ESO 209: Probability and Statistics

2019-2020-II Semester
Assignment No. 7
1. Let X1 , . . . , Xn be a random sample from a distribution having p.d.f. (or p.m.f.)
f (·|θ), where θ ∈ Θ is unknown, and let the estimand be g(θ). In each of the follow-
ing situations, find the M.M.E. and the M.L.E.. Also verify if they are consistent
estimators of g(θ).
(a) f (x|θ) = θ(1 − θ)x−1 , if x = 1, 2, . . ., and = 0, otherwise; Θ = (0, 1); g(θ) = θ.
(b) X1 ∼ Poisson(θ); Θ = (0, ∞); g(θ) = eθ .
(c) f (x|θ) = θ1 , if x = 1, = 1−θ 1
θ2 −1
, if x = 2, 3, . . . , θ2 , and = 0, otherwise; θ = (θ1 , θ2 );
Θ = {(z1 , z2 ) : 0 < z1 < 1, z2 ∈ {2, 3, . . .}}; g(θ) = (θ1 , θ2 ).
(d) f (x|θ) = K(θ)xθ (1 − x), if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, and = 0, otherwise; Θ = (−1, ∞);
g(θ) = θ; here K(θ) is the normalizing factor.
(e) X1 ∼ Gamma(α, µ); θ = (α, µ); Θ = (0, ∞) × (0, ∞); g(θ) = (α, µ).
√
(f) f (x|θ) = (σ 2π)−1 x−1 exp(− 2σ1 2 (ln x − µ)2 ), if x > 0, and = 0, otherwise;
θ = (µ, σ); Θ = (−∞, ∞) × (0, ∞); g(θ) = (µ, σ).
(g) X1 ∼ Exp(θ); Θ = (0, ∞); g(θ) = Pθ (X1 ≤ 1).
(h) X1 ∼ Poisson(θ); Θ = (0, ∞); g(θ) = Pθ (X1 + X2 + X3 = 0).
(i) X1 ∼ U (− 2θ , 2θ ); Θ = (0, ∞); g(θ) = (1 + θ)−1 .
µ2
(j) X1 ∼ N (µ, σ 2 ); θ = (µ, σ 2 ); Θ = (−∞, ∞) × (0, ∞); g(θ) = σ2
.
(k) f (x|θ) = σ −1 exp(− x−µ
σ
), if x > µ, and = 0, otherwise; θ = (µ, σ); Θ =
(−∞, ∞) × (0, ∞); g(θ) = (µ, σ).
(l) X1 ∼ U (θ1 , θ2 ); θ = (θ1 , θ2 ); Θ = {(z1 , z2 ) : −∞ < z1 < z2 < ∞}; g(θ) = (θ1 , θ2 ).
2. Suppose a randomly selected sample of size five from the distribution having p.m.f.
given in Problem 1 (a) gives the following data: x1 = 2, x2 = 7, x3 = 6, x4 = 5
and x5 = 9. Based on this data compute the m.l.e. of Pθ (X1 ≥ 4).
3. The lifetimes of a brand of a component are assumed to be exponentially distributed
with mean (in hours) θ, where θ ∈ Θ = (0, ∞) is unknown. Ten of these compo-
nents were independently put in test. The only data recorded were the number of
components that had failed in less than 100 hours versus the number that had not
failed. It was found that three had failed before 100 hours. What is the m.l.e. of θ?

1
4. Let X1 , . . . , Xn be a random sample from a distribution having p.d.f. (or p.m.f.)
f (·|θ), where θ ∈ Θ is an unknown parameter. In each of the following situations,
find the M.L.E. of θ and verify if it is a consistent estimator of θ.
(a) X1 ∼ N (θ, 1), Θ = [0, ∞). (b) X1 ∼ Bin(1, θ), Θ = [ 41 , 34 ].
5. Let X1 , . . . , Xn be a random sample from a distribution having mean µ and finite
variance σ 2 . Show that X and S 2 are unbiased estimators of µ and σ 2 , respectively.
6. Let X1 , . . . , Xn be a random sample from a distribution having p.d.f. (or p.m.f.)
f (x|θ), where θ ∈ Θ is unknown, and let g(θ) be the estimand. In each of the
following situations, find the M.L.E., say δM (X), and the unbiased estimator based
on the M.L.E., say δU (X).
(a) X1 ∼ Exp(θ); Θ = (0, ∞); g(θ) = θr , for some known positive integer r.
(b) n ≥ 2, X1 ∼ N (µ, σ 2 ); θ = (µ, σ 2 ); Θ = (−∞, ∞); g(θ) = µ + σ.
(c) Same as (b) with g(θ) = σµ .
(d) X1 ∼ Poisson(θ); Θ = (0, ∞); g(θ) = eθ .
7. Let X1 , . . . , Xn be a random sample from a distribution having p.d.f. (or p.m.f.)
f (x|θ), where θ ∈ Θ is unknown, and let g(θ) be the estimand. In each of the
following situations, find the M.L.E., say δM (X), and the unbiased estimator based
on the M.L.E., say δU (X). Also compare the m.s.e.s of δM and δU .
(a) f (x|θ) = e−(x−θ) , if x > θ, and = 0, otherwise; Θ = (−∞, ∞); g(θ) = θ.
x−µ
(b) n ≥ 2, f (x|θ) = σ1 e− σ , if x > µ, and = 0, otherwise; θ = (µ, σ); Θ =
(−∞, ∞) × (0, ∞); g(θ) = µ.
(c) Same as (b) with g(θ) = σ.
(d) X1 ∼ Exp(θ); Θ = (0, ∞); g(θ) = θ.
(e) X1 ∼ U (0, θ); Θ = (0, ∞); g(θ) = θr , for some known positive integer r.
(f) X1 ∼ N (θ, 1); Θ = (−∞, ∞); g(θ) = θ2 .

8. Let X1 , X2 be a random sample from a distribution having p.d.f. (or p.m.f.) f (·|θ),
where θ ∈ Θ is unknown, and let the estimand be g(θ). Show that given any unbiased
estimator, say δ(X), which is not permutation symmetric (i.e., Pθ (δ(X1 , X2 ) =
δ(X2 , X1 )) < 1, for some θ ∈ Θ), there exists a permutation symmetric and unbiased
estimator δU (X) which is better than δ(·). Can you extend this result to the case
when we have a random sample consisting of n (≥ 2) observations.
9. Consider a single observation X from a distribution having p.m.f. f (x|θ) = θ, if
x = −1, = (1 − θ)2 θx , if x = 0, 1, 2, . . ., and = 0, otherwise, where θ ∈ Θ = (0, 1) is
an unknown parameter. Determine all unbiased estimators of θ.

2
10. Let X1 , . . . , Xn (n ≥ 2) be a random sample from a distribution having p.d.f.

1 − (x−µ)
(
f (x|θ) = σ
e σ , if x > µ
0, otherwise,

where θ = (µ, σ) ∈ Θ = (−∞, ∞) × (0, ∞) is unknown. Let the estimand be

g(θ) = µ. Find an unbiased estimator of g(θ) which is based on the M.L.E.. Let
X(1) = min{X1 , . . . , Xn } and let T = ni=1 (Xi − X(1) ). Among the estimators of
P

µ, which are based on the M.L.E. and belong to the class D = {δα (X) : δc (X) =
X(1) − cT, c > 0}, find the estimator having the smallest m.s.e., at each parametric
point.

11. Let X1 , . . . , Xn be a random sample from U (0, θ) distribution, where θ ∈ Θ = (0, ∞)

is an unknown parameter. Of the two estimators, the M.M.E. and the M.L.E, of
θ, which one would you prefer with respect to (a) the criterion of the bias; (b) the
criterion of the m.s.e. Among the estimators of θ, which are based on the M.L.E.
and belong to the class D = {δα (X) : δc (X) = cX(n) , c > 0}, find the estimator
having the smallest m.s.e., at each parametric point.

12. Let X1 , . . . , Xn (n ≥ 2) be a random sample from U (θ − 0.5, θ + 0.5) distribution,

where θ ∈ Θ = (−∞, ∞) is an unknown parameter. Let the estimand be g(θ) = θ.
Among the estimators which are based on the M.L.E. and belong to the class D =
{δα (X) : δα (X) = α(X(n) − 0.5) + (1 − α)(X(1) + 0.5), 0 ≤ α ≤ 1}, find the estimator
having the smallest m.s.e., at each parametric point.

13. Let X1 , . . . , Xn be a random sample from the Exp(θ) distribution, where θ ∈ Θ =

(0, ∞) is an unknown parameter. Let the estimand be g(θ) = θr , for some fixed
positive integer r. Among the estimators which are based on the M.L.E. and belong
r
to the class D = {δc (X) = cX , c > 0}, find the estimator having the smallest m.s.e.
at each parametric point. Is this estimator consistent?

3
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