Grass

is green.
 Wikipedia provides
accurate information.
Moon has craters.
The best apology is
changed behavior.
 Asia is the largest
continent in the world.
Once a cheater always a
cheater.
Were you able to judge easily the
truthfulness of the statements?
Which of the statements
are obviously true?
Which of these statements may be
true for others but not true in your
judgment?
Determining 

At the end of the lesson, the students will
be able to:
1. define the role of philosophy in determining truth
2. discuss the philosophical bases of determining
truth
3. Identify and discuss the theories on knowledge
and relate them to the problem of determining
truth
4. describe how theories on knowledge can be
applies to actual situations
 TRUTH
- rooted in an ancient Greek philosophy
- knowledge as “justified, true belief”
- states that something is true because
you believe it to be true, and that there is
a justification for such belief
 BELIEF
- may be justified by using one’s
perception and senses by appealing to
authority or using reasoning
 Correspondence Theory
- states that something is true if it
corresponds to reality or the actual state of
affairs
- assumes a direct relationship between
an idea and reality and that a statement can
be taken as fact.
A mammal is an animal which
is warm-blooded, has hair,
and feeds its young with milk.
A dog barks.
 Coherence Theory
- proposes that something is true if it makes sense
when placed in certain situation or context
- there is a possibility that there will be varied
“truths” from different perspectives
- an idea or statement is true because it makes
sense in its on context, and that it has a certain
degree of consistency which render it truthful
Muslims have a belief that certain
animals like pigs are unclean.
 Relativism
- contends that there are no absolute truths
- an idea or principle is only true within a
particular context, and thus it is possible for
alternative truths to exist in various contexts or
situation
 Constructivist Theory
- knowledge is shaped by social forces and
influenced by his culture and history
- knowledge is gained as part of social
experience and requires interaction and
collaboration
- it is possible for knowledge and truth to
change, given that what is true may be influenced
by historical developments and social struggles
In some societies, marriage is a
highly important social
institution. It is not merely a
union of individuals but a
merging of families.
 Philippine society considers
the family as “the foundation
of nation” as stated in the
1987 Constitution.
In other countries, particularly in
the West, marriage is viewed as
a contract between two
consenting adults; in most
cases, such union can be
nullified through lawful means.
 Consensus Theory
- `knowledge as based on agreement, and that
something is true if almost everyone agrees that it
is true
- certain beliefs, traditions, and practices are
often the product of consensus as they may be
imposed by influential groups or institutions
- also used to determine the truth of scientific
claims
 The International Astronomical
Union (IAU) in 2006 changes the
planet Pluto’s classification into a
“dwarf planet”.
 Pragmatic Theory
- something is true if we can put it into practice
or is useful in real life
- the ideas should be continually tested to
confirm their validity
- verificationism is a related theory which
considers that ideas must be verified using senses
and experience
 The theories on knowledge
provide us varied perspective in
analyzing the truth. No one of
these theories, however can be
the most accurate measure of
truth.
 In determining the validity and
reliability of ideas, statements and
claims, we need to use a
combination of these theories to
arrive at a reliable assessment of
what is truth.