2018

Alpos, Levie
BSED – English 1
1/1/2018
LANGUAGE OF Definition of Language
LINGUISTICS ▀ A system of arbitrary, vocal, symbol
used for human communication.

LANGUAGE – Is the use of complex HUMAN COMMUNICATION - (Verbal

system of communication, particularly the and Non-verbal Communication) Can be
human ability to do so defined to include both signals and symbols.

● (A means of communication). Used to SIGNALS - are sounds or gestures that

transmit information. have a natural meaning or self-evident.

● Also, known as COMMUNICATIVE Example: Someone is crying (emotions)

FUNCTION. Someone is laughing (emotions)

LINGUISTICS – The scientific study of
Language. The study of human speech
including the UNIT, NATURE, STRUCTURE,
and MODIFICATION OF
LANGUAGE.
Animal cries indicating (Fear, Food or Hunt)
SYMBOLS - are sounds or gestures that
have meaning for a group of people or it is
cultural tradition that gives it meaning.

Nature of Human Example: Greenlight (GO) Red-light (STOP)

Language
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - Systems
▀ The language which we hear as we grow of communication of other animal species
up (unless we are abnormal) communicate.

1.) It is what we use in COMMUNICATION. IN A VARIETY of 3 WAY

2.) It is made up of SOUNDS WHEN WE
SPEAK.
3.) It is made up of WORDS THAT REFERS
TO THINGS.
4.) It is made up of SENTENCES THAT
CONVEY MEANING.
(BY SOUND) A bird may communicate by a
call.
(BY ODOR) An ant releases a chemical
when it dies, and other ants carry them
away to the compost heap.
(BY MOVEMENT) Honeybees to convey the
location of food sources.

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
5 LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS OF 4. Syntax – Study of the formation of
LANGUAGE sentences. The arrangement of words
and phrases to create well-formed
1. Phonetics - the study of speech sentences in a language.
sounds in their physical aspects.
defined as the study of the sounds of
human speech using the mouth, throat,
nasal and sinus cavities, and lungs.

Example: BAG (ba-a-ga) DOG (da-o-ga)

2. Phonology - is the study of how

sounds are organized and used in
natural languages. A study of sounds in
COGNITIVE ASPECTS. It is defined as
the study of sound patterns and their
meanings, both within and across
languages. It is the study of different 5. Semantics – Study of meaning.
sounds and the way they come together Relating to meaning in language or
to form speech and words - such as the logic.
comparison of the sounds of the two "p"
sounds in "pop-up."

3. Morphology – Study of the formation

of words. It is the study of words, how
they are formed, and their relationship
to other words in the same language. It
analyzes the structure of words and
parts of words, such as stems, root
words, prefixes, and suffixes.

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
8 CHARACTERISTIC OF NATURE OF LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE ● Which we hear as we grow up
● What we use in communication
● Made of sounds when we speak
1. SYSTEMATIC – Organized system in ● Made of sentence that convey meaning
which each unit plays important part
which is related to other parts. (RULE-
GOVERNED) DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE
▀ Language is Arbitrary, Vocal and
Symbols and Human Communication.
2. ITS HAS DUAL STRUCTURE
● Subsystem of sounds.
● Subsystem of meaningful units.
7 DEFINITIONS OF LANGUAGE
1. LANGUAGE AS SYSTEM
Systematic structured, ruled governed
3. PRODUCTIVE/CREATIVE – refers Must be Systematic, for otherwise it could
to the ability of the native speakers to not be learned or used consistently.
understand and produced the number Structured, rule-governed or to follow.
of sentences in their tongue.
2. RULES OF LANGUAGE
4. RECURSION – Sentences maybe SVO Subject-Verb-Object
produced with other sentences inside Example: I saw the bank.
them. s v o
Example: This is the boy that found the dog
that chased the cat that ate the meat. 3. LANGUAGE AS ARBITRARY
Unpredictable, refers to one object. It
5. ARBITRARY – Words has meaning, means that we cannot predict exactly
they do and occur they do. which specific feature we will find in
( 3 different words but reffers into 1 ) particular language.
Example: Dog, Aso, Iro Example: DOG – ASO – ERO
CAT – PUSA – ERING
6. SOCIAL PHENOMENON
● It is a means of communication 4. LANGUAGE AS VOCALS
● It also brings then into relationships with Language is sounds of language no matter
their environment how well played.
● It is socially learned behavior, a skill that Example: DOG – D-o-ga
is acquired as we grow up in society. CAT – Ca-a-ta

7. RECIPROCAL – Speakers have the 5. LANGUAGE AS SYMBOLS

capacity both to produce and receive Associated with object, ideas & actions.
messages.
Example: cellphone 6. LANGUAGE AS HUMANS
Possessed only by human being or human
feelings
8. DISPLACEMENT – Speakers can
use language to vtalk about entittles or
7. LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATION
events not present the environment.
Language allows people to say thing to
others. Express their communicative
( human language can talk not present
needs.
unlike animals )
Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
3 VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE AIMS OF LINGUISTICS
1. GRAMMAR DEFFIRENT FROM AIMS OF
No variation not vary from country to TEACHING
country based on its structure.
In terms of grammar there’s NO
LINGUISTS
VARIATION. ▀ Find out how language works and
describe it the best possible.
2. PRONUNCIATION
it has no variation, words take on different LANGUAGE TEACHER
pronunciation. ▀ Want to enable their pupils know to use
In terms of pronunciation it has variation. language.

3. WORD USAGE LANGUAGE UNIVERSAL

Every English speaking has its own unique ▀ Facts about human languages.
words.

(BRITISH) (AMERICAN) FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE

1.) Lift Elevator
2.) Single Ticket One-way ticket
3.) Post Code Zip Code
4.) Centre Center
5.) Theatre Theater
6.) Organise Organize
7.) Colour Color
8.) Chemist Drugtstore
9.) Nappy Diaper
10.)Pavement Sidewalk
11.)Post Mail
12.)Public toilet Restroom
13.)Holiday Vacation
14.)Jug Pitcher Made the distinction between
15.)Toilet Bathroom the SYCHRONIC and
16.)Trousers Pants DIACHRONIC studies of
17.)Rubber Eraser language.
18.)Favourite Favorite
19.)Dustbin Garbage Can
20.)Crisps Chips SYNCHRONIC (CONTEMPORARY
21.)Trainers Sneaker ENGLISH)
22.)Sweets Candy ▀ Studies involves investigating language.
23.)Torch Flashlight
24.)Biscuit Cookie DIACHRONIC (MIDDLE and OLD
25.)Chemist’s Drugstore ENGLISH)
▀ Studies refers to historical development
of language.

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
LINGUISTIC 3 GENERAL METAFUNCTIONS
▀ Scientific study of language and its of LANGUAGE
structures.
1. IDEATIONAL FUNCTION
NEUROLINGUISTICS Use language to external and internal
▀ Study of biological and neutral language. realities of the speaker.

PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 2. INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION

▀ Study on how individuals acquire
language.
LANGUAGE DEATH
▀ Language losses all its speakers (LATIN)
Use language for social interaction.
3. TEXTUAL FUNCTION
Language is dependent on linguistic
context.

THE BRAIN
▀ Understanding of messengers.

5 DIFFERENT THEORIES
ABOUT LANGUAGE

1. COMPETENCE BASED
Language is a property of mind.
(NOAM CHOMSKY) developed this theory.

2. PERFORMANCE BASED
Focused language use in social context.
(MICHAEL HALLIDAY)
LANGUAGE DEATH – it occurs when over
3. GENERATIVE GRAMMAR the time a language loses all its speakers
Language learn after during exposed to it. the process pf language death.
(BEHAVIORIST) children entered life w/
Tabula Rasa/Blank Slate. LATIN – refers to as death language but
has direct descendants SPANISH,
4. FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ITALIAN, FRENCH & PORTUGESE.
Language contains a set of universal
principles.

5. UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
Language is a communicative tool.

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF Genetic Classification of
LANGUAGE Language

INDO-EUROPEAN WORD FREQUENCY EXAMPLE

ORDER
SOV 180 Bengali, Gothic,
GERMANIC LATIN CELTIC Subject languages Hindi, Japanese,
English Latin Irish Object Kurdish,
German Spanish Weish Verb Latin, Persian,
Dutch French Turkish
Swedish Italian SVO 168 Arabic (colonial),
Danish Portugese Subject languages English, French,
Verb Malay, Mandarin,
Object Portuguese,
Russian, Spanish,
Vietnamese
BALTO HELLENIC INDO VSO 37 Arabic (literary),
SLAVIC ITALIAN Verb languages Aramaic, Hebrew,
Russian Greek Sanskrit Subject Irish
Polish Hindi Object
Czech Bengali
Persian VOS 12 Aneitnyan, Baure
Verb languages
Object
Subject
ALBANIAN
Albanian OVS 5 languages Apalai, Arecua,
Object Hixkaryana
Verb
Subject

OSV
Object
Subject 0
Verb

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
TYPES OF GRAMMAR 11. TRANSFORMATIONAL
▀ construction of language transformation and
phrase structure. (statement & question)
1. THEOLOGICAL GRAMMAR
▀ study of essential components of any human
Example: Maria drink the water. – statement
language. Scientific Argument/ Explorative in
Maria drink the water. – question
favor of the account of grammar.
12. UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
2. TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR ▀ a theory purposes that the human brain
▀ the collection of prescriptive rules and
contains a predefined mechanism
concepts about structure of the language.
(Universal Grammar) that is the basis for
(what is prescribe the concern of grammar)
the acquisition for the acquisition of all
language.
3. PEDAGOGICAL GRAMMAR
▀ analysis and instruction designed for the
second language student.
AMERICAN BRITISH
4. PERFORMANCE ENGLISH
▀ centers attention on language production Favorite Favourite
(know how to speak) Cookie Biscuit
Sweater Jumpers
5. REFERENCE Sidewalk Pavement
▀ explanation of principles governing the Chips Crisps
construction of WORDS, PHRASES, CLAUSES Garbage Can Dustbin
and SENTENCES. Panty Hose Tights
Sneakers Trainers
6. DESCRIPTIVE Public School State school
▀ its describe the rules of pattern the use of
language WORDS, PHRASES, CLAUSES and
Take Out Take away
SENTENCES Vacation Holiday
7. PRESCRIPTIVE Accommodations Accommodation
▀ rules about what we believe to be the correct Aluminum Aluminium
uses of language. (EDITOR & TEACHERS) Cookie Sheet Baking tray
Sponge Bath Blanket bath
8. COMPARATIVE Suspenders Braces
▀ involves the analysis and comparison of Cotton Candy Candy floss
grammatical structures of related language. Emergency Room Casualty
Cocktail Party Drink party
9. MENTAL Driving License Driver’s license
▀ refers to subconscious learned to exposure
not the result of teaching.

10. GENERATIVE
▀ concerns the study of the language and
mind.

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
 ORIGIN OF A LANGUAGE
Babylonians
GOD’S GIFT TO MANKIND

Language is from GODS. The giver of the language was GOD NABU
.
Hindus

Judeo-Christian Beliefs

God gave Adam the power to name all We own our language to Female God
things. named
Brahma – creator of the universe
Sarasvati – (wife) giver of language.

Egyptians Johann Peter Suesmilch

The creator of speech was GOD THOTH.

God gave language to MAN. He did not view

primitive language less-developed &
imperfect. That all language is perfect &
reflection of God’s perfection.
Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
 HUMAN INTENTIONS TO CRIES OF 5 BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
NATURE
● Language is imitative or ECHOIC. 1. PHONETICS
● Language at first consisted of emotional Focuses smallest unit structure of
ejaculation of pain, fear, surprise, pleasure language.
and anger.
Example: When you hurt. (Ouch) 2. PHONOLOGY
When you surprised. (wow) Sound system/pattern of language.

HUMAN ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE 3. MORPHOLOGY

● Animal system of communication can Smallest unit of language.
produce only a limited of number of
messages. (THE DOG ONLY BARK) Example: T O U R I S T S – the word Tour is
based TOUR IST IS
● Animal system of communication 1 2 3
Genetically Transmitted. 3 MORPHEMES
(THE DOG DOESN’T KNOW TO MEOW BUT
ONLY TO BARK) 4. SYNTAX
NO ANIMAL can use dual structure sounds. Refers to the structure of language.

HUMAN LANGUAGE IS CULTURALLY 5. SEMANTICS

TRANSMITTED Refers to meaning.

Each speaker learned the language to

which he/she expected, not necessarily the
language on his/her parents.

Example: Vietnamese infant growing up in

an American family will speak English not
Vietnamese.

(Genetically makuha sa culture na

kinalakihan.)

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
6 THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN 4. YO HE YO THEORY
OF LANGUAGE Speech stated with chants, rhythme and
physical actions.
Example: Chanting
1. BOW WOW THEORY
Speech for people imitating sounds.

2. POOH POOH THEORY
Speech came from automatic vocal
responses.
Example: FEAR – SURPRISE – LAUGH
5. TATA THEORY
Speech came from the use of tongue.
Example: saying Ta-ta is like waving
goodbye with your tongue.

6. LALA THEORY
3. DING DONG THEORY Speech emerged the sounds and songs.
Speech reflects mystical resonance or
harmony.

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
BRAIN AND LANGUAGE LOCALIZATION OF THE BRAIN
LANGUAGE
BRAIN - Messenger of understanding and
the organ whereby in a special manner we LEFT BRAIN RIGHT BRAIN
acquire WISDOM & KNOWLEDGE. 1. Verbal 1. Visual
NEURON - Most complex organ of the body 2. Responds to word 2. Response to tone of
1000 nerve cell and fibers. meaning voice
CORTEX - GRAY MATTER surface of the
brain. 3. Sequential 3. Random

4. Process 4. Processes
2HEMISPHERES information information in
linearly varied order.
LEFT HEMISPHERE - Controls the right
side of the body.
5. Responds to logic 5. Responds to
emotion
CONTRALATERAL FUNCTION
RIGHT HEMISPHERE - Controls the left
6. Plans ahead 6. Impulsive
side of the
7. Recalls people’s 7. Recalls people’s
▀ The Right and Left Hemisphere are the names face
hemispheres that joined by CORPUS
CALLOSUM – a network of more than 8. Speaks with few 8. Speaks gestures
2000 fibers and allows the two gestures when speaking
hemispheres to communicate with each
other. 9. Punctual 9. Less punctual

10. Prefers formal 10. Prefers

study design sounds/music while
studying

11. Prefers bright light 11. Prefers frequent

while studying. mobility while
studying.

TECHNOLOGY THAT SCAN

THE BRAIN

CT – computer tomography
MRI – magnetic resonance imaging
PET – potision emmission tomography
FUNCTIONAL MRI
SINGLE PHOTON EMMISSION

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
THEORY OF LOCALIZATION LATERALIZATION – is the term used to refer
to localization of function to one
hemisphere of the brain.
FRANZ JOSEPH GALI
Theory of DYSLEXIA - Reading Disorder
Localization)-
Localized in 2 Types:
specific parts
of the BRAIN. AQUIRED DYSLEXIA – word made after
brain damage.
DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA – Have
JOHANN SPURZHEM difficulty learn to read.

Intellectual ANOMIA – Inability to find the word you wish

capacities
examining
the bumps
on the skull.
(Organology – Phenology) – practice of
determining personality that’s intellectual
capacities examining the bumps on the
skull.
APHASIA - Language disorder that results
from brain damage cause by trauma.
BROCA - Deficits after brain injury to the
left frontal lobe.
to speak.
Severe case of (Tips of the Tongue)
phenomenon.
HEMISPHERECTOMY - One of hemisphere
is surgically removed.
SPLIT BRAIN - If the corpus cut 2 halves of
the brain will split brains no communication
between the two brains.
TURNER SYNDROME - Patients may have
advance reading.

BROCA’S APHASIA – Characterized by ERIC LENNEBERG

labored speech cannot from sentences or
person’s disability.

CARL WERNICKE

Left
hemisphere
temporal lobe
affected

(Critical Period Hypothesis) - Language is

WERNICKE APHASIA – fluent in speech w/ biologically based, ability to learn.
good intonation.
(Siya lang ang nakasabot saiyahang gi
istorya)

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
PHONETICS KNOW – DOUBT – THOUGH – ISLAND –
RHUBARB – MOOSE
Study of speech sounds
PHONEME – smallest unit of sounds. 4 ASPECTS OF CONSONANT
PRODUCTION
Example: DOG D O G
3 Phonemes I I
1. VOICING – Whether the vocal chords
1 vocoid are
2 Conchoids consonant /p/ /f/ - voiceless
sound
Vibrating voiced/voiceless
/b/ /v/ - voiced
AREAS OF PHONETICS

1. ARTICULATORY PHONETICS - Study

of the production of speech sounds.

2. ACOUSTICS PHONETICS - Study of the

transmission and the physical property
of speech sound.

3. AUDITORY PHONETICS - Study of

perception of speech sounds.

ORTHOGRAPHIC
INCONSISTENCIES

Sometimes is same sound spelled using

different letters.
2. NASALITY – Whether not air and
SEA – SEE – SCENE – RECEIVE - sound are coming out the nose
THIEF – AMOEBA – MACHINE nasal/oral
/m/ /n/ /g/ - 3 nasal sound.
Sometimes the same letters can stand for
different sounds
SIGN – PLEASURE – RESIGN -
CHARTER – CHARACTER – FATHER –
ALL – ABOUT

Sometimes a single letter represents more

than 1 sound
EXIT – USE

Sometimes letters stand for no sound at

all (SILENT LETTER)

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
3. PLACE OF ARTICULATION 4. MANNER OF ARTICULATION
▀ Where in the mouth, the primary
constriction occurs.

1. BILABIAL – upper and lower lips,
pressed & touching one another.
2. LABIO-DENTAL – lower lip
touching the upper teeth.
3. INTEDENTAL – tip of the tongue
against the teeth.
4. ALVEOLAR – bet the roof of the
mouth & the upper teeth.
5. PALATAL – tongue & the hand
palate.
6. VELAR – the back of the tongue
raised against the soft palate.
7. GLOTHAL – closing the glottis or
opening of vocal cords.
1. STOPS/PLOSIVES – characterized by
a momentary blocking of the airstream
and then a sudden released of blocked
air.
2. FRICATIVES – characterized by a
partial blocking of airstream at some
point of the mouth.
(F, V, θ, Ђ, S, Z, ʃ, з, H)
3. AFFRICATES – characterized by
stopping of the airstream and releasing
it through a narrow opening w/ friction
(tʃ, dз)
4. GLIDES/RETROFLEX – characterized
by stopping of airstream at glottis itself.
(w, r, y)
5. LATERAL – characterized by partial
blocking of air and it passes through
the sides of the tongue.

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
 24 Consonants Sounds
14 Vowels sounds including DIPTHONGS
MICE (aI)
HOUSE (ạu)

BOY (ŋI)
Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College
Consonant Description ORGAN SPEECH – the organs use in
speaking are primarily use in breathing in
eating.
VOICING + PLACE + MANNER
Example: B
VOICED BILABIAL STOPS *chest *throat *head

T Oral & Nasal

VOICELESS ALVEOLAR Lungs Larynx or Voice
STOPS
ŋ s pronounced z if nasundan ug voiced
VOICELESS VELAR sound
NASAL
s pronounced s if nasundan ug voiceless
NOTE: if ang th nay underline sa ubos
meaning voiced siya.
SYMBOLS OF (e) SOUNDS
Feature 0f Vowels

1. HEIGHT – raising or lowering the body BEAT /i/ /iy/ /i/

of the tongue. /ē/
a. High b. mid c. low
BIT /I/ /i/ /I/ /I/
2. TONGUE POSITION BAIT /e/ /ey/ /ei/
a. Front b. central c. back /ā/
3. LIP ROUNDING BOOT /u/ /uw/ /u/
a. Rounded (O) b. Unrounded (e) /ὓ/
4. TENSENESS – extra muscular effort GOOD /U/ /U/ /U/
causing a slight fronting.
a. Tense b. lax
/ὺ/

FRONT CENTRAL BACK

BEAT /i/ BOOT /u/
BIT /I/ BOOK /Ụ/
BAIT /ei/ BUT BOAT /ou/
BET /Ɛ/ /ạ/
BAT /æ/ BOUGHT /Ɔ/
GOD /ạ/

Levie P. Alpos
BSED – English
Cor Jesu College