SUMMARY

“Language and Linguistics”

(1st September 2020)

Language is one of the most common forms of human behaviour. Kroeger (2005) states,
“Language is a complex form of communication, and that people talk in order to share or request
information.” R. A Hall (1968) states language is the institution whereby humans to
communicate and interact by means of habitually-used (the words flow out of the man’s mouth
or unpredictably flows), oral auditory (usual way of communication; from mouth to ears namely
speech), and arbitrary symbols. Language is commonly known as a speech. Language is a system
of arbitrary vocal symbols which permits all people in a given culture, or other people who have
learned the system of that culture to communicate or to interact (Finocchiaro, 1964:8). Also,
language is culture bond.

Language is social when it’s used in social group that involves at least two people (the
speaker and the hearer). Oyewo (2000) states that language is one of the most important things in
communication. It comes with; (1) Language as a self-revealing, (2) Language as a media to
expressing feeling and values, (3) Language as a message-deliver which is it was meaningful.
The language-variation comes by various possible social, historical, cultural, educational, and
political impact. In silver lining, the variation itself creates cultural diversity which make our
world way more beautiful.

The use of language defined as below:

1. Language is arbitrary
2. Language is social
3. Language is symbolic
4. Language is systematic and generative
In this type, language used as the rule of the ‘game’ of communication. Therefore, we can
produce a different language with only 26 alphabets.
 5. Language is vocal
6. Language is non-instinctive, conventional
7. Language is productive, and creative

Linguistics is scientific study of human language (Wardhaugh, 1976). Linguistics is

the field of study the subject of which is language (Hartmann and Stork, 1972; 1932).

As we know, the branch of linguistics was divided by three mainly different

branches; sound, structure, and meaning. The first branch has to do with sounds
(Phonetics and Phonology). Therefore, study of this branch was humans’ speech, etc.
Move over, the second branch has to do structures (Morphology and Syntax), for
example sentence structure, phrase structure, etc. Lastly, the third branch has to do with
meanings (Pragmatics and Semantics), for example the meaning of words, etc.

The branches in more detail;

1. Phonetics studies the human’s speech sound in general from various angle
2. Phonology studies the sound systems of a particular language (word sound)
3. Syntax is a study of sentence structures
4. Morphology deals with word-composing (how a word composed by smaller units, for
example Nation-al-iz-ation called Nationalization)
5. Semantics a study which deals with the meaning of words and sentence
6. Pragmatics is study that deals with language and its effects.

And below are the several reason the branch of linguistics with the units of analysis, such as;

1. Discourse (Pragmatics)
2. Sentence (Syntax)
3. Clause (Syntax)
4. Phrase (Syntax)
5. Words (Morphology)
6. Sound (Phonology/Phonetics)
 My question: Based on the material, language diversity is framed by such tradition, cultural
transmission. Therefore, different culture means different language. But what about when
the speaker and hearer are in the same cultural background; Balinese. Yet why are they had
 slightly different types of utterance, such as ‘suba’ in Gianyar and ‘subo’ in Tabanan? How
it is possible?
 The answer: It’s based on dialect. Dialect comes with three main point to use as diversity
tools; vocab, grammar, intonation.

NB: Prescriptive rules are rules which define a standard form of the language, and which some
authority must explicitly state for the benefit of other speakers.
References

R. Kroege, Paul. 2005. Analyzing Grammar (An Introduction). Cambridge University Press, The
Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, UK

https://youtu.be/Fsg2UfSMSqY

https://youtu.be/LorhwnfLn8Q