papers.
a process in which a product or brand becomes bought, used, or known by more and
more people:
The corporate fitness market represents an excellent opportunity for continued market penetr
ation.
Selling in the Netherlands is the first priority for our European market penetration strategy.
213. product placement | BUSINESS ENGLISH

product placement
noun [ U ]
MARKETING
UK US
(also embedded marketing)
→a form of advertising in which a product appears or is mentioned as part of
a film or television programme:
An early example of product placement is in the 1949 movie Gun Crazy, where a
Bulova clock is repeatedly shown in important scenes.
Sales of the boots really took off after some careful product placement in a kids' TV series.
214. endorsement noun UK /ɪnˈdɔːs.mənt/ US /ɪnˈdɔːrs.mənt/

endorsement noun (APPROVAL)
[ C or U ]
the act of saying that you approve of or support something or someone:
The campaign hasn't received any political endorsements.

He hoped to secure quick endorsement of the plan from the president.
[ C or U ]
the fact of a famous person appearing in an advertisement saying that they use and like
a product:
products that carry an endorsement from a celebrity
215. positioning noun [ U ] UK /pəˈzɪʃənɪŋ/ US
(also product positioning)
MARKETING
the way that customers think about, or the way that
a company wants customers to think about, a product in relation to similar products or
to competitors' products:
Positioning helps marketers create an image of their brand.
216. organic growth noun [ U ] UK US
(also internal growth)
MANAGEMENT, WORKPLACE
the increase in a company's sales and profits that is
a result of developing its own business activities, rather than buying other companies:
Volumes rose 27% last year, including 20% organic growth.

Thanks to its strategy of both acquisitions and organic growth,
the company has expanded greatly in the past three years.
concentrate on/focus on/sustain organic growth Future plans have
been outlined that focus on organic growth and on returning money to shareholders.
217. external growth noun [ U ] n UK US (also inorganic growth)
the increase in a company's sales and profits that is a result of buying other companies or
of forming a business relationship with them :
External growth is the quickest way for a company to increase its value.
218. rosary noun [ C ] UK /ˈrəʊ.zər.i/ US /ˈroʊ.zɚ.i/
a string of beads (= little decorative balls) used especially by Roman Catholics and
Buddhists to count prayers, or the prayers themselves:
She was saying the rosary.

219. track sth/sb down UK /træk/ US /træk/
— phrasal verb with track verb
C2
to find something or someone after looking for it, him, or her in a lot of different places:
He finally managed to track down the book he wanted.
220.
221.
222.
emphasis noun [ C or U ] UK /ˈem.fə.sɪs/ US /ˈem.fə.sɪs/
plural emphases UK/ˈem.fə.siːz/ US/ˈem.fə.siːz/
B2
the particular importance or attention that is given to something:
I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it.

Schools here put/place/lay great emphasis on written work and grammar.
223. grim adjective UK /ɡrɪm/ US /ɡrɪm/
grimmer | grimmest
grim adjective (WITHOUT HOPE)
C2
worrying, without hope:
The future looks grim.

224.
recession noun [ C or U ] UK /rɪˈseʃ.ən/ US /rɪˈseʃ.ən/
B2
a period when the economy of a country is
not successful and conditions for business are bad:
The country is sliding into the depths of (a) recession.
225. inflation | BUSINESS ENGLISH

Inflation UK /ɪnˈfleɪʃən/ US
noun [ U ]
ECONOMICS, FINANCE
an increase in prices over time, causing a reduction in the value of money:
high/low/moderate inflation Higher inflation threatens to force interest rates higher.
falling/rising inflation Two decades of falling inflation
and falling interest rates provided an exceptional, probably unique, boost to equities.
accelerating/runaway/galloping inflation
a surge/increase/rise in inflation The rise in inflation will be seen as a major set-back for
the chancellor.
a decline/fall/reduction in inflation
to control/curb/reduce inflation
push up/fuel
inflation The government raised prices to encourage production, further fuelling inflation.
the overall rate of inflation
above/below inflation He is planning to increase public spending by 3.3% above inflation for
the next three years.
The rankings are based on the banks' return on equity, which is then adjusted for inflation.
keep pace with/outstrip inflation The agency's budget has not kept pace with inflation and
the staff has been cut.
226. needless to say

C1
as you would expect; added to, or used to introduce, a remark giving information that
is expected and not surprising:
Needless to say, he'll be off work for a while.
227. nut noun (MONEY)
[ U ] US informal
the amount of money necessary to operate a business or cover your costs:
With two houses, three cars and child-support payments, he just couldn't meet his
nut, even with a second job.
nut noun [C] (PERSON)

infml
a person who is crazy, foolish, or strange:
What kind of nut would leave a computer in his car overnight with the doors unlocked?
infml
A nut is also a person who is extremely enthusiastic about a particular activity or thing:
Joyce is a nut for antiques – we’ve got a house full of them.
228. thrive | BUSINESS ENGLISH

thrive verb [ I ] UK /θraɪv/ US
thrived | thrived | US also throve | thriven
to grow, develop, and become successful:
Industries such as water, telecoms, and insurance have been thriving.

thrive on sth Some employees thrive on the challenge of intense workloads.
229. analogy noun [ C or U ] UK /əˈnæl.ə.dʒi/ US /əˈnæl.ə.dʒi/
C2
a comparison between things that have similar features, often used
to help explain a principle or idea:
He drew an analogy between the brain and a vast computer.

It is sometimes easier to illustrate an abstract concept by analogy with (= by comparing it
with) something concrete.
analogous adjective US
/əˈnæl·ə·ɡəs/
The stock market recorded a 0.4% annual increase that was roughly analogous
to results in the late 1960s.
230. mangle verb UK /ˈmæŋ.ɡəl/ US /ˈmæŋ.ɡəl/
[ T often passive ]
to destroy something by twisting it with force or tearing it into pieces so
that its original form is completely changed:
My sweater got mangled in the washing machine.

His arm was mangled in the machine.
[T ]
If you mangle a speech or a piece of written work, you make so many mistakes that
you completely spoil it:
As he read the poem out loud, he mangled the rhythm so badly that it hardly made any sense.
231. category noun [ C ] UK /ˈkæt.ə.ɡri/ US /ˈkæt̬.ə.ɡri/
B2
(in a system for dividing things according to appearance, quality, etc.) a type, or a group of
things having some features that are the same:
There are three categories of accommodation - standard, executive, and deluxe.
232. wordsmith noun [ C ] UK /ˈwɜːd.smɪθ/ US /ˈwɝːd.smɪθ/
a person who has skill with using words, especially in writing:
In today's review section Anthony

Edwards, playwright, poet, novelist and general wordsmith, talks about his glittering career.
233. flair noun UK /fleər/ US /fler/
C1 [ S ]
natural ability to do something well:
He has a flair for languages.

Synonyms
aptitude
gift (ABILITY)
talent (NATURAL ABILITY)
C2 [ U ]
a situation in which something is done in an exciting and interesting way:
He played with great imagination and flair.

It's a competent enough piece of writing but it lacks flair.
234. hone verb [ T ] UK /həʊn/ US /hoʊn/
hone verb [T] (MAKE SHARP)
to make an object sharp:
The bone had been honed to a point.
hone verb [T] (MAKE PERFECT)
to make something perfect or completely suitable for its purpose:
His physique was honed to perfection.

Her debating skills were honed in the students' union.
hone | AMERICAN DICTIONARY
hone verb [ T ] US /hoʊn/
to direct something such as an ability to make it more effective:
He helps performers hone their skills as dancers and singers.
To hone an object is to make it sharper:

to hone scissors
hone | BUSINESS ENGLISH

hone verb [ T ] UK /həʊn/ US
to make something better or completely suitable for its purpose:
hone your skills She honed her skills in customer relations at British Airways.
Our interviewing techniques have been honed
in order to help us pick exactly the right candidate.
235. sharp adjective UK /ʃɑːp/ US /ʃɑːrp/

sharp adjective (ABLE TO CUT)
B1
having a thin edge or point that can cut something or make a hole in something:
a knife with a sharp edge/blade.

sharp teeth/claws/fingernails
The point of this pencil isn't sharp enough.
C2
producing or describing a quick, strong pain that makes you feel like you have been cut:
She nudged me with a sharp elbow, to tell me to be quiet.

I have this sharp pain in my chest, doctor.
happening suddenly, quickly, and strongly:
a sharp drop in temperature

a sharp decline in the standard of living
a sharp rise/increase in the number of cases of the disease
a sharp bend in the road
to suffer a sharp blow to the head
C2
producing or describing a quick, strong pain that makes you feel like you have been cut:
She nudged me with a sharp elbow, to tell me to be quiet.

I have this sharp pain in my chest, doctor.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
painful
• painfulHer ankle was still painful if she put weight on it.
• soreMy feet are sore from walking around all day.
• tenderThe glands in my neck feel really tender.

• sensitiveMy face was bright red and sensitive to the touch.
• excruciatingHis injury caused excruciating headaches.

used to describe a part of someone's face that is very pointed:
a thin face with a sharp nose
If someone is sharp or makes a sharp statement,

they speak or act in a severe and angry way that
can hurt other people:
He was a little sharp with me when I asked him to help.

The proposals came in for some sharp criticism.
sharp adjective (SUDDEN)
B2
happening suddenly, quickly, and strongly:
a sharp drop in temperature

a sharp decline in the standard of living
a sharp rise/increase in the number of cases of the disease
a sharp bend in the road
to suffer a sharp blow to the head
sharp adjective (TASTE)
sour in taste:
Lemons have a sharp taste.

This cheese is rather sharp.
→Keep so’s mind sharp
Synonym
acid (CHEMICAL)
236. plaid noun UK /plæd/ US /plæd/
[U ]
a pattern of squares and lines on cloth, or cloth with this pattern
Compare
tartan
C]
a long piece of tartan cloth worn over the shoulder as part of traditional Scottish dress
* tartan noun [ C or U ] UK /ˈtɑː.tən/ US /ˈtɑːr.ən/

a pattern of different coloured straight lines crossing each other at 90 degree angles, or
a cloth with this pattern:
a tartan kilt
237. herringbone noun [ U ] UK /ˈher.ɪŋ.bəʊn/ US /ˈher.ɪŋ.boʊn/
a pattern, used especially in cloth, that consists of rows of V shapes:
herringbone tweed
238. invariably adverb UK /ɪnˈveə.ri.ə.bli/ US /ɪnˈver.i.ə.bli/
C2
always:
• The train is invariably late.

• There’s no point in rushing – she’s invariably late.
• High blood pressure is almost invariably accompanied by high blood cholesterol.
239. cholesterol noun [ U ]
CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY
UK /kəˈles.tər.ɒl/ US /kəˈles.tə.rɑːl/
240. tenacity noun [ U ] UK /təˈnæs.ə.ti/ US /təˈnæs.ə.t̬i/
the determination to continue what you are doing
Synonyms
perseverance approving
persistence
241. govern verb UK /ˈɡʌv.ən/ US /ˈɡʌv.ɚn/
govern verb (RULE)
B2 [ I or T ]
to control and direct the public business of a country, city, group of people, etc.:
The country has been governed by military regimes.

A president needs popular support in order to govern effectively.
More examples
• We are governed, in Lord Hailsham's famous phrase, by an 'elective dictatorship'.
• The country's being governed by a bunch of incompetents.
• He was chosen to govern the colony by the British government.
• He has been governing the country since taking power in a military coup.
• Another defeat in parliament would seriously weaken the president's ability to govern.
[ I or T ] GOVERNMENT
to control and manage a country, city, group of people, etc.:
The party was accused of being unfit to govern.
Today, he governs a state where Hispanics make up nearly half the population.
[T ]
to have a controlling influence on the way something happens or is done:
There are calls among politicians for tighter rules governing

the operation of large hedge funds.
be governed by sth Prices of goods are governed by the cost of raw materials, as well as
the cost of production and distribution.
government noun UK /ˈɡʌv.ən.mənt/ /ˈɡʌv.əm.mənt/ US /ˈɡʌv.ɚn.mənt/

government noun (GROUP)
B1 [ C, + sing/pl verb ]
(written abbreviation govt)
242. paycheck noun [ C ] UK /ˈpeɪ.tʃek/ US /ˈpeɪ.tʃek/
(UK pay packet)
the amount of money a person earns:
It's easy to go on expensive holidays when you have a paycheck the size of hers.
243. filet noun [ C or U ] UK /ˈfɪl.eɪ/ US /fɪˈleɪ/

US (UK fillet)
a piece of meat or fish without bones:
chicken/cod filets
filet of beef
244. foyer noun [ C ] UK /ˈfɔɪ.eɪ/ US /ˈfɔɪ.ɚ/

a large open area just inside the entrance of a public building such as a theatre or a hotel,
where people can wait and meet each other:
I'll see you downstairs in the foyer in half an hour.
US
(UK hall)
the room in a house or apartment leading from the front door to other rooms, where
things like coats and hats are kept
245. gauge noun (JUDGING)
[S ]
a way of judging or showing something, especially how successful or popular something is:
The fact that the play is being performed on Broadway is a gauge of its success.
-gauge
suffix
mainly US
UK / -ɡeɪdʒ/ US / -ɡeɪdʒ/
(UK usually -bore)
used in adjectives to express the width of the space inside

a cylinder, especially the inside of
a gun barrel (= part shaped like a tube):
a twelve-gauge shotgun
gauge noun UK /ɡeɪdʒ/ US /ɡeɪdʒ/

(US also gage)
gauge noun (MEASURE)
[C ]
a device for measuring the amount or size of something:
a fuel/rain/temperature gauge
[C ]
a device used to measure the pressure of the air in a tyre:
a tyre gauge
[ C ] ENGINEERING specialized
the distance between the rails (= the two long metal bars attached to the ground) on
a railway line:
a narrow-gauge/standard-gauge railway
[ C ] ENGINEERING specialized
the thickness of something, especially metal or wire
cái mấp của thợ mộc/giác kế/khẩu kính/định phân xi măng/khí áp kế
246. leopard noun [ C ] UK /ˈlep.əd/ US /ˈlep.ɚd/
B2
a large wild cat that has yellow fur with black spots on it
and lives in Africa and southern Asia
247. be like a fish out of water
to feel awkward because you are in a situation that you have not experienced before or
because you are very different from the people around you
248.there are plenty of fish in the sea mainly US
(UK usually there are plenty more fish in the sea)

used to tell someone whose relationship has ended that there are many other people that
they could have a relationship with:
Don't cry over Pierre - there are plenty of fish in the sea!
249. there is no holding sb (back)

If there is no holding someone (back), they do something eagerly and cannot be stopped.
250. muscle-strengthening
251. baffle verb [ T ] UK /ˈbæf.əl/ US /ˈbæf.əl/
to cause someone to be completely unable to understand or explain something:
She was completely baffled by his strange behaviour.

Synonym
flummox informal
252. stint noun [ C ] UK /stɪnt/ US /stɪnt/
a fixed or limited period of time spent doing a particular job or activity:
He has just finished a stint of compulsory military service.

Perhaps her most productive period was her five-year stint as a foreign correspondent in New
York.
stint verb [ I or T, usually in negatives ] UK /stɪnt/ US /stɪnt/

to provide, take, or use only a small amount of something:
The bride's parents did not stint on the champagne - there was plenty for everyone.
Don't stint yourself - take another slice of cake.
See also
unstinting formal
stint | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

stint noun [ C ] US /stɪnt/
stint noun [C] (PERIOD)
a period of time spent doing a particular job or activity:
He took up boxing during his stint in the army.
253. enough determiner, pronoun, adverb UK /ɪˈnʌf/ US /əˈnʌf/
254. siren noun [ C ] UK /ˈsaɪə.rən/ US /ˈsaɪr.ən/
siren noun [C] (DEVICE)
C2
a device for making a loud warning noise:
police sirens
When the air raid siren went off people ran to their shelters.
siren noun [C] (WOMAN)
(in ancient Greek literature) one of the creatures who were half woman and half bird,
whose beautiful singing encouraged sailors to sail into dangerous waters where they died
a woman who is considered to be very attractive, but also dangerous
255. mythology noun [ U ] UK /mɪˈθɒl.ə.dʒi/ US /mɪˈθɑː.lə.dʒi/
mythology noun [U] (ANCIENT STORIES)
myths in general:
She's fascinated by the stories of classical mythology (= ancient Greek and Roman myths).
mythological adjective UK /ˌmɪθ.əlˈɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ US /ˌmɪθ.əˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl/

256. vehicle noun UK /ˈvɪə.kəl/ US /ˈviː.ə.kəl/
257. no win, no fee adjective [ before noun ] UK US

LAW
used to describe an arrangement between a lawyer and a client in which
the lawyer gets paid only if he or she achieves a satisfactory result for the client:
The lawyers have agreed to act on a no win, no fee basis for the group.
Compare
contingency fee
258. lure noun UK /lʊər/ US /lʊr/
C2 [ C usually singular ]
the quality or power that something or someone has that makes it, him, or her attractive:
the lure of fame/power/money

lure noun [ S ] UK /lʊər/ US
the quality or power that something has that attracts people:
the lure of fame/money/wealth He could not resist the lure of easy money.
[C ]
an artificial insect or other small animal that is put on the end of
a fishing line to attract fish
More examples
• He could not resist the lure of great riches.
• I don't understand the lure of fame.
• She succumbed to the lure of a life of luxury.
• He resisted the lure of Hollywood.
• We were attracted by the lure of quick money.
lure verb [ T ] US /lʊr/
to attract a person or animal:
The university hopes to lure a new coach with an attractive salary package.
lure | BUSINESS ENGLISH

lure verb [ T ] UK /lʊər/ US
to persuade someone to do something or go somewhere by offering them something they
would like to have:
lure sb with sth Supermarket chains try to lure customers with price discounts.
lure sb away (from sth) He was lured away from the US retailer by
a French cosmetics company.
259. lull sb into sth — phrasal verb with lull verb [ T ] UK /lʌl/ US /lʌl/
to make someone feel safe in order to trick them:
Most exercise classes start gently, lulling you into thinking that you're in good shape.
Their promises lulled us into a false sense of security (= made us feel safe, when in fact we
were not).
260. lighten sth up UK /ˈlaɪ.tən/ US /ˈlaɪ.t̬ən/

— phrasal verb with lighten verb
to make a speech or piece of writing less serious:
I thought I'd slip in a few jokes to lighten up the talk.
261. Starting with those negative ‘storm’ idioms, we talk about the calm before the storm,
meaning ‘a quiet, peaceful period before a time of great activity or trouble’:
We’ve got 15 kids arriving for Joe’s party in ten minutes. It’s the calm before the storm.
In UK English, we use the phrase a storm in a teacup to refer to a situation in which a lot of
people express anger and shock over a matter that is not important. US English has the
equivalent phrase a tempest in a teapot:
In a couple of weeks, everyone will have forgotten what she said. It’s a storm in a teacup!
If you weather or ride (out) the storm, you survive a difficult period, without permanent
damage, often to your reputation:
The minister appears to have ridden out the storm.
I suspect the government will weather the storm.
The phrase any port in a storm means that when you are in a very difficult situation, you will
accept anything that seems helpful or attractive, even if it is not ideal:
In many ways, they weren’t the perfect partners for us, but any port in a storm, I guess.
The slightly strange phrase perfect storm refers to a very bad situation caused by lots of bad
things happening at the same time:
It was the perfect storm – a fire in the cafe, staffing problems and then the pandemic. There
was no way the business could survive.
Not all ‘storm’ idioms are negative, however. If you do something up a storm, you do it with
great energy and skill:
Alex is cooking up a storm in the kitchen.
Meanwhile, if someone takes something or someone by storm, they are suddenly extremely
successful in a particular place or with a group of people:
In 2019, she took the critics by storm with her debut album.
Of course, we can’t talk about storm idioms without mentioning thunder and lightning. In UK
English, if someone has a face like thunder, they look extremely angry:
She walked into the office this morning with a face like thunder.
To steal someone’s thunder is to do what someone else was planning to do before they do it,
unfairly taking the attention or praise away from them:
I’ll let Rachel tell you her news. I don’t want to steal her thunder.
Meanwhile, if someone does something like greased lightning, they do it extremely quickly:
I told Jim she was coming, and he was out of the house like greased lightning!
I’ll leave you with a saying. Lightning never strikes twice means ‘it is unlikely that something
bad or strange will happen twice to the same person or in the same place’.
262. enable verb [ T ] UK /ɪˈneɪ.bəl/ US /ɪˈneɪ.bəl/
263. literally adverb UK /ˈlɪt.ər.əl.i/ US /ˈlɪt̬.ɚ.əl.i/
B2
using the real or original meaning of a word or phrase:
They were responsible for literally millions of deaths.

We live literally just round the corner from her.
If you translate literally, you translate each word in a text separately, without looking at
how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence:
Translations that are done too literally often don't flow well or don't sound natural.
informal
used to emphasize what you are saying:
He missed that kick literally by miles.

I was literally bowled over by the news.
informal
simply or just:
Then you literally cut the sausage down the middle.
More examples
• He literally flew across the room.
• I literally had a heart attack when I heard the news.
• They were literally over the moon at the news.
• She was literally tearing her hair out with grief.
• He was literally millions of miles ahead of the other runners.
literally | AMERICAN DICTIONARY
literally adverb US /ˈlɪt̬·ər·ə·li/
[ not gradable ]
used for emphasizing how large or great an amount is:
There were literally hundreds of pages to read in the contract.
[ not gradable ]
Literally is also used to emphasize a statement and suggest that it is surprising:
I literally (= really) had no idea you and Sophie were coming.
264. yogurt noun [ C or U ] UK /ˈjɒɡ.ət/ US /ˈjoʊ.ɡɚt/

(also yoghurt); (UK also yoghourt)
265. succulent adjective UK /ˈsʌk.jə.lənt/ US /ˈsʌk.jə.lənt/

approving
Succulent food is pleasantly juicy:
a succulent peach.
a big piece of succulent steak
266. eatery noun [ C ] informal UK /ˈiː.tər.i/ US /ˈiː.t̬ɚ.ri/
a restaurant:
We met in a little eatery just off the main road.
267. eaten up with/by sth informal

If someone is eaten up with/by a negative emotion, they are experiencing it very strongly:
He was so eaten up with guilt, he became ill.
268. unpalatable adjective formal UK /ʌnˈpæl.ə.tə.bəl/ US /ʌnˈpæl.ə.t̬ə.bəl/
An unpalatable fact or idea is unpleasant or shocking and therefore difficult to accept:
the unpalatable truth/facts about the war
Unpalatable food is unpleasant to taste or eat.
269. vernacular noun [ C usually singular ] UK /vəˈnæk.jə.lər/ US /vɚˈnæk.jə.lɚ/

the form of a language that
a particular group of speakers use naturally, especially in informal situations:
The Spanish I learned at school is very different from the local vernacular of
this Mexican village.
Many Roman Catholics regret the replacing of the Latin mass by the vernacular.
ARCHITECTURE specialized
a local style in which ordinary houses are built:
For most houses concrete is the vernacular.

We can adapt the house types to fit the vernacular.
ART, MUSIC specialized

dance, music, art, etc. that is in a style liked or performed by ordinary people:
The
second movement had extremes of refined string sound and robust wind playing, positioning
high art next to the vernacular.
270. chirp verb UK /tʃɜːp/ US /tʃɝːp/ [ I ]
(also chirrup, UK/ˈtʃɪr.əp/ US/ˈtʃɪr.əp/)

(especially of a bird) to make a short high sound or sounds
[ + speech ]
to say something with a high, happy voice:
"Morning!" she chirped.
271. veteran noun [ C ] UK /ˈvet.ər.ən/ US /ˈve.t̬ɚ.ən/
C2
a person who has had a lot of experience of a particular activity:
a 20-year veteran of the New York Police Department
C2
(US informal vet)
someone who has been in the armed forces during a war:
a Vietnam veteran
the surviving veterans of World War II
More examples
• Thousands of veterans will take part in a commemoration of the battle.
• Grizzled veterans in uniform gathered at the war monument.
• The ceremony was attended by many of the surviving veterans of the Second World War.
• He is a veteran of the stage.
• She is a veteran of many election campaigns.
272. rationale noun [ C or U ] formal UK /ˌræʃ.əˈnɑːl/ US /ˌræʃ.əˈnæl/
the reasons or intentions that cause a particular set of beliefs or actions:
I don't understand the rationale for these restrictions.

He tried to explain the scientific rationale behind his work.
the set of reasons that are given to explain a particular decision, action, etc.:
We have spoken to shareholders to explain the rationale behind our bid.

the rationale for sth/doing sth This data can be abused by insurance companies seeking any
rationale for charging higher rates.
273.reactor noun [ C ] UK /riˈæk.tər/ US /riˈæk.tɚ/

(also nuclear reactor)
a large machine in which atoms are either divided or joined in order to produce power
reactor | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

reactor noun [ C ] US /riˈæk·tər/
a nuclear reactor
reactor | BUSINESS ENGLISH

reactor noun [ C ] UK /riˈæktər/ US
(also nuclear reactor)
a large machine in which atoms are
either divided or joined in order to produce nuclear energy
274. atom noun [ C ] UK /ˈæt.əm/ US /ˈæt̬.əm/ NGUYÊN TỬ
B2
the smallest unit of any chemical element, consisting of
a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. Atoms
can combine to form a molecule:
A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
figurative He hasn't an atom of sense (= he has no sense), that boy.
More examples
• The nucleus of a deuterium atom contains a proton and a neutron.
• Scientists are working to harness the power of the atom.
275. molecule noun [ C ] UK /ˈmɒl.ɪ.kjuːl/ US /ˈmɑː.lɪ.kjuːl/ PHÂN TỬ
the simplest unit of a chemical substance, usually a group of two or more atoms
276. spring-clean verb UK /ˌsprɪŋˈkliːn/ US /ˌsprɪŋˈkliːn/
[ T or I ]
to clean all of a place, especially your house, very well, including parts you do not
often clean:
Mrs Bridges seemed to have spring-cleaned the whole house.
I've been spring-cleaning all day.
[T ]
to organize something, getting rid of the things you do not need:
The most sensible thing to do is to spring-clean the household finances.

The company offers a one-stop software tool for spring-cleaning the home computer.
More examples
• While spring-cleaning my study last week, I found a newspaper dated April 25th 1999.
• When we're on holiday my mother moves in, spring-cleans the house and gets
the carpets cleaned.
• Next time you spring-clean, take anything someone else might find desirable to
a charity shop.
spring-clean noun [ S ] UK /ˌsprɪŋˈkliːn/ US /ˌsprɪŋˈkliːn/ UK
an occasion when you clean all of a place, especially your house, very
well, including parts you do not often clean:
I gave the kitchen a spring-clean at the weekend.
I think it's time for a spring-clean.
an occasion when you organize something, getting rid of the things you do not need:
Does your portfolio need a spring-clean?
We have decided that there should be a spring-clean of the TV forecasting team.
277. auspicious adjective formal UK /ɔːˈspɪʃ.əs/ US /ɑːˈspɪʃ.əs/
suggesting a positive and successful future:
They won their first match of the season 5–1 which was an auspicious start/beginning.
Our first meeting was not auspicious - we had a huge argument.
278. clean caviar noun [U] UK /ˌkliːn.ˈkæv.i.ɑːʳ/ US /ˌkliːn.ˈkæv.i.ɑːr/

a type of caviar (=fish eggs eaten as food) that is made in a laboratory using cells from fish
However, the most ground-breaking product at Caviar Biotec is “clean

caviar”, which is being grown from sturgeon cells. Mr Benning explained: “We will be
producing it without the use of the fish. Then we will basically grow the whole egg in a lab in
a bioreactor.”
[www.telegraph.co.uk, 20 March 2021]
279. sturgeon noun [ C ] UK /ˈstɜː.dʒən/ US /ˈstɝː.dʒən/
a type of fish that lives in northern parts of the world and is usually caught for its eggs,
which are eaten as caviar
280. edaphic adjective edaph·ic | \ i-ˈda-fik \

Definition of edaphic
1: of or relating to the soil
2: resulting from or influenced by the soil rather than the climate—

compare CLIMATIC SENSE 2
281. appendix | BUSINESS ENGLISH

appendix noun [ C ] UK /əˈpendɪks/ US
plural appendices
a separate part at the end of a report, legal document, book, etc. which
gives extra information:
an appendix to sth Financial projections are included in an appendix to the business plan.
For a list of committee members' names and contact details, see appendix B.
appendix noun [ C ] US /əˈpen·dɪks/

plural appendices US/əˈpen·dəˌsiz/ appendixes US/əˈpen·dɪk·səz/
appendix noun [C] (BOOK PART)
WRITING
a separate part at the end of a book or report that gives additional information:
The appendix lists all the Olympic champions.
appendix noun [ C ] UK /əˈpen.dɪks/ US /əˈpen.dɪks/

appendix noun [C] (BODY PART)
plural appendixes
a small tube-shaped part that is joined to the intestines on the right side of the body and
has no use in humans:
She had her appendix out (= medically removed) last summer.

282. disastrous adjective UK /dɪˈzɑː.strəs/ US /dɪˈzæs.trəs/
C1
extremely bad or unsuccessful:
Such a war would be disastrous for the country.

This decision will have a disastrous impact on foreign policy.
His first attempt was disastrous.
Synonym
fatal
More examples
• Pollution can have disastrous effects on the delicately balanced ecosystem.
• No matter how disastrous the situation there always seems to be a funny side to it.
• I tried to repaint the kitchen walls with disastrous results.
• After a disastrous first month in office, many people are beginning to wonder if the
new president is up to the job.
• The cumulative effect of using so many chemicals on the land could be disastrous.
disastrous | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

disastrous adjective US /dɪˈzæs·trəs/
causing great harm, damage, or suffering:
It was a disastrous mistake which he lived to regret.
In 1837, there was a disastrous smallpox epidemic.
283. terrible twins noun [ plural ] UK informal
UK /ˌter.ə.bəl ˈtwɪnz/ US /ˌter.ə.bəl ˈtwɪnz/

two people who behave in a way that attracts attention
284. infodemic noun [ C ] UK/ˌɪn.fəˈdem.ɪk/ US/ˌɪn.fəˈdem.ɪk/
a situation in which a lot of false information is being spread in a way that is harmful:
According to the WHO, the COVID-19-related infodemic is just as dangerous as the virus itself.
The leaders of social media companies have failed to tackle the infodemic of misinformation.
More examples
• As the coronavirus spreads, so does an infodemic of misinformation.
• Fighting infodemics and misinformation is a joint effort.
• Six months after the World Health Organization first declared an "infodemic", what have
we learned about coronavirus misinformation?
285. early bird noun [ C ] UK /ˈɜː.li ˌbɜːd/ US /ˈɝː.li ˌbɝːd/

humorous
a person who gets up or arrives early
286. early-bird adjective [ before noun ] UK/ˈɜː.liˌbɜːd/ US/ˈɝː.liˌbɝːd/
available early in the day:
This is one of my favourite places to get an early-bird breakfast.

They rose at 4 a.m. to catch an early-bird flight to San Francisco.
Many retailers offered early-bird specials to boost sales.
available at the beginning of a period of time or process:
Early-bird tickets available now are $165 for a three-day pass, which will rise to $195.
Registration to the convention is currently available at an early-bird rate of £135
(until September 1).
used to describe someone who does something early in the day:
Fliers advertised a high-end washer-dryer for $600 to early-bird shoppers on Black Friday.
Early-bird voters stand in line outside the polls.
Pick a site away from the trail, so early-bird hikers don't interrupt your morning sleep.
used to describe someone who does something before most other people:
Emerging-growth companies can offer spectacular returns to early-

bird investors who catch them before the crowds arrive.
You may have heard complaints that the game is too easy, and I have to say those early-
bird critics have a point.
287. chime verb [ I or T ] UK /tʃaɪm/ US /tʃaɪm/
(of bells) to make a clear ringing sound:
In the square the church bells chimed.
chime noun UK /tʃaɪm/ US /tʃaɪm/

[C ]
a ringing sound:
I was woken up by the chimes of the cathedral bells.
[ plural ]
a set of small bells, or objects that make ringing sounds:
wind chimes
[ plural ]
(also tubular bells)
a musical instrument consisting of a set of metal tubes that
are hit to produce a ringing sound
288. refer sb/sth to sb/sth— phrasal verb with refer verb UK /rɪˈfɜːr/ US
-rr-
to direct someone or something to a different place or person for information, help,
or action:
The decision to refer the bid to the commission will open the way for
a foreign company to launch an offer.
Most of the site's links simply refer you to the company's toll-
free support line.
refer to drawer
BANKING
( written abbreviation R/D)
words written on a cheque that a bank has refused to pay,
usually because the bank account does
not contain enough money
289. enroll verb [ I or T ] US (UK enrol) US /ɪnˈroʊl/ UK /ɪnˈrəʊl/
to put yourself or someone else onto the official list of members of a course, college,
or group:
Is it too late to enroll at the college?

I enrolled for/in/on the modern art course.
He is enrolled as a part-time student.
They want to enroll their children in their local school.
290. snapshot noun [ C ] informal UK /ˈsnæp.ʃɒt/ US /ˈsnæp.ʃɑːt/
snapshot noun [C] (PHOTO)
a photograph
snapshot noun [ C ] informal UK /ˈsnæpʃɒt/ US

the way that a particular figure or set of figures gives an understanding of a situation at
a particular time:
Credit rating agencies provide a snapshot of the risks an investment poses at any one time.
291. autumnal adjective UK /ɔːˈtʌm.nəl/ US /ɑːˈtʌm.nəl/
typical of autumn:
autumnal colours/sunshine/days
292. absurdity noun UK /əbˈzɜː.dɪ.ti/ /əbˈsɜː.dɪ.ti/ US /əbˈsɝː.də.t̬i/ /əbˈzɝː.də.t̬i/
[U ]
the quality of being stupid and unreasonable, or silly in a humorous way:
Standing there naked, I was suddenly struck by the absurdity of the situation.
We laughed about the absurdity of the idea.
[C ]
something that is stupid or unreasonable:
There are all sorts of absurdities in the proposal.

The play pokes fun at the absurdities of life.
293. ridicule noun [ U ] UK /ˈrɪd.ɪ.kjuːl/ US /ˈrɪd.ə.kjuːl/
unkind words or actions that make someone or something look stupid:
She was treated with scorn and ridicule by her colleagues when she applied for the job.
He's become an object of ridicule (= a person that
everyone thinks is stupid and criticizes or laughs at).
294. eulogy noun [ C or U ] formal UK /ˈjuː.lə.dʒi/ US /ˈjuː.lə.dʒi/ ĐIẾU VĂN
a speech, piece of writing, poem, etc. containing great praise, especially for someone
who recently died or retired from work:
He was the most self-effacing of men - the last thing he would have relished was a eulogy.
The song was a eulogy to the joys of travelling.
eulogist noun [ C ] formal UK /ˈjuː.lə.dʒɪst/ US /ˈjuː.lə.dʒɪst/

a person who gives a speech containing great praise, especially for someone who
has recently died:
He had chosen the eulogists for his funeral.

Eulogists compared him favourably to George Washington.
295. sarcasm noun [ U ] UK /ˈsɑː.kæz.əm/ US /ˈsɑːr.kæz.əm/
the use of remarks that clearly mean the opposite of what they say, made
in order to hurt someone's feelings or to criticize something in a humorous way:
"You have been working hard," he said with heavy sarcasm, as he looked at the empty page.
sarcasm noun [ U ] US /ˈsɑrˌkæz·əm/
LITERATURE
remarks that mean the opposite of what they say, made to criticize someone or something
in a way that is amusing to others but annoying to the person criticized:
biting/heavy sarcasm
sarcastic
adjective US /sɑrˈkæs·tɪk/
sarcastic comments
sarcasm is the lowest form of wit

saying
said to mean that sarcasm is unkind and not very funny
296. irony noun [ U ] UK /ˈaɪ.rə.ni/ US /ˈaɪ.rə.ni/
irony noun [U] (OPPOSITE RESULT)
C2
a situation in which something which was intended to have a particular result has
the opposite or a very different result:
The irony (of it) is that the new tax system will burden those it was intended to help.
More examples
• With inevitable irony, it was Smith who scored the winning goal against his former team.
• The final irony of the situation was that Collins himself ordered the assassination.
• The irony is that the formula turned out to have been incorrect all along.
• He noted the irony that the weapons were now being used against
the country that produced them.
• The irony is that his mistake will actually improve the team's situation.
irony | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

irony noun [ C/U ] US /ˈɑɪ·rə·ni, ˈɑɪ·ər·ni/
a type of usually humorous expression in which you say the opposite of what you intend:
[ U ] He had a powerful sense of irony, and you could never be absolutely sure when he
was serious.
Irony is also something that has a different or opposite result from what is expected:
[ C ] It is one of the ironies of life that by the time you have earned enough money for the
things you always wanted, you no longer have the energy to enjoy them.
LITERATURE
Irony is a style of writing in which there is a noticeable,

often humorous, difference between what is said and the intended meaning.
COLLOCATIONS WITH IRONY

irony
These are words often used in combination with irony.
have had so little leverage at the workplace for much of the period.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
certain irony
There is a certain irony to the position.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
cruel irony
There is a further cruel irony in all this.
297. corpus noun [ C ] UK /ˈkɔː.pəs/ US /ˈkɔːr.pəs/
plural corpora UK /ˈkɔː.pər.ə/ US /ˈkɔːr.pɚ.ə/ corpuses
corpus noun [C] (LANGUAGE DATABASE)
a collection of written or spoken material stored on a computer and used to find out
how language is used:
All the dictionary examples are taken from a corpus of billions of words.
corpus noun [C] (COLLECTION OF WRITING)
a collection of a single writer's work, or of writing about a particular subject
MEDICAL specialized
a body or the main part of an organ
corpus | AMERICAN DICTIONARY

corpus noun [ C ] US /ˈkɔr·pəs/
plural corpora US/ˈkɔr·pər·ə/
a collection of written and spoken language used in the study of language and in
writing dictionaries
298. drainage noun [ U ] UK /ˈdreɪ.nɪdʒ/ US /ˈdreɪ.nɪdʒ/
the system of water or waste liquids flowing away from somewhere into the ground or
down pipes:
drainage channels/ditches/systems
the ability of soil to allow water to flow away:
These plants need a sunny spot with good drainage.
299. salinity noun [ U ] UK /səˈlɪn.ə.ti/ US /səˈlɪn.ə.t̬i/

CHEMISTRY, MEDICAL specialized
the fact of containing salt of the amount of salt contained in something:
You should test the salinity of the water.

very high salinity levels
saline noun [ U ] UK /ˈseɪ.laɪn/ US /ˈseɪ.laɪn/

CHEMISTRY, MEDICAL specialized
a liquid mixture of salt and pure water, used to kill bacteria or to replace liquid lost from
the body:
a saline drip
300. irrigation noun [ U ] UK /ˌɪr.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌɪr.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/
the practice of supplying land with water so that crops and plants will grow:
an irrigation system
Dirty irrigation water can spread animal pathogens to fruits and vegetables.

Vocab 1 300

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1.

unfeasible (a) – unachievable, impraticable, unworkable

adjective UK /ʌnˈfiː.zə.bəl/ US /ʌnˈfiː.zə.bəl/

→ For love nor money

2. airborne adjective UK /ˈeə.bɔːn/ US /ˈer.bɔːrn/

devastation noun [U] (DAMAGE)

→damage and destruction:

.If disease is allowed to spread, it will cause widespread devastation.

.The storm left behind it a trail of devastation.

4. swathe noun (also swath) UK /sweɪð/ US /sweɪð/

7. annotate verb [ T ] formal UK /ˈæn.ə.teɪt/ US /ˈæn.ə.teɪt/

- to add a short explanation or opinion to a text or drawing:

8. accentuate verb [ T ] UK /əkˈsen.tʃu.eɪt/ US /əkˈsen.tʃu.eɪt/

→ to emphasize a particular feature of something or to make something more noticeable:

9. constrain verb [ T often passive ] UK /kənˈstreɪn/ US /kənˈstreɪn/

C2 - to control and limit something:

10. epenthesis noun epen·the·sis | \ i-ˈpen(t)-thə-səs , e- \

plural epentheses\ i-ˈpen(t)-thə-ˌsēz , e-\

11. etymology noun [ C or U ] UK /ˌet.ɪˈmɒl.ə.dʒi/ US /ˌet̬.ɪˈmɑː.lə.dʒi/

e.g. At university she developed an interest in etymology.

12. illicit adjective US /ɪˈlɪs·ɪt/

.illegal or socially disapproved of:

13. stumble verb UK /ˈstʌm.bəl/ US /ˈstʌm.bəl/

stumble verb (WALK)

C2 [ I ] to step awkwardly while walking or running and fall or begin to fall:

14. aspirate noun [ C ] PHONETICS specialized UK /ˈæs.pɪ.rət/ US /ˈæs.pə.rət/

.the rugged contour of the coast

.He studied the contours of her face.

GEOGRAPHY specialized (also contour line)

.a 400 ft contour line

.This map has contours marked at 250-metre intervals.

17. trigger noun UK /ˈtrɪɡ.ər/ US /ˈtrɪɡ.ɚ/

trigger noun (GUN PART)

a part of a gun that causes the gun to fire when pressed:

It's not clear who actually pulled the trigger.

18. interdental adjective UK /ˌɪn.təˈden.təl/ US /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈden.t̬əl/

between the teeth or for use between the teeth:

.an interdental brush

.The interdental [T] is non-existent in Catalan phonetics.

19. trisyllabic adjective LANGUAGE specialized UK /ˌtraɪ.sɪˈlæb.ɪk/ US/ˌtraɪ.sɪˈlæb.ɪk/

(of a word) having three syllables:

20. shed light on something

→to help to explain a situation:

21. holistic adjective UK /həˈlɪs.tɪk/ US /hoʊlˈɪs.tɪk/

.My doctor takes a holistic approach to disease.

.Ecological problems usually require holistic solutions.

22. contradictory adjective UK /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪk.tər.i/ US /ˌkɑːn.trəˈdɪk.tɚ.i/

23. consider verb (OPINION)

B2 [ T often + obj + (to be) + noun/adj ]

to believe someone or something to be, or think of him, her, or it as something:

He is currently considered (to be) the best British athlete.

We don't consider her to be right for the job.

I consider myself lucky that I only hurt my arm in the accident.

Do you consider him a friend of yours?

23. shrine noun [ C ] US /ʃrɑɪn/

ritual noun [ C/U ] US /ˈrɪtʃ·u·əl/

[ C ] My morning ritual includes reading the newspaper while I drink my coffee.

25. giggle noun UK /ˈɡɪɡ.əl/ US /ˈɡɪɡ.əl/

giggle noun (LAUGHTER)

a nervous or silly laugh:

There were a few nervous giggles from people in the audience.

I tried to stifle a giggle.