TIMBER REPORT ON CEMENT

REPORT ON TIMBER
1
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
TIMBER REPORT ON CEMENT
TIMBER, ALSO KNOWN AS LUMBER, IS A TYPE OF WOOD THAT HAS BEEN
PROCESSED INTO BEAMS AND PLANKS, A STAGE IN THE PROCESS OF WOOD
PRODUCTION.

LUMBER IS MAINLY USED FOR STRUCTURAL PURPOSES BUT HAS MANY

OTHER USES AS WELL.

REPORT ON TIMBER
2
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
HARDWOOD SOFTWOOD

BAMBOO CEDAR
BIRCH PINE
WALNUT SPRUCE
LIME FIR
MAHOGANY
TIMBER

ENGINEERED WOOD
GLULAM
PLYWOOD
GREEN TIMBER
CROSS-LAMINATED

REPORT ON TIMBER
3
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
BAMBOO HARDWOOD
REPORT ON CEMENT
BAMBOO IS A NATURAL ORGANIC MATERIAL. IT IS ONE OF THE MOST UNIQUE
PLANTS ON EARTH.

BAMBOO IS GROWN IN ABUNDANCE IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD, ESPECIALLY IN

TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL REGIONS. MOST TIMBER PRODUCING BAMBOOS ARE
FROM SOUTH ASIA.

THE COLOR OF BAMBOO TIMBER

IS PALE YELLOW TO ALMOST
GOLD.

REPORT ON TIMBER
4
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
BAMBOO HARDWOOD
REPORT ON CEMENT
IT IS AN INDUSTRIAL MATERIAL ALSO IDENTIFIED AS THE MOST PROMISING
BUILDING MATERIAL.

BAMBOO TIMBER IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TROPICAL HARDWOODS IN RECENT YEARS.

IT IS AVAILABLE IN MANY FORMS.

REPORT ON TIMBER
5
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
WALNUTREPORT
HARDWOOD
ON CEMENT
WALNUT IS A PREMIUM TIMBER. IT IS A SPECIALIST HARDWOOD.

THE GRAIN IS STRAIGHT BUT IT CAN BE IRREGULAR. WALNUT TIMBER IS REALLY DECORATIVE. IT
CARRIES A LOT OF DESIGN FOR THE INTERIOR.

IT HAS MODERATE NATURAL LUSTER. WALNUT TIMBER IS MODERATELY DURABLE.

IT IS MEDIUM DENSITY.

REPORT ON TIMBER
6
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
CEDAR SOFTWOOD
REPORT ON CEMENT
CEDAR IS A TIMBER OF HIGH QUALITY. IT COMES FROM SEVERAL DIFFERENT TREES KNOWN AS
CEDARS.

WHERE BOTH STRENGTH AND APPEARANCE OF THE EXPOSED WOOD BEAMS ARE IMPORTANT, CEDAR
IS THE ONLY SAVIOR AND PERFECT FIT FOR THIS. IT IS USED IN FOR-LANDSCAPE, PARK, GARDEN
STRUCTURE.

REPORT ON TIMBER
7
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
CEDAR SOFTWOOD
REPORT ON CEMENT
ITS MODERATE STRENGTH AND SOFTNESS MAKE IT UNIQUE.

CEDAR OFFERS THE ADVANTAGE OF THE NATURAL ADVANTAGE. BASICALLY,

IT IS A WORKABLE MATERIAL.

REPORT ON TIMBER
8
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
FIR SOFTWOODREPORT ON CEMENT
FIR IS ONE OF THE WORLD’S BEST-KNOWN TIMBER SPECIES. IT IS A PREMIER BUILDING PRODUCT FOR
A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS.

FIR HAS A VERY STRAIGHT GRAIN. FIR HAS BECOME THE STANDARD WOODS OF CHOICE FOR TIMBER
FRAMING.

FIR TIMBER IS USED TIN-HOUSING, FRAMING, FLOORING, LINING FASCIAS, BARGEBOARDS, AND
PERGOLAS.

REPORT ON TIMBER
9
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
GLULAMREPORT
SOFTWOOD
ON CEMENT
GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER, ALSO ABBREVIATED GLULAM, IS A TYPE OF
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCT CONSTITUTED BY LAYERS
OF DIMENSIONAL LUMBER BONDED TOGETHER WITH DURABLE, MOISTURE-RESISTANT
STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES.

GLULAMS ARE READILY PRODUCED IN CURVED SHAPES AND IS AVAILABLE IN A RANGE

OF SPECIES AND APPEARANCES.

REPORT ON TIMBER
10
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
GREEN TIMBER SOFTWOOD
GREEN TIMBER DOES NOT REFER TO THE COLOUR OF THE TIMBER, NEITHER
DOES IT NECESSARILY REFER TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL CREDENTIALS OF THE
TIMBER. GREEN TIMBER MEANS THAT THE TIMBER IS RELATIVELY FRESHLY
CUT, FROM TIMBER IN THE ROUND, AND HAS A MUCH HIGHER MOISTURE
CONTENT BY PERCENTAGE THAN SEASONED TIMBER.

REPORT ON TIMBER
11
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
 LOG
SCANTLING

QUARTERING

END

MARKET BALK
FORMS
OF DEAL

TIMBER BOARD

POLE

BATTEN
PLANK

REPORT ON TIMBER
12
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
LOG
HE TRUNK OF A DEAD TREE OBTAINED AFTER REMOVAL OF
BRANCHES IS CALLED LOG. IT CAN BE CONVERTED INTO ANY OTHER
OR REQUIRED FORM OF TIMBER

REPORT ON TIMBER
13
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
BALK
Balk is a roughly square-shaped piece of timber obtained by removing the bark and
sapwood from the timber log.

The general cross-sectional dimensions of balk are greater than 50 mm x 50 mm and its
length may be greater than 200 mm.

REPORT ON TIMBER
14
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
BATTEN
BATTEN IS A PIECE OF TIMBER WHICH IS RECTANGULAR IN ITS CROSS-
SECTION. ITS THICKNESS LIES BETWEEN 50 TO 100 MM AND BREADTH
VARIES FROM 125 MM TO 175 MM.

REPORT ON TIMBER
15
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
PLANK
BATTEN IS A PIECE OF TIMBER WHICH IS RECTANGULAR IN ITS CROSS-
SECTION. ITS THICKNESS LIES BETWEEN 50 TO 100 MM AND BREADTH
VARIES FROM 125 MM TO 175 MM.

REPORT ON TIMBER
16
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
BOARD
A TIMBER IS CALLED BOARD WHEN ITS THICKNESS IS LESS THAN 50 MM AND
BREADTH IS GREATER THAN 150 MM.

REPORT ON TIMBER
17
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
POLE
A POLE IS A ROUND-SHAPED LONG PIECE OF TIMBER. THE MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF A
POLE IS ABOUT 200 MM.

IT IS ALSO CALLED AS A SPAR.

REPORT ON TIMBER
18
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
SCANTLINGS
SCANTLINGS ARE THE PIECES OF TIMBER WITH NONSTANDARD SIZES. THESE ARE SAWN
OUT TIMBER TO A REQUIRED SIZE DEPENDING UPON THE WORK. THE SHAPE OF THE
CROSS-SECTION ALSO CHANGES ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT. HOWEVER, IN
GENERAL, THE LENGTH OF SCANTLING IS LIMITED TO 200 MM.

REPORT ON TIMBER
19
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
QUARTERING
QUARTERING IS A SQUARE PIECE OF TIMBER. ITS LENGTH VARIES FROM
50MM TO 150MM.

REPORT ON TIMBER
20
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
END
THE SHORT PIECES OF BATTENS, DEALS, SCANTLINGS, POLES, QUARTERING,
ETC. ARE CALLED AS ENDS

REPORT ON TIMBER
21
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
INDUSTRIAL TIMBER
FOLLOWING ARE THE VARIETIES OD TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL TIMBER:

VENEERS
PLYWOODS
FIBRE BOARDS
IMPREG TIMBERS
COMPREG TIMBERS
BLOCK BOARD AND LAMIN BOARD
GLULAM (DISCUSSED ABOVE)
FLUSHDOOR SHUTTERS
PARTICLE BOARD OR CHIP BOARD
HARDBOARD

REPORT ON TIMBER
22
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
 VENEERS
THESE ARE THIN SHEETS OR SLICES OF WOOD OF SUPERIOR QUALITY. THE THICKNESS OF VENEERS
VARIES FROM 0.40 MM TO 6 MM OR MORE. THEY ARE OBTAINED BY ROTATING A LOG OF WOOD
AGAINST A SHARP KNIFE OF ROTARY CUTTER OR SAW. THE VENEERS AFTER BEING REMOVED ARE
DRIED IN KILNS TO REMOVE MOISTURE.

REPORT ON TIMBER
23
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
PLYWOODS
THE MEANING OF TERM PLY IS A THIN LAYER. THE PLYWOODS ARE BOARDS WHICH ARE PREPARED
FROM THIN LAYERS OF WOOD OR VENEERS. THE THREE OR MORE VENEERS IN ODD NUMBERS ARE
PLACED ONE ABOVE THE OTHER WITH THE DIRECTION OF GRAINS OF SUCCESSIVE LAYERS AT RIGHT
ANGLES TO EACH OTHER. THEY ARE HELD IN POSITION BY APPLICATION OF SUITABLE ADHESIVES. THE
PLACING OF VENEERS NORMAL TO EACH OTHER INCREASES THE LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE
STRENGTHS OF PLYWOODS.

REPORT ON TIMBER
24
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
FIBRE BOARDS
THESE ARE RIGID BOARDS AND THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN AS THE PRESSED WOOD OR RECONSTRUCTED
WOOD. THE THICKNESS VARIES FROM 3 MM TO 12 MM. THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN LENGTHS VARYING
FROM 3 M TO 4.50 M AND IN WIDTHS VARYING FROM 1.20 M TO 1.80 M. THE WEIGHT OF FIBER
BOARDS DEPENDS ON THE PRESSURE APPLIED DURING MANUFACTURE.

REPORT ON TIMBER
25
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
IMPREG TIMBERS
THE TIMBER WHICH IS FULLY OR PARTLY COVERED WITH RESIN IS KNOWN AS THE IMPREG TIMBER.
THE USUAL RESIN EMPLOYED IS PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE WHICH IS SOLUBLE IN WATER. THE VENEERS
OR THIN STRIPS OF WOODS ARE TAKEN AND THEY ARE IMMERSED IN RESIN. THE RESIN FILLS THE
SPACE BETWEEN WOOD CELLS AND BY CHEMICAL REACTION, A CONSOLIDATED MASS DEVELOPS.

REPORT ON TIMBER
26
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
COMPREG TIMBERS
THE PROCESS OF PREPARING COMPREG TIMBERS IS SAME AS THAT OF IMPREG TIMBERS EXCEPT THAT
CURING IS CARRIED OUT UNDER PRESSURE. THE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF COMPREG TIMBERS
ARE MORE AS COMPARED TO THE IMPREG TIMBERS. THE SP. GRAVITY OF COMPREG TIMBERS IS
ABOUT 1.30 TO 1.35.

REPORT ON TIMBER
27
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
BLOCK BOARDS AND LAMIN BOARDS
BLOCK BOARDS ARE BOARDS HAVING A CORE MADE UP OF STRIPS OF WOOD, EACH NOT EXCEEDING
25 MM IN WIDTH. THE EDGES ARE GLUED TOGETHER TO FORM A SOLID SHEET, WHICH IS THEN
FINISHED WITH ONE OR TWO CROSS BONDED VENEERS ON EACH FACE. THE WOODEN STRIPS MAY BE
OBTAINED FROM SMALL ROUND WOODEN LOGS, LEFTOVERS FROM SOLID TIMBER CONVERSION OR
PEELER CORES REMAINING FROM VENEER PRODUCTION.

REPORT ON TIMBER
28
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
FLUSH DOOR SHUTTERS
IN MODERN TRENDS, FACTORY-MADE FLUSH DOOR SHUTTERS HAVE BECOME MORE
POPULAR FOR INTERIOR WORK. THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN THICKNESS OF 25 MM, 30 MM
OR 35 MM.

REPORT ON TIMBER
29
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
PARTICLE BOARDS OR CHIP BOARDS
THESE BOARDS ARE MADE OF WOOD PARTICLES OR RISE HUSK OR BAGASSE (REMAINS OF
SUGARCANE AFTER CRUSHING), EMBEDDED IN RESINS AND SUBJECTED TO HEAT WITH PRESSURE.
THESE BOARDS ARE MANUFACTURED BY EXTRUSION PRESSING OR BY PRESSING IN PARALLEL PLATES.
THE EXTRUSION PRESSING PROCESS ORIENTATES THE WOOD PARTICLES IN THE DIRECTION AT RIGHT
ANGLE TO THE PLANE OF THE BOARD, WHILE PRESSING IN PARALLEL PLATES ORIENTATES THE
PARTICLES PARALLEL TO THE PLANE OF THE BOARD

REPORT ON TIMBER
30
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL
HARD BOARDS
HARDBOARD IS MADE FROM WOOD PULP WHICH IS COMPRESSED TO MAKE SHEET
USUALLY OF 3 MM THICK. ITS FACE SURFACE IS MADE SMOOTH AND HARD WHILE BACK
SURFACE IS MADE ROUGH WITH PATTERN OR CROSS LINES. ITS WIDTH IS USUALLY 1.2
M AND LENGTH VARIES FROM 1.2 M TO 5.5 M.

REPORT ON TIMBER
31
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROF. GOPAL GOYAL